Benign paroxysmal positional vertigo (BPPV) is a syndrome characterized by transient episodes of vertigo in association with rapid changes in head position in Dix-Halpike Maneuver. This kind of vertigo is thought to be caused by migration of otoconial debris into canals other than the posterior canal, such as the anterior or lateral canals. It is also theoretically possible for many aberrant patterns of BPPV to occur from an interaction of debris in several canals, location of debris within the canal, and central adaptation patterns to lesions.he symptoms of BPPV are much more consistent with free-moving densities (canaliths) in the posterior SCC rather than fixed densities attached to the cupula. While the head is upright, the particles sit in the PSC at the most gravity-dependent position. The best method to induce and see vertigo and nystagmus in BPPV of the lateral semicircular canal is to rotate head 90°while patient is in the supine position, nystagmus would appear in the unaffected side weaker but longer than the affected side. canal paresis has been described in one third of the patients with BPPV. Adaptation which is one of the remarkable features of BPPV in PSC is rarely seen in LSC. Rotations of 270° or 360° around the yaw axis (the so-called barbecue maneuver) toward the unaffected ear are popular methods for the treatment of geotropic HC-BPPV. These maneuvers consist of sequential head turning of 90° toward the healthy side while supine. With these maneuvers, the free-floating otoconial debris migrates in the ampullofugal direction, finally entering the utricle through the nonampullated end of the horizontal canal. This kind of vertigo recovers spontaneously more rapidly and suddenly.

Method & Material: This study was performed on 36 normal-hearing subjects aged 18-25 years for survey of temporary threshold shift (TTS) by transient evoked otoacoustic emissions. Finding: Noise can affect the pure-tone thresholds and (TEOAEs) amplitudes. When cochlea affected by noise, evaluating TEOAE is more suitable than pure-tone audiometry. Because of this test, is objective an unaffected by attention and alertness and can be evaluated in difficult to test subject and also have high carefulness and can be performed in a quiet, but not sound-proof room.

Method & Material: This study examined the speech in noise test in 60 school age children with otitis media with effusion and 30 school age children with normal hearing in +5, 0 and -5 dB signal to noise ratio. The mean of age was 8.05 in study group and 8.25 in control group. Speech in noise test were performed for study group and control group in quiet an in noise. Speech noise presented ipsilaterally in both groups.Finding: The correlation of mean of SDS in +5, 0 and -5 dB signal to noise ratio between study group and control group, is significant.

Background and Aim: Laryngeal muscles contribute in sound production play a key role in specific language. Needle electromyography is the specific complementary method for muscle activity evaluation which is awfully painful and needs serenity of patient. The purpose of this study was to use Surface electromyography as a probable new approach for evaluation of laryngeal muscles activity.
Methods: 34 healthy women and 34 healthy men aged 20-30 years old were enrolled in this study. Each individual was seated in an armchair. Recording electrodes were placed bilaterally (right and left) in the low anterior neck at approximately one centimeter from midline on thyroarytenoid and cricothyroid muscles. Silent activity and fricative voice (/z/ , /ž/) and voiceless (/s/ , /š/) activities were recorded for ten seconds followed by 10 seconds of rest, for 5 repetition. All data were processed and frequency and non linear measurements were assessed. And were compared in time and frequency domain.
Results: Muscle activity in fricative voice in both groups was greater than rest condition (p<0.05). Moreover, muscle activity median frequency was significantly more in men than women (p<0.001).
Conclusion: Activity evaluation of thyroarytenoid and cricothyroid muscles using surface electromyography is difficult in women. That may be due to anatomical features such as length and width of neck in women.