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Self - injury or self mutilation is one of the destructive behaviours in which theindividual generally hurts his own body and his attempts to injure himself leadto physical pain and suffer.In the existence of self - injury behaviours some different reasons should betaken into consideraticn . Perhaps the mostimportantausesofthisbehaviousare the disability to express the feelings, anger and aggression, reduction oftolerance while facing the stresses and tensions and finally fear and feeling ofbeing sinful.Self - injury should be recognized as a symptom of different types of mentaldisorders and some organic disarders . Such as encephalilis and Adison' sdisease.In order toachieve a successful treatment, the patients should be trained toreduce their tension and anger by means of comforting techniques ,considering the individual health and physical demands and elevating the levelof his skills to solve the problems.Having Knowledge about disease and awareness of the causes of self - injurybehaviours, it can be helpful to the patients in prevention of such behaviours.Index of Terms:

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Interaction between trace element such as Copper, Molybdenum and Sulphor affecting not only on the rate of Absorption, but also on the metabolic activity. The studies has shown that excessive expense of full diet sulphor decreases notonly molybdenum's absorption, but also demineralization of tissue from above elements . Also interaction between molybdenum and copper decreases body availability to these elements. Review of the literature indicates that in longtime exessive expense of full diet solphor and osteoproses copper in tissue, that it,s more current clinical sign is anemia and osteoprosis . Also this idia can prove . full sulphor combination can be used for treating. The palientseffected by high cappes in body should be treated like wilson's disease .

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This is a quasi - experimental study, made with the objective of a comparsion between the impacts of two methods of training in characteristic signs ,symptoms and risky factors of increased intracranial pressure in head injury patients upon the cognitive domain of a number of nurses serving at some selected hospitals of Tehran Medical Sciences University in 1375 . The samples were made of 74 male and female nurses from CCUs and / orsurgery wards , who were divided randomly into two groups of 35 and 39 nurses respectively . The training approach concerning the former group was made through lectures, while that of the latter used computers .The data collection tool was a questionnarie consisting of two parts . The first part dealt with individual demographies and the second part included 40 questions . 25 of which were multiple choice and the remaining 15 were matching questions about the characteristic signs, symptoms and risky factors of increased intracranial pressure . The questionnaries werefdled in by the samples in two pre - test and post - test stages , while the researcher was present. The collected data were organized into 24 tables and are analized throughdescriptive and inferential statistic methods . Absolute , relative and mean indicatots , mean standard deflation , mean variation, standard deriation of mean variation , as well as McNemar, paired and student tests were used for the analysis. The findings demonstrate that the number of those filling in the questionnaries increased following the application of lecture and computerized training methods..The statistic results of the paired test in relation with the lecture method ( t~12.312 , of - 34 ) show a meaningful difference in comparison with the computerized method ( t=q.528 , of- 35) atp< 0.01 level. The results of thestudent test, however, did not reveal a significant statistic difference when the impacts of the two approaches are compared. The study results, also make it clear that in lecture approach , the mean variation of the grades given to the cognitive domain shows a significant increase in terms of all the variables excluding those of : not obtaining information during education , in - service training courses , and other cases and records of serving at CCUs or neurology surgery wards for more than 48 months. At the conclusion , the applications of the results of this study are mentioned, and suggestions are made - on the basis of the findings here - to bring the findings and results of the study to Completion and also to make further studies.

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This reasearch is a discriptive study. the purpose of this study was to assesspatients' knowledye , attitude and practice with coronary artery diseases and of their family . member about theraputic Regimen advises . In this study , 50 patients with Coronary artery diseases and 50 members of their family have been studied randomly . Two questionnaires were prepared, one for patients and another for their families, which both of them included 4 parts as follows : Demographic data, question related to knowledge, the kind of attitude and quality of practice .Then the Scores of patients > knowledge and also their family's were determined Separately and the relation ship between their variables together in patients with their family w&s measured.The results of investigation showed that, most percentage of patients and their family possesing high knowledge and positive attitude about theraputic regimen and most percentage of patients have had disireable practice and their families have had non - disireable practice.The results showed that there was a significant relation between patients >knowledge and their attitude , and between their familys > practice and their attitude.

