In the current article we will have a look at the evolution of audiological tests. Based on the Olsen's theory, having knowledge about the history of audiological evaluation is not a platitudinous issue, Rather an audiologist should have a comprehensive knowledge about it and be involved in its progress. In this way he can attain enough expertise and science to make use of the technology.The oldest history regarding to this issue goes back to the 16th century, although It should be considered that other related investigations about sound, hearing and related fields has heretofore been performed and the relevant investigators should not be ignored.

 This is a study performed following the study between the years 1980 to 1982 to investigate risk factors and diagnostic and rehabilitative patterns in a group of newborns suffered hearing loss in a city centre. The current findings which have been attained from 1983 to 1988 manifested that just one third of the deaf newborns can be tracked by means of common auditory evaluation tests in the Neonatal Intense Care Unit (NICU). Although these newborns have been followed sooner than the infants in the Well Baby Nursery (WBN). The age for enrolling in the Parent-Infant Program for both groups is approximately 20 month. During these 8 years it has been detected that the common age for taking part in the rehabilitative programs for newborns is 1 year or more greater than that recommended by Joint Committee on infant hearing

 People with profound hearing loss are not able to use some kinds of conventional amplifiers due to the nature of their loss. In these people, hearing sense is stimulated only when the auditory nerve is activated via electrical stimulation. This stimulation is possible through cochlear implant. In fact, for the deaf people who have good mental health and can not use surgical and medical treatment and also can not benefit from air and bone conduction hearing aids, this device is used if they have normal central auditory system. The basic parts of the device included: Microphone, speech processor, transmitter,  stimulator and receiver, and electrode array.

Sudden hearing loss is a type of hearing loss that occurs in three successive frequencies by more than 30 dB and in less than 72 hours. Every 10 person in 100000 in the world and 25000 people in USA suffer this kind of hearing loss. The average age of the onset is 43 years old.

The corpus callosum is a group of nerve fibers that connect both sides of the brain and allow them to communicate. In the current article we are aimed at discussing the special functions of each hemisphere and the role that corpus callosum plays in many cognitive functions that will led in the interaction of the operations of the hemispheres. Corpus callosectomy can affects hearing abilities and other communicative functions.

Functional Neurochemistry is one of the fields of studies in the auditory system which has had an outstanding development in the recent years. Many of the findings  in the mentioned field had led not only the basic auditory researches but also the clinicians to new points of view in audiology.

Here, we are aimed at discussing the latest investigations in the Functional Neurochemistry of the auditory system and have focused this review mainly on the researches which will arise flashes of hope for future clinical studies.

Treatment of  Menier's disease  includes medication and surgery. Most of the articles in the field of surgery has been published on the endolymphatic sac and the  reports of the vestibular neurectomy are in the second place. Injection of Gentamycine into the tympanic cavity is a new treatment method. Traditional  medical treatment of Menier's disease consist of diet, physiotherapy, psychological preparation and medical treatment. Most of the consider diuretics and low salt diet as the basis of medical  treatment. In this review article the effect of different diuretic drugs and different surgical methods on the Menier's disease treatment is discussed

It is difficult for clinicians to make parents aware of any disease or permanent handicap of their children.It is crucial to have vivid picture of the reactions to such crisis in order to manage severe psychological effects of the mentioned situations such as depression and unhappiness. Confronting the situation parents have diverse feelings regarding the pregnancy period, birth time and handicap diagnosis and these are the factors that shape the parent’s upcoming reactions. Common feedbacks to the crisis are refusing the problem, keeping their child away from society, the emotions that provoke disappointment, asking about the reasons for hearing loss, referring to religion, condemning the physician, feeling sin and changing doctor frequently. When parent accept the situation and that hearing could not recurrent and understanding the natural reasons back on their child’s handicap, they can manage the situation constructively.

