Journal of Hayat

Professionalization experiences of newely employed nurses in clinical settings in Iran

A.R Nikbakht Nasrabadi

Background & Aim: Nursing professionalization is a developmental experience that evolves throughout professional nurses’ careers. Nursing systems that prepare nurses include experiences that are important in the early development of nursing identity. This phenomenenon is also foundational to the assumption of various nursing roles.

Methods & Materials: A phenomenological approach was used in order to explore the meanings of professionalization experiences among participants. Data were gathered through series of semi structured interviews. Benner's interpretive method was used for data analysis.

Results: From 17 famale and male beginner nurses who worked in different educational and private hospitals in Tehran points of view 5 main themes and 4 subthemes emerged which encompasses the whole experiences of participants’ professioalization experiences. These themes included sufficient knowledge, well practical experiences and autonomy in practice to provide a comprehensive care.

Conclusion: Faculty understanding of beginning nurses' definitions and experiences of nursing professionalization can provide insights that can be used to develop educational experiences that support and enhance students’ professional nursing identity and ultimately affect their future practice. Faculty can also use knowledge of nurses’ definitions of professionalization to enrich student learning.

Study of effect of acupressure methods on pain in primary dysmenorrhea

Z.B Aghamiri

Background & Aim: Primary dysmenorrhea is highly prevalanet and causes much work loss and discomfort. Regard to critical role of women in family and society it is necessitate that to betaken proper investment for improving their mental and physical health.

Methods & Materials: In this study 100 student suffer from primary dysmenorrhea were selected by targeted sampling and take their in two equal groups, case (acupressure group) and control (sham group) randomly. Initially in addition to personal identity, we recorded their history of menstruation, physical activity, vital signs, menstrual pain intensity. Treatment was given during two consecutive menstrual cycles coincident with pain and bleeding by acupressure in case group, and pressure in control group in two time of 15 minutes and 30 minutes interval during 6 hours after onset of dysmenorrhea in each cycle. In case group the treatment was given on lumbar, abdomine, foreleg and ear points, and in control group on placebo points by single blind method. Pain rating was done with use of V.A.S (Visual Analgesic Scale) in 30 min, 1 hr, 2hr and 3hr interval after treatment.

Results: The results showed that mean pain scores before (8.21.6) and after (2.61.3) in case group have significant difference. Also there is significant difference between mean pain score before and after treatment in case and control groups (p<0.001).

Conclusion: This study showed that acupressure at specific points in lumbar, abdominal, ear reduce the pan intensity and psychic and mental due to primary dymenorrhea. Therefore acupressure could be used as a non-medicament, inexpensive and safe method in decrease of pain of dysmenorrhea in girl and women.

Assess the using and efficacy of fatigue reducing strategies in patients referred to multiple sclerosis association of IRAN

Sh.S Basampour

Background & Aim: Multiple sclerosis (MS) is characterized by a broad spectrum of physical and psychological impairments. Fatigue is a common and disabling symptom for individuals with MS 75%-90% of individuals with MS reported problems with fatigue. They describe fatigue as a frustrating and overwhelming symptom that can be disabling.

Methods & Materials: Assessing the usage and efficiencies of fatigue reducing strategies in patients referred to multiple sclerosis association of IRAN. This is a cross-sectional survey study of 100 patients who were selected randomly. The method of collecting data was by asking and answering and the research tool was a questionnaire. The questionnaire was prepared in four parts. Part one included the disease and demographic questions. Part two included Fatigue Severity Scale (FSS). Part tree included Fatigue Reducing Strategies and part four included Fatigue Relief Scale. The data were collected in one stage, and analyzed with SPSS software. To analyze the data, descriptive and inferential statistical methods (fisher exact test, chi square test, correlation coefficient, meant, standard deviation) have been used.

