Journal of Hayat

The adult age theories and definitions

G.F Ameri

The adult age occurs when somebody reaches 65 years of age. It consists of gradually destruction of the structure and organism of the body during a long period. It leads to transformation of structure and process of different organs, such as: turning the hair white, hair falling, skin wrinkling, visual and hearing reducing, back curving, muscle power reducing, memory and perception disordering and reducing in capacity and function of pulmonary and cardiovascular systems.Theories presented in the field of the adult age consisting of: A) biological theories classified by three groups: 1. Immunity theory 2. Cellular aging theory 3. Free radical theory B) psychological theories Qsociological theories that are classified by four groups: 1. Theory of non-commitment 2. Activity theory 3. Continuity theory 4. Interaction theoryEach of the above theories provides justifications regarding the aging process and it is of importance to be aware of those theories in order to establish an information network for practically determinations regarding the adult age.

Safety and efficacy of topical nitroglycerin ointment on the venous catheterization inpatients referred to emergency ward of Baghiyatollah hospital

M Shaban

This is a double - blind clinical trial to evaluate the safety and efficacy of topical nitroglycerin ointment on venous catheterization in patients referred to emergency ward of Baghiyatollah hospital in 1997.The units under investigation consisting of 70 patients, 40 women and 30 men ranging in age from 20 to 69.The samples were randomly assigned into two equal groups, 35 patients in case group and 35 patients in experimental group. The experimental group received 2% nitroglycerin ointment and the case group received the placebo ointment that was applied prior to venus catheterization on the skin of the dorsum of the hand, wrist or front part of forearm.To collect data, an observational checklist was used in which demographic characteristics, and efficacy and immunity of the ointment were recorded.The findings revealed that the vein diameter in case group was not increased after applying the ointment, while it was considerably increased in experimental group from 4 mm to 6.6 mm. Although the method of catheterization in two groups was the same, catheterization in case group was more difficult than experimental group. Using T.test, the findings revealed that there was statistically significant relationship between vein diameter before and after applying the ointment in experimental group and after applying it in case and experimental groups (PO.001). Moreover, tachycardia and hypotension was not observed in both groups during 15, 30, 45 minutes and one and two hours immediately after applying the ointment, however in both groups, a sort of mild headache was observed. The findings also showed that there was significant relationship in observing the vein after catheterization in two groups (P<0.2). However, before applying the ointment, there was significant relationship in observing the vein in the experimental group. Furthermore, after applying the ointment, arhythmia appeared, but it was not significant.The results showed that applying nitroglycerin ointment was a useful method in expanding the peripheral veins, therefore, it resulted in easy venous catheterization.

Nosocomial infection in the Intensive Care Unit

Sh Ghiasvandian

Nosocomial infection is occured subsequent to admitting patients to the hospital. This infection is usually accompanied by a significant mortality and morbidity and it causes therapeutic costs to be increased.The factors interfering nosocomial infection are some organisms that are either resistant to antibiotics or they will become resistant to them.Nearly 5-10% of the patients admitted to the hospitals are infected with a sort of infection.The infection in patients hospitalized in the intensive care unit (ICU) is in close relationship with the appearance of clinical side effects and results in economical and human damages. It is reported that 25% of the entire nosocomial infection in ICU is transferred through blood and respiration.Since 1% of the nosocomial infection is preventable and nurses are fully aware of its controlling methods, however, there are incoordination in performing those methods and insufficient control of the infection. Therefore, the prevention strategies and nosocomial infection control are important cases to be considered in order to achieve more effective therapeutic results concerning the patients who suffer from nosocomial infection.

Relationship between breast cancer and first class familial background in women suffered from breast cancer in hospitals of Tehran University of medical sciences

F Jamshidi Evanaki

This is a retrospective descriptive - analytical study on determination of the relationship between breast cancer and first class familial background in women suffered from breast cancer in hospitals of Tehran university of medical sciences in 1997.The investigated units consisted of 659 women suffered from breast cancer. The samples were randomly assigned into 2 groups, 320 women suffering from breast cancer in case group and 339 healthy women ranging in age from 25 to 64 in control group. The following criteria in two groups were considered: age, pregnancy before 35 years of age, the nonexistence of late menopause and pubertas praecox, and not using contraceptive pills.The background of the first class familial of the samples were compared. Furthermore, the background of breast cancer in mother, sister, mother and sister, two sisters (unilaterally or bilaterally) before and after menopause was compared.To collect data, a questionare was used.The results indicated that there was a significant statistically relationship between breast cancer and first class familial background (P=0.0002). Besides, the background of breast cancer in mother, sister, mother and sister unilaterally and before menopause was significantly related to suffering the patients from breast cancer (PO.05). However, there was no significant relationship between the background of breast cancer in two sisters unilaterally before and after menopause and suffering the patients from breast cancer.

The relationship between hypertension and birth weight in primary school children at the 6-7 age group in shahrood

F Fotorehchi

This is a descriptive - analytical study to determine the relationship between hypertension and birth weight in primary school children at the 6-7 age group in shahrood in 1999-2000.The samples consisting 203 healthy school - age children that were selected according to cluster sampling.Data collection instruments included questionare, checklist, stethoscope and mercurial sphygmomanometer.The results showed that there was not significant relationship between systolic blood pressure and birth weight in male and female groups. Furthermore, there was no significant relationship between diastolic blood pressure and birth weight in male group as well, however, there was a statistically significant inverse relationship in female group that their birth weight was more than 2500 gr with their diastolic blood pressure.The results can be used in midwifery training for pregnant women during their prenatal care period, in nursing training to promote the quality of health services, in training health care talented students and students suffering from hypertension and they can also be used in educating teachers and principals of schools to increase their knowledge and information.

Nursing Cares in tissue plastiminogen activator therapy

Sh. S Bassampoor

The main therapeutic objective of emergency after acute myocardial infarction (MI) is limiting the infarcted area through the opening of occluded artery, decreasing demand of myocardial oxygen and preventing MI complications.When arterial wall is injured, the collagen tissue is exposed to platelet aggregation that leads to releasing adenosine 5 diphosphate and subsequent to it, platelet adhesion and formation of fibrin is occured. After a while fibrin activates directly the fibrinolytic system, then plasminogen activator is infused and it changes plasminogen into plasmin so that it makes fibrin to be digested.TPA is one of the most effective thromboclastic drugs. It is an enzyme that is produced through recombinant DNA. TPA is a type of fibrin that is infused in circulatory system and binds to fibrin in a thrombus and it converts the plasminogen to plasmin. It is prescribed for adults presenting the early signs of acute myocardial infarction.The recommended dose of TPA for the adults weighing more then 65 Kg is 100 mg. If the patient weighs less than 65 Kg, dosage is determined by a formula as the following: 1.25 mg TPA per Kg body weight.The primary period of prescribing TPA in patients suffering from MI is at the time of transferring them to the hospital or emergency ward. More over, treatment is carried on with effective dose of TPA for 3 hours.The fundamental nursing procedures for the patients receiving TPA consist of complete assessing the patient and obtaining basic information and history of the patient's health and disease.During the infusion of TPA, the patient's bleeding should be continually checked. The recovery signs after TPA infusion is indicated as dysrhythmia, due to reperfusion and it should not be taken into consideration as a negative sign. Some other recovery signs are relieving chest pain and reversing ST segment