Iranian Journal of Diabetes and Lipid Disorders

The Combined Effect of High-Intensity Interval Training and Metformin on Gene Expression of Myogenin and Myostatin in Skeletal Muscle of Type 2 Diabetic Mice

Maryam Delfan

Background: Myogenin (MyoG) and Myostatin (Mstn) play role in muscle growth and wasting, respectively. The present study aimed to investigate the combined effect of High-intensity Interval Training (HIIT) and Metformin drug (Metf) on gene expression of MyoG and Mstn in skeletal muscle of type 2 diabetic mice.
Methods: 25 mice (C57BL/6) were assigned to two groups, including 1) Control © (n=5), and 2) HFD (n=20). The mice of the HFD group were fed a high-fat diet for 16 weeks. After 16 weeks, the mice with over 200 mg/dl were selected as diabetic mice. Then, the diabetic mice were divided into four groups including 1) Control Diabetic (CD) (n=5), 2) Diabet with Metf (DM) (n=5), 3) Diabet with HIIT (DH) (n=5) 4) Diabet with Metf and HIIT (DMH) (n=5). The mice of experimental groups underwent the interventions for eight weeks. The Real-Time–PCR methods were used to measure the mRNA expression of MyoG and Mstn in the Rectus-Femoris muscle.
Results: HIIT (but no Metf) upregulated the gene expression of MyoG (p=0.05). Metformin did not affect Mstn expression (p=0.45), However, HIIT downregulated the expression of Mstn (p=0.001). Metformin did not affect decreasingly or incrementally the downregulating effect of HIIT on Mstn expression (p=0.95).
Conclusion: Metf may not positively or negatively affect the expression changes of MyoG and Mstn induced by HIIT in skeletal muscle of mice with type 2 diabetes.

Impact of Crocus Sativus Petals Extract and Alkaline Electrolyzed Water in Diabetic Rats with Streptozotocin

Abdolmansour Tahmasbi

Backgrund: Saffron petals contain flavonoid compounds, glycosides, and anthocyanins. Considering the trend of increasing the use of medicinal plants in modern medicine in order to treat some diseases, the upcoming experiment was designed to investigate the effectiveness of the hydroalcoholic extract of saffron petals and alkaline water in comparison with the commercial drug metformin on the blood glucose level of diabetic rats.
Methods: In this experiment, 28 male Wistar rats were divided into 4 groups. 1) Diabetic animals (negative control), 2) Diabetic animals that received 200 mg of dry saffron petal extract daily, 3) Diabetic animals that had free access to alkaline water, 4) Diabetic animals that received 100 mg/kg BW metformin daily. They did the duration of the experiment was considered to be 28 days. During this period, feed and water consumption will be measured and recorded on a daily basis and weight on a weekly basis. At the end of the experiment, blood biochemical indices were measured.
Results: Weight and blood triglycerides were not affected by experimental treatments. While the feed consumed, water consumed, insulin, glucose, cholesterol, HDL, LDL and liver enzymes were significantly affected by the experimental treatments.
Conclusion: According to the results, the use of alkaline water and saffron petal extract positively reduced the blood glucose of mice and also had significant effects on feed and water consumption, cholesterol, HDL and LDL of animals. However, the definitive confirmation of the results of this experiment requires more studies and investigations in this field.

Protective effect of quercetin supplementation on exercise-induced cardiac fatigue in sky running athletes

Farshad Ghazalian

Introduction: The purpose of this research was to explain the protective effect of quercetin on cardiac fatigue caused by exercise in skyrunning runners.
Methods: 26 professional sky running athletes voluntarily and purposefully participated in this race. Random people were placed in 2 groups: quercetin (13 people) and placebo (13 people). The race was held in the central Alborz mountains, the total distance traveled was 21 km and 200 meters, the altitude of the starting point was 1650 meters above sea level, the maximum altitude was 3150 meters above sea level. Before and immediately and 1 hour after the end of the race, blood was taken from the subjects. In order to check the changes of the studied variables, the independent T-test was used at the significance level of alpha 0.05.
Results: The amount of cardiac troponin T decreased significantly immediately and 1 hour after the end of the race in the quercetin group compared to the placebo group (P < 0.05). No significant difference was observed between the two groups of quercetin and placebo in the pre-test, immediately after the test and 1 hour after the test (P>0.05).
Conclusion: It seems that the increase of free fatty acids after the competition and long-term sports play an important role in reducing cardiac inotropic during the same period. Skyrunning competitions cause an increase in heart damage indices in professional athletes, despite this, quercetin supplementation reduces the increase in cardiac troponin T and can have a protective effect on the athlete's heart

