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This case can be placed in a neurologic classification. The patient is a child with learning disability in school activities. He was first referred to an audiological clinic because of a central auditory processing disorder (CAPD). His mother has noticed several hearing problems and this led us to the evaluations for his central auditory processing disorder. He has problems in hearing speech in noise and speech processing and need his friends repeat words during communication. no vestibular disorder was noticed nor any localization problem. The child has a good progress in school and only suffered problems in reading tasks. Intelligence quotient(IQ) was also normal.

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Objective: OAE an audiologic study for diagnosis of exteracochlear auditory neuropathy.
Method & Material: Immitance audiometry, OAE and ABR and rehabilitation Intervention was performed for 3 children suffered from kernictrus.
Conclusion: 1) OAE in the from of screening, distorted product and transient evoked-otoacoustic emission has to be added to our audiology test battery. 2) OAE studies have their own merit when we are clinically involved with the diagnosis of especial clinical entities like neonatal hypoxia, kernicterus, multiple sclerosis, meningitides and meningoencephalitis. 3) Case selection for cochlear implantation needs a knowledge of patients' OAE results. 4) In the case of intracerebral auditory neuropathy the need for other rehabilitative measures will be better understood.

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Background and Aim: The staggered spondaic word (SSW) test is potent to evaluate the function of the central auditory nervous system. As the Farsi version is not available, the purpose of this study was to prepare a Farsi language version of SSW (FLV-SSW), and to conduct a primary evaluation.
Materials and Methods: The Farsi-language version of SSW was first prepared and recorded on a tape. Fifty-eight normal hearing individuals with mean age 29.72 years were avaluated in Rehabilitation School of Iran University of Medical Sciences in 3 months.
Results: The mean scores of Raw SSW was 98.364 in the normal group. The minimum and maximum percentage of errors of Corrected SSW were -6 and 8 for each of the conditions, -4.75 and 5 for each ear and -3.88 and 3.75 for the entire test (total). The maximum number of reversals was one. There is no difference between males and females scores.
Conclusion: Based on the obtained results, the FLV-SSW test appears to have potential as a useful measure of central auditory processing but the generalization of this results needs further studies.

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Background and Aim: Central auditory processing disorders (CAPD) may have a variety of etiologies therefore, performing CAPD tests seem inevitable. Behavioral tests such as synthetic sentence identification (SSI) has gained considerable popularity because of high sensitivity to brainstem and cortical lesions, high diagnostic ability,  cost-benefiting, and also limitations of electrophysiologic tests. The purpose of this study was to prepare a Farsi-language version of SSI and to perform a primary evaluation. 
Materials and Method: Farsi SSI test was made and recorded on CD. Then sixty 20-to 35- year old normal-hearing participants were evaluated in audiology clinic, Faculty of Rehabilitation Sciences Iran University of Medical Sciences in three months.
Results: There is no significant difference between scores of Farsi and original versions of SSI. Gender has no significant effect on the scores.
Conclusion: According to this results, Farsi SSI is comparable to the original one. It can, therefore, be used in CAPD test battery.

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Background and Aim: There are evidences that indicate a relationship between auditory processing disorders and stuttering, and any disorder in the central auditory function can be at least one of the underlying causes of stuttering. Even though, using the most state of the art radiographic technologies, i.e. MRI, no definitive answer has been given in relative to this question. In this research, using Mask-ing Level Difference (MLD) and Synthetic Sentence Identification (SSI) tests, the central auditory function of stutters and normal group was evaluated.
Materials and Methods: In this study was analytic cross-sectional, fifteen male patients with stutter-ing and 15 male normal cases with the age range from 16 to 40 years (average age 26.78 year) were evaluated. SSI-ICM, SSI-CCM and MLD tests were performed. The results were compared in both groups.
Results: Although stutterers mean MLD was less than that of normal group, the different was not significant between stutters and normal group in SSI test in right ear at negative MCRs. There was a significant difference in ICM state, but in CCM state, there was no significant difference between the average score of two groups in various MCRs.
Conclusion: The findings of this research is compatible with those of similar researches about the SSI test and the pattern of results, probably indicates a partial dysfunction of brainstem in some of the stutters.

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Background and Aim: Assessment of central auditory processing skills needs various behavioral tests in format of a test battery. There is a few Persian speech tests for documenting central auditory processing disorders. The purpose of this study was developing a dichotic test formed of one-syllabic words suitable for evaluation of central auditory processing in Persian language children and reporting its preliminary results in a group of normal children.
Materials and Methods: Persian words in competing manner test was developed utilizing most frequent monosyllabic words in children storybooks reported in the previous researches. The test was performed at MCL on forty-five normal children (39 right-handed and 6 left-handed) aged 5-11 years. The children did not show any obvious problem in hearing, speech, language and learning. Free (n=28) and directed listening (n=17) tasks were investigated.
Results: The results show that in directed listening task, there is significant advantage for performance of pre-cued ear relative to opposite side. Right ear advantage is evident in free recall condition. Average performance of the children in directed recall is significantly better than free recall. Average row score of the test increases with the children age.
Conclusion: Persian words in competing manner test as a dichotic test, can show major characteristics of dichotic listening and effect of maturation of central auditory system on it in normal children.

