One of the most common and important sources of noise in the residential environments are vehicles such as airplanes and subways. Trafficking of vehicles in streets and highways, psychologically, have damaging impacts on people living close to such areas. The development and expansion of the trading and industrial units is another factor that causes more and more exposure to noise.We have aimed at measuring the noises caused by vibration of subways of the Line of Karaj-Tehran-Mehrshahr and its effect on its surrounding area.To study this effect we designed a mathematical model and put the information of this subway line in the mentioned model. Then we analyzed the findings.This model demonstrated that we can control the harsh noise of the subway by reducing the speed of the train to 60Km/h in some points and increase in other parts to 130Km/h.

Nowadays, sound is a critical part of our daily life and its unwanted and undesirable disturbances in the environment and in the workplace has induced much psychological and physical annoyance to human being and had also lessened the efficacy of the daily activities. Since the mechanical vibrations of molecules in the air had led in producing sound and considering profound damaging vibrations produced by the harsh sounds in the objects and instruments, we have studied the noise and the vibrations caused by it, together.With this introduction and Considering the potential devastating impact of noise and the need to keep staff which are working in the control room secure from this effects the power house of "Shahjid Madhaj"  have proposed a project to control and limiting the noise in the control room by examining the diverse ways of transmitting sound into it. The project will be discussed here in details.

Background and Aim: The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of whole-body vibration on postural control. The literature of the past 10 years were reviewed to find evidence in the recent literature for a causal association between whole-body vibration and balance disorders, and a dose-response relationship between whole-body vibration and balance disorders.

Methods: Literature search was performed on PubMed, CINAHL, ISI web of science, Scopus, and Magiran databases for literature from 2002 to 2012.

Conclusion: Numerous randomized-controlled clinical trials of high to moderate quality showed similar improvements in postural control after a period of whole-body vibration. Despite the lack of definite evidence, we found a sufficient number of reasons for the use of whole-body vibration in balance disorders. Future research in this field should aim to clarify the most effective dosage of whole-body vibration.

Background: Balance disorders are common in patients following stroke. There are a number of physiotherapy modalities to treat balance impairments, one of which is vibration. The effects of vibration on balance disorders after stroke have not been investigated. This case report demonstrates the short-term effects of plantar vibration on the balance impairment of a patient with stroke.

Case presentation: A 72-years-old man with right hemiplegia resulted from stroke was admitted for vibration therapy after not responding to standard rehabilitation interventions. He complained of balance problems despite walking independently. Main studied outcomes were timed up and go test and posturography. Foot sensation, ankle plantar flexor spasticity, and the passive range of ankle dorsiflexion were assessed, as well. Vibration with a frequency of 100 Hz was introduced to the sole of the affected foot for 5 minutes. After intervention, all tests were improved compared to the baselines.

Conclusion: This case showed that the vibration was effective for improving balance disorder after stroke.