Results: The Findings of this study represented that the majority of subjects (63%) were suffering of severe fatigue symptom. The most frequently used strategies to relive fatigue were lie down (51%), watching TV (30%), frequent rest (28%) and sitting without doing any thing (28%). But the most effective strategies were sleeping (8.17), daily nap (8.4), take a shower with lukewarm water (7.25), avoiding heat (7.16), exercising (7.14), praying (7.0) and socialization (7.0). Results also showed that fatigue have been affected by some variables such as education level, having child, number of children, job status, daily working hours, dwelling place and time of bed-ridden. Findings also suggested that all strategies will be useful when the highest level of fatigue has been experienced (p=0.532, r=-0.063).

Conclusion: The most common strategies were not necessarily the most effective ones. Most frequently used strategies were included sleeping, napping, warm water bathing, heat avoidance, and exercising. However more physically active strategies such as exercise and socializing were more effective strategies. The patients should be suggested that to try variety of strategies such as walking and exercising besides sleeping and resting to relive the fatigue. Patients should be instructed to monitor the intensity of their fatigue and also be encouraged to maintain that level of activity which is in balance with efficient rest period.

Effect of pre-marriage counseling on the sexual health

m Pakgohar

Background & Aim: Regarding the increase of sexual transmitted disease, high risk behaviour and unwanted pregnancy in one hand, and myth, incorrect believes and low knowledge about sexuality in the other hand, sexual health education is one the basic compartment of health promotion. The pre-marriage counseling is one of the best opportunities to reach our aim.

Methods & Materials: This was a semi-practical study. We had considered 32 case couples and 32 control couples randomly. The couples had been chosen from those, which have been contacted to the clinics of Tehran University of medical sciences. All cases had contributed to three lectures given by the researcher. The lectures were mainly based on the different aspects of sexual health, like: family plain, safe sex, different aspects of sexuality & physiologic different in men's and women’s. On the other hand the control group had taken the normal lectures, which presents in the clinics which were based on the family planning and pre-marriage experiments. Both groups (cases and controls) had been asked to fill a form six months after counseling. In this form, we had included 10 questions of sexual health and 10 demographic questions. We had finally analyzed our data by SPSS software where we had used descriptive and discriminated statistics.

Results: We have obtained a considerable difference in sexual health between the two groups by Man-Whitney test (p=0.000). The majority of case group (96.9%) showed a good sexual health whereas the most procent of control group (59.4%) had a moderate sexual health.

Conclusion: To improve the quality of pre-marriage counseling, the content of usual lectures should be modified in addition to consider more time for these lectures. The results revealed that the pre-marriage counseling enhances the sexual health that lead to marital satisfaction.

Comparative study on two methods, Benson relaxation Vs premeditation, and their effect on respiratory rate and pulse rate of patients experiencing coronary angiography

N Hanifi

Background & Aim: One of the cause of anxiety for most patients is hospitalization. Once the patients are hospitalized for cardiac catheterization, the anxiety would be augmented. The anxiety raises body physiological and psychological activities such as: heart rate and respiratory rate. This research, as clinical trial study, has the objective to determine the influence of applying two methods of relaxation and premeditation on respiratory rate and pulse rate in hospitalized patients, experiencing coronary angiography, in heart and postangio wards of Shahid Beheshti Hospital in Zanjan, at 2003.

Methods & Materials: 40 patients who were candidates for CA, has been studied, in regard to existing conditions and methods of sampling and random allocation to two groups of relaxation, and premedication. Data collection tool included demographic and disease related information sheet, as well as record sheets for respiratory rate and pulse rate at intervals of 8-12 and ½ hrs before, during and after the angiography. For relaxation group, the researcher would speak individually about the influence of relaxation, the day before angiography then with the aid of client himself/herself, performed relaxation instances in a single bout, and eventually asked client to perform relaxation technique 2-3 times before going for angiography. In premedication group, patients received regular preangiographic medications including diazepam, chlorpheniramine, metoclopramid, and hydrocortisone. Respiratory rate and pulse rate were measured in both groups 8-12 and ½ hrs, before during and after CA. Afterward, resulted data were analyzed statistically by (SPSS) software for windows.