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Background and Aim: The temporal processing is one of the critical features in central auditory processing system the gap in noise (GIN) test is the appropriate clinical tool for appraisal of temporal resolution which in people with multiple sclerosis may encounter with complications. Consequently, the aim of this study was to compare the results of gap in noise test in 18 to 40-year-old patients with multiple sclerosis and normal participants.
Methods: This cross-sectional non-invasive cohort study was conducted on 20 patients with relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis (mean age: 28.9 years) and 26 healthy normal hearing participant (mean age: 27.7 years) in the age range 18 to 40 years. The approximate threshold and percent of corrected responses were obtained and then were analyzed using Student&aposs t-test.
Results: There was an increase in gap detection and decrease in percent of corrected responses in gap in noise test within multiple sclerosis patients in comparison with normal people (p<0.0001). Moreover, there were a correlation of 78% between increasing disease duration and approximate threshold and also a correlation of 82% between increasing disease duration and corrected responses (p<0.0001).
Conclusion: Based on the findings of this study, it seems that people with multiple sclerosis suffer from some degree of disorder in the temporal resolution which might be due to involvement of central nerve system and, somehow, deficit in central auditory processing. Therefore, for evaluating the temporal resolution in people with multiple sclerosis, gap in noise test could be useful.

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Background and Aim: Speech-evoked auditory brainstem responses were used in the assessment of subcortical encoding of the speech stimuli in the English language. These processes are affected by language background and experiences. Considering the language specific acoustic differences, the aim of current study was establishing the response norms in adult Persian-speakers and comparing the encoding of the speech syllable /da/ between Persian and English languages.

Methods: Auditory brainstem responses to speech syllable /da/ in the right ear, gained from 48 normal adults (25 women and 23 men) with the mean age of 22.70 with SD 2.05 years were recorded. After characterizing the onset elements, transition from consonant to vowel, the periodic portion and offset of response, the Persian dataset were compared with 95% confidence interval norms in the age range of 18-28 years.

Results: The response to speech syllable /da/ was successfully recorded in all of the subjects and main features of response were highly overlapped with published English norms.

Conclusion: Normative values for speech-evoked auditory brainstem responses in adult Persian speakers are presented in the current survey. Our findings suggest that the recommended procedure and more importantly, the scoring method based on English norms can be used in Persian speakers without replacing the original synthetic vowel /da/.

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Background and Aim: Although double dichotic digit test is a useful tool for assessing the central auditory system in adults, it is more useful for evaluating younger children. The present study aimed to develop the Persian version of the single dichotic digit test and to obtain initial normative data.

Methods: The Persian version of the present test consisted of three different sets of 25 single digit pairs for testing in the free recall, directed recall to right, and directed recall to left conditions. The digits in each list were recorded dichotically on a compact disc. The sectional study was performed on 126 male students, aged between 7 and 9. The test-retest reliability was assessed in 29 subjects two to four weeks after the first test session.

Results: In seven year olds, the mean right and left ear scores increased from around 95.79% and 89.69%, respectively. In eight year olds, the mean right and left ear scores increased from around 98.59% and 96.29%, respectively. The mean right ear advantage decreased from around 6.13% in 7 year olds to around 2% in 8 year olds (p=0.001). No significant difference was found in scores between the free recall and directed recall conditions (p>0.05). The test had a high test-retest reliability (p>0.05).

Conclusion: The Persian version of the test has a high test-retest reliability for evaluating male children aged between 7 and 9 it can be used for assessing binaural integration in male children of this age group.

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Background and Aim: Specific language impairment (SLI), one variety of developmental language disorder, has attracted much interest in recent decades. Much research has been conducted to discover why some children have a specific language impairment. So far, research has failed to identify a reason for this linguistic deficiency. Some researchers believe language disorder causes defects in phonological working memory and affects auditory processing speed. Therefore, this study reviews the results of research investigating these two factors in children with specific language impairment.

Recent Findings: Studies have shown that children with specific language impairment face constraints in phonological working memory capacity. Memory deficit is one possible cause of linguistic disorder in children with specific language impairment. However, in these children, disorder in information processing speed is observed, especially regarding the auditory aspect.

Conclusion: Much more research is required to adequately explain the relationship between phonological working memory and auditory processing speed with language. However, given the role of phonological working memory and auditory processing speed in language acquisition, a focus should be placed on phonological working memory capacity and auditory processing speed in the assessment and treatment of children with a specific language impairment.