Objective: To measure external ear resonant amplitude and frequency in children (3-7 years old) and to compare with adult measures.
Method and materials: The external ear resonance peak amplitude and frequency of 63 children 3-7 years old were recorded. All of the children had normal tympanogram and there was no cerumen in external auditory canal. 20 adult of 21-24 years old (10 male , 10 female) were selected in order to compare with children that had normal tympanogram. The tests included : 1-otoscopy 2- tympanometry 3-microphone probe tube test.
Results: The average of resonance peak frequency for children and adult is 4200 Hz and 3200 Hz , respectively. The resonance frequency of children had significantly diffrence with average of resonance frequency in adults. The average of resonance peak amplitude for children and adult is 17.70 dB and 17.17 dB , respectively.
Conclusion: Resonant frequency and amplitude affect the hearing aid prescription and fitting process and calculating insertion gain so, this measures seem should be considered in children hearing aid fitting.

Background and Aim: Vestibular evoked myogenic potentials (VEMP) originate from the saccule and the inferior vestibular nerve. In this study, the prevalence of VEMP and latency of the p13 and n23 were compared between three groups of individuals, including symptomatic and asymptomatic Meniere's disease cases and normal participants.

Methods: This study was conducted on 42 cases with the mean age of 40.48 years thirty were Meniere's disease patients, of which 19 were symptomatic and 11 were asymptomatic twelve were normal participants. The VEMP were recorded with 500 Hz tone bursts at 120 dBpeSPL. Then the prevalence and latency of the waves were analyzed and compared in the three above mentioned groups.

Results: The prevalence of VEMP in symptomatic Meniere's disease patients (52.6%) was significantly less than asymptomatic individuals (90.9%) and also normal subjects (100%)(p<0.05). There was no significant difference between latencies of the waves in these three groups (p>0.05). The latency of p13 for symptomatic, asymptomatic and normal participants was 16.41, 15.20 and 14.14 ms, respectively and the latency of n23 for these groups was 20.25, 18.77 and 18.50 ms, respectively.

Conclusion: In Meniere's disease, after medical management, the succule probably regains normal function resulting in re-existence of VEMP. It seems that there is no change in the latency of the waves, most likely due to involvement of the inner ear and intactness of the nerve. VEMP may be a useful test for diagnosis of Meniere's disease and additionally for monitoring the trend of medical management.

Background and Aim: Some evidence suggests that hearing impairment has negative effect on psychological characters of hearing-impaired adolescences and they are more vulnerable to mental health problems than their hearing peers are. This was a comparative study of social skills, life satisfaction and external and internal locus of control in normal-hearing and hearing-impaired students.

Methods: T his multi-stage random sampling method consisted of 50 students with hearing impairment (boy and girls) and 50 matched normal-hearing students. The participants completed Matson evaluation of social skills with youngster, students life satisfaction, and Levenson multidimensional locus of control scales.

Results: The results of multivariate analysis of variance showed statistically meaningful differences in social skills , life satisfaction and locus of control between the two groups (p=0.002 for all).

Conclusion: Social skills in normal-hearing students were higher than students with hearing impairment and locus of control in normal student was more internally. Training the parents and school-staff on development of locus of control and making it more internally in hearing-impaired students is suggested.