Comparison of Mr-Proadm, No and Homa-Ir Responses to A Session of Submaximal Exercise in Athletes and Non-Athletes

Fatemeh Fallah

Background: Adrenomodoline (ADM) is a multifunctional peptide involved in a wide range of physiological processes and cardiovascular function. The purpose of the present study was to compare the effect of physical activity on ADM and nitric oxide (NO) levels and insulin resistance in athletes and non-athletes.
Material and
Methods: 12 athletes and 11 non-athletes participated in this quasi-experimental study. Study participants were selected by convenience sampling. Both groups performed the Bruce protocol. Blood samples were collected before and after the training session to study the variables. Data were analyzed using one-way analysis of covariance, paired t-test, independent t-test and Pearson correlation.
Results: The results showed that after one session of submaximal exercise activity, HOMA-IR index decreased in non-athlete group (P = 0.034) and NO values increased in both athlete and non-athlete groups (P = 0.001, P = 0.002) and this increase was greater in the athlete group. Also, serum ADM levels were increased in the non-athlete group (P = 0.001) after the training session.
Conclusion: The single session of physical activity with increasing ADM and NO levels, can lead to better vasodilation and improved endothelial function as well as improved insulin resistance in inactive individuals. Since in athletes, only NO levels increased after the end of the activity, it seems that PA has a greater effect on improving the endothelial function of inactive people.

The Effectiveness of Existential Therapy on Life Expectancy and Self-Care Behaviors in Women with Type II Diabetes

Ahmad Mansouri

Background: Type 2 diabetes is a chronic and debilitating disease that affects the life expectancy and self-care behaviors of women with this disease. Therefore, the present study aimed to investigate the effectiveness of existential therapy on life expectancy and self-care behaviors of women with type 2 diabetes.
Methods: The research method was applied and quasi-experimental with pre-test and post-test design with control group. The population included all women with type 2 diabetes in Neyshabur, Iran. Among them, 40 people were selected by available sampling method and randomly assigned to experimental and control groups. Participants completed the Hope Scale (HS), and The Summary of Diabetes Self-Care Activities (SDSCA). Multivariate analysis of covariance was used to analyze the data.
Results: The results of analysis of covariance showed that there was a difference between women in the existential therapy group and the control group in life expectancy (F= 10.11, P= 0.0001) and self-care behaviors (F= 176.5, P= 0.003). Existential therapy has increased the mean score of the participants of the experimental group in the variables of life expectancy and self-care behaviors.
Conclusion: The existential therapy can increase life expectancy and self-care behaviors of women with type 2 diabetes by emphasizing freedom, responsibility, meaning and purpose in life, death and relationship with other. Therefore, existential therapy can be used in along with medical treatments.

The Effect of Four Weeks of Aerobic Training on The Activity of Left Ventricular Catalase Enzyme And Insulin Resistance Index In Male Rats Treated With Streptozotocin And Exposed To A High-Fat Diet

Mahin Rasuli

Background: A high-fat diet causes hyperinsulinemia and increases insulin resistance in the body. On the other hand, the oxidative stress caused by hyperglycemia can lead to the exacerbation of hyperglycemia and increase the complications of diabetes, and cardiovascular diseases are one of the most important complications of diabetes mellitus. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the effect of 4 weeks of aerobic training on catalase enzyme activity in the left ventricle and insulin resistance index in male rats treated with streptozotocin and exposed to a high-fat diet.
Methods: In this experimental study, 19 male wistar rats, with an average age of 8-12 weeks and a weight of 200-250 grams, were divided into 3 groups: diabetic control (CD 8), training diabetes (TD 8) and healthy control (C 3). The exercise program included 4 weeks of aerobic exercise with an average of 60 to 75 Vo2max in an increasing manner. Before and 48 hours after the last training session, blood was taken and left ventricular tissue samples were extracted to check the HOMA-IR index and catalase activity by ELISA method. To compare the study groups, one-way analysis of variance and Scheffe's post hoc test were used in SPSS software (p≥0.05).
Results: The results showed that the induction of diabetes with STZ along with a high-fat diet causes a significant decrease in catalase enzyme (P=0.001) and a significant increase in HOMA-IR index, fasting glucose and Li index (P=0.001) in rats. However, doing 4 weeks of aerobic training caused a significant increase in catalase enzyme activity (P=0.001) and a decrease in HOMA-IR index, glucose and Li index (P=0.001).
Conclusion: Aerobic exercise with moderate intensity can be used as an effective non-pharmacological method in the treatment of diabetic cardiomyopathy by increasing catalase activity and reducing resistance to insulitis in diabetes.