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This research is a descriptive- analytic study which has been conducted inorder to determine the degree of tuberculous patients knowledge of their tubereulosis disease and its relation to therapeutic regimen in Tehran TB control centers.In this research , 120 tuberculous patients calling on tuberculosis control centers in Tehran andbeing under drug therdpyfor about 2-9 months were selected as subjects in this research . sampling hasbeeneasyaswellashaphazardlydatawasgatheredthroughaquestionnaire. the questionnaire used in this research includes 3 section . After gathering the data, descriptive and deductive statistics used in order to analyse the data more over, chi-square and fisher Exact Test used to study the relation between the knowledge variables and therapeutic regimen in accordance with demographic characteristics and chouporof coefficient used to determine correlation intensity.Research results concerning units under investigation showed that the majority on insufficient knowledge of their disease which the minority (%18) had a sufficient knowledge, the majority (%62) had a proper drug therapy while the minority (%1) did not the majority (%72) did not Take a efficient diet while the minority (%2) took a proper diet, the majority (%58) medium personal Health care while the minority (%15) folllowed a good personal health care, and generally the majority (%47) had a medium therapeutic regimen while the minority (%11) did not have sufficientRegarding the relation between the degree of knowledge and thrapeutic therapy which was the main objective in this research,the result ofperson,s correlation coefficient (z= 7.88, r-o.62 jshowed a direct correlation in such a manner that the degree of knowledge will increase with quality of therapeutic regimen.

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Today besides the different avilable data there is no unique successfultreatment to cure psoriasis and to prevent its complications and recurrances.This study has been done on 50 psoriatic patients in oder to find out if self -care education can reduce the complications and the severity of the disease(Itching, fissuring, scaling) .Data shows that self - care educations can successfully reduce the fissuringfrom 100% in sever cases to 96% (p< 0/001) , and Itching that is seen in 100%of cases subside to 50% (p< 0/001) . skin scaling that is seen in 100% casesdisapper and the skin become normal in all of them (p<0/001) .In general the 88% of the patients has sever pseriasis and after the education itreduces to 50% in mild form.

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This research is a descriptive study which had been preformed to identity theknowledge , Attitude and practice of the health Workers of south area inTehran and Quom about prevention of malaria disease in 1995. the sampleswere consist of 50 health workers, who had been selected by a class samplingmethod from a targer population . The data collection instruments were a questionnair and a check list.The questionnair had four separate sections as follow :l)The demographic with 8 questions2) The knowledge with 20 multiple choice questions3)The attitude section with likert type questions4) The evaluative Section of practice with 8 questions in order to analysis the data, it was used discriptive and deductive type of statistics.The information has been summerized in 17 tables and 11 graphs .The results Showed that: most of the subjects have had moderate knowledgeand practice about the prevention of malaria. a negative attitude showd thatthere is also asignificantrelationshipamongknowledge and practice withhaving affected patients also there is no significant relationship betweendemographic data and their attitudes Analysis of the data , it indicated a significant relation ship between knowldge and attiluds knowledge practice,also attitude and practice of health workers.At the end application of the results, findings and the suggestion, were madefor the future resercher,

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The objectives of this analytical-descriptive study were determinig the incidence of nosocomial pneumonia as a result of aspiration among the hospitalized patients in the intensive care units of Tehran university of medical sciences in 1999.For collecting data, the applied instruments consisted of: Glucose oxidase tape, thermometers, blood tests, chest radiography, culture from endotracheal secretions and checklists.The samples, consisting 80 patients, were assigned into 2 groups according to the day starting gavage: the first group included 50 patients from the first day connecting to ventilator and second group included 30 patients from the second day connecting to ventilator.Following nearly 5 months of sampling incidence of nosocomial pneumonia resulting from aspiration estimated to 31.2%with an interval estimation of 21%<<41 %. Moreover, incidence of nosocomial pneumonia lacking aspiration estimated to 18.7% with an interval estimation of 1 l%<<27%.The results indicated that remaining the nosogastric tube and early gavaging of the patients under ventilation can be effective risk factors in the incidence of nosocomial pneumonia. Furthermore, the most pulmonary infiltration was happened in the upper lobe of the right pulmonary. Therefore, it could be supposed that the patients during aspiration had been mainly slept on their back.