Results: Pulse rate at 8-12 hours before, during and after the angiography showed no significant difference between two groups (p>0.05). Thus our research hypothesis that “alterations of respiratory rate and pulse rate in patients under coronary angiography, who get relaxation, are identical to those in premedicaton group”, would be confirmed

Conclusion: These results show that the premeditation method can be substituted by relaxation before practicing invasive procedures.

Age at menarche and it’s relationship with body mass index

Z Khakbazan

Background & Aim: Menarcheal age is an important indicator of puberty development in girls and is influenced by a wide variety of factors including race, socio-economic status and etc. The relationship between age at menarche with weight, and BMI is controversial. The present study was designed to determine the relationship between age at menarche and BMI.

Methods & Materials: This was a cross–sectional study. The sample size was 580 primary and secondary schoolgirls of Tehran/Iran by using cluster sampling. The data was collected by completing questionnaire and measuring height (cm) and weight (kg) by one trained person and analyzed by Pearson and one way ANOVA.

Results: 580 schoolgirls participated in this study. The mean menarcheal age was 12/1(1/2), mean weight 45/6 (8/2) kg and the mean BMI was 18/4 (2/4) kg/m2. This result indicated that there were a statically significance difference in mean height (p<0/0001) and mean weight (p<0/006) at different age of menarche and no significance difference in mean of weight. The Pearson test, show linear positive correlation between age of menarche and height but reversed linear correlation between age of menarche and BMI.

Conclusion: According to this finding appears menarcheal age has significant correlation with BMI and height. Therefore as menarcheal age decreases, BMI increases.

Investigation quality of self care in patients members of families which have simplex and multiplex hepatitis B

S Samiei

Background & Aim: Family history of one member suffering from hepatitis B of family is one of the most important ways of illness transmission in Iran. Thus attention to quality of self care of patients of hepatitis B family has vital role in prevention and control in family and society.

Methods & Materials: This research is descriptive study. Samples of this research included 250 patients which 160 persons belonged to simplex hepatitis B families and 90 persons belonged to multiplex hepatitis B families. Patients refer to the center of blood transfusion organization from all of area of Gillan province. In this study data has collected by patens’ questionnaire include: demographic qualifications that were designed in two parts 1- individual qualifications and illness qualifications and questions were about quality self care of drug regimen meal regimen, addictions, precautions standard, fallow up disease and diagnostic quality self care in these groups has been analyzed in SPSS statistical soft ware by statistical tests such as 2 test and fisher test. (p<0.005).

Results: Our results show that (%64) patients of simplex family and (85.6%) patients of family multiplex have not suitable quality self care. In response to hypothesises (there is relationship between quality of self care of patiens members in family and increasing of HBSAg cases) findings show that exists meaningful relation between self care about hepatitis B and increasing cases HBSAg in families (p<0.05).

Discussion: Regarding to dimensions of quality selfcare about hepatitis B disease has important role in preventing from increasing cases HBSAg in families. Particularly regarding to results of research which indicate unsuitable quality self care of patients about drug regime “diet or therapy” “addictions” follow up disease. Therefore in order to control the hepatitis B in family according to the results of this study it is suggested further efforts should be down. The results of this study can be used for other patients infectious such as hepatitis c and Aids.

The effects of counseling on smoking cessation in patients suffering from COPD

M Shaban

Background & Aim: Cigarette smoking is the primary risk factor for COPD (chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases). Smoking cessation is the most effective strategy for prevention or treatment of COPD. Counseling is a efficacious method for smoking cessation. One of the nurses’ roles is counseling that they can use it in patients’ care. The aim of this study is evaluating the effects of counseling in smoking cessation on patient with COPD.