Auditory perceptual and visual-spatial characteristics of subjective tinnitus evoked by eye gaze were studied in two adult human subjects. This uncommon form of tinnitus occurred approximately 4-6 weeks following neurosurgery for gross total excision of space Occupying lesions of the cerebellopontine angle and hearing was lost in the operated ear. In both cases, the gaze evoked tinnitus was characterized as being tonal in nature, with pitch and loudness percepts remaining constant as long as the same horizontal or vertical eye directions were maintained. Tinnitus was absent when the eyes were in a neutral head referenced position with subjects looking straight ahead. The results and implications of ophthalmological, standard and modified visual field assessment, pure tone audio metric assessment, spontaneous otoacoustic emission testing and detailed psychophysical assessment of pitch and loudness are discussed.

In this article we aimed at studying the function of Melanin in the inner ear. To reach this goal TTS was studied in people with blue or brown eye color. Subjects were 68 male teenagers with normal hearing. Auditory thresholds were obtained by means of high frequency audiometry (.8-8KHz)before and after TTS.  We used narrowband noise with frequency width of 1665-2335Hz, central frequency of 2 KHz, intensity of 105dBSPL and duration of 10 minutes. A significant difference was discovered in the average TTS of this two group in the frequency range of 2-8 KHz. Brown-colored eye boys manifested the least TTS and the blue- colored eyes one the most discovered TTS.

Recent studies have demonstrated that outer hair cells play two functional roles in the ear: one is the sensory function and the other is motor one. The function of OHCs in being trigered with very poor signals can not be overlooked. This mechanism would lead in improving the sensitivity of the ear. As stimulus intensity increases, little by little, OHC will reach its saturation level and finally the amplification effect decreases.Otoacoustic emissions could be reverberations produced by the responses of outer hair cells .Any decrease in the number of OHCs can cause a mechanical split in the fine tuning mechanism of the organ of corti and result in hearing loss.

Hearing loss, even when limited to 1 ear, has been indicated as a handicap to communication and learning. Although this does not seem true based on my clinical impressions, there are no objective data available to evaluate, or even infer, what type of hearing loss can become a true handicap to overall academic achievement. Presented herein are findings that imply, although do not prove, the potential academic handicap of unilateral hearing loss. This study prospectively analyzed the audiologic and otologic screening tests in a university over a 9-year period. The University of Tokyo is one of the leading universities in Japan the students examined undoubtedly had academic ability well above average, for the entrance examination is one of the most difficult to pass in Japan. The potential handicap to academic achievement caused by hearing impairment was evaluated by comparing the prevalence of hearing impairment among the study population

Binaural hearing is an important phenomenon in hearing for human being. Nowadays, the role of binaural hearing in the process of amplification has been focused. Since hearing aids act separately in the process of amplification and hearing, the attentions has been devoted to designing a system for binaural amplification by means of Beam forming which will be explained in more details in the current article.

We expect some people benefit more from their hearing aids, but after a while they complain of inappropriate loudness growth.  Currently fitting hearing aids based on their loudness growth curves one of the best and most acceptable ways of fitting hearing aids we should study this curve based on the disturbed function of inner and outer hair cells. We should also know that based on which curves can make the growth curve of the damaged cells to normal ones.

Cochlear implant is the result of a great combination and collaboration of engineering and medicine. It is mainly because it has the most conflict with the human nervous system among all prosthesis. Cochlear implant helps a child with profound hearing loss to understand and articulate speech and let an adult person with hearing loss communicate with people by phone. Although these wonderful results could not be seen in all patients, will let us know about the great scientific findings.

In the present longitudinal study, 20 deaf and 20 hearing children were observed during free play with their hearing mothers when the children were 22 months and 3 years of age. Compared to hearing children, deaf children were severely language delayed, with deaf 3-year-olds using less language (speech or sign) than hearing 22-month-olds. Deaf children communicated primarily through nonlinguistic vocalizations, with increasing use of gesture from 22 months to 3 years of age. Although mothers of deaf children used more visual communication than mothers of hearing children, they still primarily communicated through speech. In addition, deaf children did not visually attend to much of their mothers&apos communication. Therefore, deaf children received much less communication than hearing children. These results suggest that intervention efforts should be focused on increasing the quantity of perceived linguistic input by the child.