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This study was conducted to determine the effect of energy therapy Method on anxiety and incidence ofcardiacdysrhythmiainpatientsundercatheterization.Thenvestigated units consisted of 68 patients that were randomly assigned into 3 groups: 26 patients in case group, 21 patients in placebo group and 21 patients in control group . The case group underwent the course of study through energy therapy method for 10-15 minutes ,one hour before catheterization. Furthemore, placebo group received mimic energy therapy within the same period of time, i. e (the method was the same as energy therapy except in this method no energy was transferred, and the procedure was unreal and mimicking). Moreover the control group received no treatment.For collection of data, the questionare and observation checklist were used. The anxiety of the patients was measured through speilberger anxiety -test, an hour before and during catheterization.The cardiac dysrhythmia and dysrhythmia during catheterization were recorded on an observation checklist.The results showed that energy therapy had a significant effect on the situational anxiety of the investigated units in case group and through energy therapy, their anxiety were reduced, (p=000)however, it had no considerable effect on the anxiety related to the characteristic of the individuals. In addition to the above, energy therapy could be effective in reducing the incidence of cardiac dysrhythmia such as: sinus tachycardia, (p=0.00005),V.T (p=0.005), PAC(p=0.001)and PVC.(p=0.01) The results also showed that energy therapy is a method reducing the anxiety of the patients in catheterization room, it could also be effective in reducing the complications such as cardiac dysrhythmia regarding to catheterization. Therefore, the investigation hypothesis was approved.

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In this descriptive research, the application of disinfection and sterilization methods in three hospitals of Malayer was surveyed.The objectives of this study were determining disinfection and sterilization application methods in physical place ,surgical hand scrub, sugical site prepartion and preparing the metal, plastic and linen instruments.For collecting data, an observation checklist was used.The results showed that application of disinfection and sterilization methods evaluated in physical place 30.18%, surgical hand scrub 58.68%, Preparing surgical site 39.93%, metal instruments 77. 96%plastic instruments 40.97%and linen instruments 70.46% respectively. The results also indicated that application of disinfection and sterilization methods evaluated totally in hospital number one 54.75%, hospital number two 48.89%and in hospital number three 55.73%) respectively.Using T-test(a=0.05), the findings revealed that there was not a significant statistical difference among the surveyed hospitals.For further investigation ,it is suggested that the effect of training on the application of disinfection and sterilization methods in operating rooms to be studied.

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This study was a randomized double - blind controlled clinical trial to investigate the effect of nitroglycerine ointment on primary dysmenorrhea and its side effects among the students resident of selected dormitory of Tehran university of medical sciences in 1999.The investigated units consisted of 112 students suffering from primary dysmenorrhea grade 2 and 3.The samples were randomly assigned into two equal groups : control Group (56 students )and experimental group (56 students )as well.The severity of pain and side effects were evaluated once before and five times after applying the ointment. Then ,a comparison was made to assess the effect of drug and placebo on two groups according to severity of pain and side effects.The results showed that severity of pain in case group was significantly lower than control group during 30 minutes and one, two and four hours after applying the ointment, (in all cases p=o.oo)Moreover , 15 -30 minutes after applying the ointment, it was effective in relieving pain and it reached its highest degree when two hours passed, then the effectiveness of the ointment in relieving pain was reduced , but it continued to be effective within four hours after applying as well. Furthermore, the findings revealed that 5 mg of Nitroglycerine 1% was effective in relieving primary dysmenorrhea, however, it was accompanied with following side effects in two groups: headache 21.4% in case group VS 1.8% in control group (p=0.00), dizziness 21.4%in case group VS 1.8% in control group (p=0.00), hotflashing 35.7% in case group vs 1.8% in control group (p=0.00), arrhythmia 10.8% in case group VS 0% in control group (p= C.05), a significant falling in systolic and diastolic blood pressure (p=0.05) and a significant increasing in heart beat. (p=0.05).

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This was an analytical study that was conducted to determine effective factors on childbirth with an interval of less or more than two years in health clinics of Zahedan in 1997-1998.The samples consisted of 400 women with a childbirth interval of less than two years and 800 women with a childbirth interval of more than two years. The women with the following criteria were surveyed: gestational age at the time of delivery (27 months or more ), no abortion during the interval of two last childbirth and living with their husbands during the investigation period. Moreover, women's demographic data (such as age, education), the quality of their last pregnancies, the role of men in contraception and the contraceptive methods were also analyzed.The results indicated that there was a significant relationship between the follwing variables and establishing an interval of childbirth: maternal delivery age, education, number of male children and the number of the last pregnancy with an interval of childbirth (pRegarding the unwanted pregnancies, the findings revealed that lactation 15.83% and lactation pills 53% were caused childbirth with an interval of less than two years, while, IUD 76.47% caused childbirth with an interval of more than two years and contraceptive injections 46.43% caused an interval of 2-3 years.There was a significant statistically relationship between contraceptive method and childbirth interval (p <0.001 ).The participation of couples in establishing childbirth interval and applying IUD were confident methods in performing a childbirth interval of more than three years.It is recommended that women should be trained enough for the role of lactation as a contraceptive method. They also required training to apply other contraceptive methods coincidental.