Methods & Materials: This study is an interventional clinical trial and the subjects consisted of 160 patients who had eligibility criteria for this study. Sampling was convenience sampling and subjects were allocated to two patients groups (Interventional and control). In interventional group smoking cessation counseling was used during 12 weeks. Counseling consisted of individual counseling Telephone counseling and self- help material. The data were collected by the questionnaire and Fagrostrom test before study and smoking rate were recorded before, 1 and 3 months after study. Research data were analyzed with spss statistic program and use of descriptive and inferential methods, such as 2, exact fisher test, mann-whitney and etc.

Results: The rate of smoking cessation after 1 month in interventional group was 28.8% (n=23) versus in control group was 22.5% (n=18) (p<0.0001) and after 3 month in interventional group was 41.3% (n=33) versus in control group was 26.3% (n=21) (p=0.006). Mann-whitney test showed significant difference between smoking cessation in two groups after 1 and 3 month after study.

Conclusion: Results supported the use of smoking cessation counseling to stop smoking on patients with COPD.

Association between adolescent girls anxiety and parental style of control

R Karimi

Background & Aim: In order to present any level of education and care of children by nurses, there is need to be a strong and favorite interrelationship between parents and their children. Background of this relationship must be recognized in texture of family (parental control) and regard to the duty of nurses continuance of family relationship is necessary. At the same time it must be adopted policies to compatible with child mentality and help to reduce his/her anxiety.

Methods & Materials: This study is a descriptive correlation research to determine association between patterns of parental style of control with adolescents anxiety, it performed in Ten schools in Tehran in this research data have been collected with two questionnaire for (student, parents) the samples was consisted 370 students (13 to 15 years) and their parents, these instrument consisted demographic characteristics (for student and parents), Physiological indicator anxiety (for parent), and Reynolds and Richmond anxiety test for students. The data were the Analyzed by (SPSS) computer software.

Results: Result show that Anxiety in the student was 33% and Anxiety 7.6% and student have been Authoritarian parents had high score of Anxiety 92%. This finding shows a significant correlation between Anxiety and parental style of control (p<0.05).

Conclusion: According to the finding parent style control has important role in mental health of children. School nurses can important role in education of best style control of parenting with adolescents and decries of Anxiety from it.

Effect of preventive education of STD based on health belief model in the couples

M Mirmohammadaliei

Background & Aim: Health Promotion and Prevention of disease are two important aims of health programs. Despite many efforts which have been done for health promotion, sexually transmitted diseases is yet one of the societies health problem today. The educational and teaching efforts, can confined these infections which seems health educational models, such as health belief model has a key role in this matter.

Methods & Materials: This study was a semi - experimental survey conducted in case - control method. Sampling size included 30 couples in each group that was selected randomly. The couples in the experimental group were educated based on health belief model, during two 30 minutes educational sessions and the couples in the control group participated in the routine counseling classes. The data of this research was gathered by a questionnaire in two stages before and 4 month after education, then was analyzed by SPSS software.

Results: The results of this study indicated that there was no significant differences between two groups in demographic characteristics and agent of health belief model (perceived susceptibility, severity, benefits and barriers of STDs). Comparing of those two groups indicated that after education, there were significant differences between perceived susceptibility (p<0.0001), severity (p<0.0001), benefits (p<0.0001), barriers (p<0.002) and practice (p<0.009).

Conclusion: Findings of this study showed that education through health belief model was effective in preventing STDs. Then this educational model can be applied in educating adolescents and other people for preventing STDs.

The application of management’s new theories in nursing care

H Dargahi

Background & Aim: This paper investigate the application of some management’s new theories in nursing care in order to determine the similarities between management and nursing. The need of Health Services to be effectively managed was a prominent features of developed countries health policy in the 1980 s and early 1990. In the recent years, four management’s new theories has identified: organizational excellence, total quality management, organizational culture and empowerment. Each of these new theories has key role in nursing care. This paper identifies similarities and convergence’s between management profession with nursing care, using application of management’s new theories.

Conclusion: The comparison between nursing care and management’s new theories has been provided the collaboration and cooperation between nurses and management professions to deliver health care services to patients effectively.