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This was an analytical-descriptive study on determination of relationship between physiological variables of the neonates when admitted to the neonatal intensive care unit and mortality rate amony transferred neonates to a specialized center of Esfahan university of medical sciences.In this research, seventy neonates who were transferred to this center were randomly according to Poasan model selected.On the time of admitting neonates to this center, their VS, BS and ABG were immediately checked and the results recordered. The neonates were followed until they were discharged or expired. For data analysis, the descriptive statistical methods and Spearman correlational coefficient were used.The results indicated that 31.4% of the transferred neonates expired. The relationship between mortality rate and birth weight was meaningful. Furthermore, there was a significant relationship in physiological variables of the neonates when admitted to the neonatal intensive care unit(P<0.01).These results can be applied in nursing services management, nursing education and national programming in order to establish special teams for neonatal transferring.

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In an international project in 1987, the world health organization (WHO), UNICEF, UNFPA and the world bank suggested the maternal safety program and the following objectives were considered:1. Reducing maternal mortality from 1990 to 2000 to the half of thepresent rate throughout the prenatal care2. Availability of the whole pregnant women to the prenatal care,qualified personnel during the delivery and required facilities fortransferring women in high risk pregnancies and midwifery emergencies.3. Availability of appropriate services and information to prevent low ageand high age pregnancies ,short interval pregnancies and multiparous.Since 1987, an international cooperation has been established to support the maternal safety program.Relating to this program, essential changes in the structure of the health services system, in laws and policies and also in training programs of medical doctors ,midwives and other related professions have been made.The international confederation of midwifery (ICM), a professional organization of midwifery, and also midwifery societies in the developed countries are the most active organizations involved in providing maternal safety program. Some researches relating to this program was performed in some undeveloped and developing countries such as Africa, Asia and latin America. Some confernces and congresses were also held.Researchers have indicated that traditional midwifery can not be successed in reducing the rate of maternal mortality unless be supervised by qualified midwives.Since in our country and some other developing countries, the rate of maternal mortality and morbidity is high, therefore the maternal safety program should be perfectly performed and midwives should do their best in applying this program.WHO declared midwives are responsible for the maternal safety program performance, and they will be supported by WHO in different ways, WHO also announced the year 1998 as the maternal safety year.Thus, as midwives, we should recognize our essential role in this program and in other national and international reproductive health programs.

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The adult age occurs when somebody reaches 65 years of age. It consists of gradually destruction of the structure and organism of the body during a long period. It leads to transformation of structure and process of different organs, such as: turning the hair white, hair falling, skin wrinkling, visual and hearing reducing, back curving, muscle power reducing, memory and perception disordering and reducing in capacity and function of pulmonary and cardiovascular systems.Theories presented in the field of the adult age consisting of: A) biological theories classified by three groups: 1. Immunity theory 2. Cellular aging theory 3. Free radical theory B) psychological theories Qsociological theories that are classified by four groups: 1. Theory of non-commitment 2. Activity theory 3. Continuity theory 4. Interaction theoryEach of the above theories provides justifications regarding the aging process and it is of importance to be aware of those theories in order to establish an information network for practically determinations regarding the adult age.

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Nosocomial infection is occured subsequent to admitting patients to the hospital. This infection is usually accompanied by a significant mortality and morbidity and it causes therapeutic costs to be increased.The factors interfering nosocomial infection are some organisms that are either resistant to antibiotics or they will become resistant to them.Nearly 5-10% of the patients admitted to the hospitals are infected with a sort of infection.The infection in patients hospitalized in the intensive care unit (ICU) is in close relationship with the appearance of clinical side effects and results in economical and human damages. It is reported that 25% of the entire nosocomial infection in ICU is transferred through blood and respiration.Since 1% of the nosocomial infection is preventable and nurses are fully aware of its controlling methods, however, there are incoordination in performing those methods and insufficient control of the infection. Therefore, the prevention strategies and nosocomial infection control are important cases to be considered in order to achieve more effective therapeutic results concerning the patients who suffer from nosocomial infection.

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This is a double - blind clinical trial to evaluate the safety and efficacy of topical nitroglycerin ointment on venous catheterization in patients referred to emergency ward of Baghiyatollah hospital in 1997.The units under investigation consisting of 70 patients, 40 women and 30 men ranging in age from 20 to 69.The samples were randomly assigned into two equal groups, 35 patients in case group and 35 patients in experimental group. The experimental group received 2% nitroglycerin ointment and the case group received the placebo ointment that was applied prior to venus catheterization on the skin of the dorsum of the hand, wrist or front part of forearm.To collect data, an observational checklist was used in which demographic characteristics, and efficacy and immunity of the ointment were recorded.The findings revealed that the vein diameter in case group was not increased after applying the ointment, while it was considerably increased in experimental group from 4 mm to 6.6 mm. Although the method of catheterization in two groups was the same, catheterization in case group was more difficult than experimental group. Using T.test, the findings revealed that there was statistically significant relationship between vein diameter before and after applying the ointment in experimental group and after applying it in case and experimental groups (PO.001). Moreover, tachycardia and hypotension was not observed in both groups during 15, 30, 45 minutes and one and two hours immediately after applying the ointment, however in both groups, a sort of mild headache was observed. The findings also showed that there was significant relationship in observing the vein after catheterization in two groups (P<0.2). However, before applying the ointment, there was significant relationship in observing the vein in the experimental group. Furthermore, after applying the ointment, arhythmia appeared, but it was not significant.The results showed that applying nitroglycerin ointment was a useful method in expanding the peripheral veins, therefore, it resulted in easy venous catheterization.

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This is a retrospective descriptive - analytical study on determination of the relationship between breast cancer and first class familial background in women suffered from breast cancer in hospitals of Tehran university of medical sciences in 1997.The investigated units consisted of 659 women suffered from breast cancer. The samples were randomly assigned into 2 groups, 320 women suffering from breast cancer in case group and 339 healthy women ranging in age from 25 to 64 in control group. The following criteria in two groups were considered: age, pregnancy before 35 years of age, the nonexistence of late menopause and pubertas praecox, and not using contraceptive pills.The background of the first class familial of the samples were compared. Furthermore, the background of breast cancer in mother, sister, mother and sister, two sisters (unilaterally or bilaterally) before and after menopause was compared.To collect data, a questionare was used.The results indicated that there was a significant statistically relationship between breast cancer and first class familial background (P=0.0002). Besides, the background of breast cancer in mother, sister, mother and sister unilaterally and before menopause was significantly related to suffering the patients from breast cancer (PO.05). However, there was no significant relationship between the background of breast cancer in two sisters unilaterally before and after menopause and suffering the patients from breast cancer.

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This is a descriptive - analytical study to determine the relationship between hypertension and birth weight in primary school children at the 6-7 age group in shahrood in 1999-2000.The samples consisting 203 healthy school - age children that were selected according to cluster sampling.Data collection instruments included questionare, checklist, stethoscope and mercurial sphygmomanometer.The results showed that there was not significant relationship between systolic blood pressure and birth weight in male and female groups. Furthermore, there was no significant relationship between diastolic blood pressure and birth weight in male group as well, however, there was a statistically significant inverse relationship in female group that their birth weight was more than 2500 gr with their diastolic blood pressure.The results can be used in midwifery training for pregnant women during their prenatal care period, in nursing training to promote the quality of health services, in training health care talented students and students suffering from hypertension and they can also be used in educating teachers and principals of schools to increase their knowledge and information.

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The main therapeutic objective of emergency after acute myocardial infarction (MI) is limiting the infarcted area through the opening of occluded artery, decreasing demand of myocardial oxygen and preventing MI complications.When arterial wall is injured, the collagen tissue is exposed to platelet aggregation that leads to releasing adenosine 5 diphosphate and subsequent to it, platelet adhesion and formation of fibrin is occured. After a while fibrin activates directly the fibrinolytic system, then plasminogen activator is infused and it changes plasminogen into plasmin so that it makes fibrin to be digested.TPA is one of the most effective thromboclastic drugs. It is an enzyme that is produced through recombinant DNA. TPA is a type of fibrin that is infused in circulatory system and binds to fibrin in a thrombus and it converts the plasminogen to plasmin. It is prescribed for adults presenting the early signs of acute myocardial infarction.The recommended dose of TPA for the adults weighing more then 65 Kg is 100 mg. If the patient weighs less than 65 Kg, dosage is determined by a formula as the following: 1.25 mg TPA per Kg body weight.The primary period of prescribing TPA in patients suffering from MI is at the time of transferring them to the hospital or emergency ward. More over, treatment is carried on with effective dose of TPA for 3 hours.The fundamental nursing procedures for the patients receiving TPA consist of complete assessing the patient and obtaining basic information and history of the patient's health and disease.During the infusion of TPA, the patient's bleeding should be continually checked. The recovery signs after TPA infusion is indicated as dysrhythmia, due to reperfusion and it should not be taken into consideration as a negative sign. Some other recovery signs are relieving chest pain and reversing ST segment