Iranian Journal of Diabetes and Lipid Disorders

Challenges of Using Sodium-Glucose Transporter-2 (SGLT-2) Inhibitors in the Treatment of Gestational Diabetes and Its Safety Considerations During Pregnancy

Fatemeh Bandarian

Sodium-glucose transporter-2 (SGLT-2) inhibitors are a relatively new class of anti-diabetic drugs with potent effect in glycemic control and weight loss, as well as beneficial effects in the prevention and control of cardiac and renal complications in non-pregnant patients with type 2 diabetes. However, there is no enough clear and strong evidence about the beneficial or adverse effect of SGLT-2 inhibitors usage during pregnancy for management of gestational diabetes (GDM) in human. This short letter discusses challenges in application of SGLT-2 inhibitors in management of GDM.

The Effect of High-Intensity Interval Training on the Intracellular Content of the Central Protein of Mechanical Target of Rapamycin 1/2 Complexes in the EDL Skeletal Muscle of Rats with Type 1 Diabetes

Arman Rastegari

Background: Muscle atrophy is one of the serious complications of type 1 diabetes. Important cellular mechanisms including pathways related to mTOR protein are very important in regulating muscle mass; Therefore, this research was conducted to investigate the effect of high-intensity interval training (HIIT) on the intracellular content of the central protein of mechanical target of rapamycin 1/2 complexes in EDL skeletal muscle of rats with type 1 diabetes.
Methods: In this experimental study, 12 three-month-old male Sprague-Dawley rats with an average weight of 300±20 grams were selected. Type 1 diabetes was induced through intraperitoneal injection of streptozotocin solution (50 mg/kg of body weight). These rats were randomly divided into two groups, diabetic exercise, and diabetic control; The training group performed HIIT for six weeks at an intensity of 85-95% of maximum speed. Data analysis was done through an independent t-test in SPSS software version 28. A significance level of 0.05 was considered.
Results: The intracellular content of total and phosphorylated forms of mTOR protein showed a significant increase after six weeks of HIIT (P=0.0001). Also, the ratio of total to phosphorylated intracellular content of mTOR protein showed a significant increase in the training group compared to the control group (P=0.0001).
Conclusion: HIIT increased the intracellular content of total and phosphorylated forms of mTOR protein, which could possibly lead to protein synthesis and increased muscle hypertrophy.

Describing the Process and Outcome of Diabetes Self-Management Education and Support in Comprehensive Health Service Centers and Diabetes Clinics in Isfahan Province

Parvaneh Abazari

Background: The health assistant and treatment assistant in the Ministry of Health and Medicine are in charge of educating people with diabetes and empowering them to achieve self-management of diabetes. The present study was conducted with the aim of determining the status of education and support for diabetes self-management in comprehensive health service centers and diabetes clinics in Isfahan province.
Methods: The diabetes education units of 20 comprehensive health service centers and 11 diabetes clinics in Isfahan province formed the sample size. The data collection tool was a checklist with 107 items, which was completed by observing and reviewing 170 paper/electronic files of patients with diabetes.
Results: In more than two-thirds of the files of diabetes centers/clinics, initial assessment were neither performed nor recorded. Educational needs assessment was recorded in 5% of the files and educational planning was not recorded in nearly 100% of them. In more than a third of the files (36.5%), diet education was recorded once when the case was filed. In 3.4% of files, educational effectiveness evaluation was recorded and in three quarters of files (75.78%), continuous support for self-management was not recorded.
Conclusion: There is a significant gap between the status of education and support for diabetes self-management and the process and outcome standards of DSMES in the educational units covered by the provincial health and treatment department. This gap seriously and negatively affects the results of this approach.

The Effect of Eight Weeks of Endurance Training and Growth Hormone Injections on Cardiac Mitochondrial PGC1α Content and Some Oxidative Stress Indices in Mice with Hepatic Damage

Seyed Reza Attarzadeh hosseini

Background: Fatty liver disease and its relationship with cardiovascular diseases is one of the concerns of today's society, therefore the present study was conducted to investigate the effect of eight weeks of endurance training and growth hormone injections on Cardiac mitochondrial PGC1α content and some oxidative stress indices in mice with hepatic damage.
Methods: In this experimental study, 21 male mice were, randomly, divided into three groups (n=7): control (C), Exercise (E), Exercise + Growth Hormone (EGH) group. The Medium intensity endurance training program was performed for eight weeks and 5 sessions with an intensity of 50% VO2max of per week. The somatropin injection protocols were 1 mg/ kilogram/body weight, respectively. Statistical analysis of the data was performed using the software SPSS, using One-Way ANOVA and post hoc Tukey tests.
Results: PGC1a levels increased in both groups compared to the control group. SOD and MDA levels increased and decreased in both groups compared to the control group, respectively. The reduction of HOMA levels was significant only in E group compared to the control group. Also, the difference between E and E-GH group was significant. ALT/AST ratio decreased in both groups compared to the control group. The reduction of LDL/HDL ratio was significant only in group E compared to the control group.
Conclusion: Endurance training has produced a more effective response in improving NAFLD markers than GH peptides. Growth hormone injection can have negative consequences on some indicators of this abnormality.

Prevalence of Rs5219 and Rs5215 Polymorphisms in the Familial Type 2 Diabetic Population of Yazd Province

Mohammad yahya Vahidi mehrjardi

Background: Type 2 diabetes is a common multifactorial disease that has been studied by researchers in this century. These studies show the importance and position of genetics in relation to diabetes. The purpose of this study is to investigate the prevalence of rs5219 and rs5215 polymorphisms in the familial type 2 diabetic population of Yazd province.
Methods: This study is a case-control study that was conducted on 200 people (100 type 2 diabetes patients with a positive family history of type 2 diabetes and 100 healthy people without a family history of diabetes). In this study, using the ARMS-PCR technique, the genotype of the patient group and the control group were examined, and dispersion indices and parametric statistical tests such as P-value and Chi-square were used to determine the significant relationship between diabetes and genetics.
Results: Statistical analysis showed that there is a significant difference between the allelic and genotypic frequencies in both patient and control groups in rs5215 polymorphism with P=0.0015 and in rs5219 polymorphism with P=0.0342.
Conclusion: The present study showed that rs5215 and rs5219 polymorphism of KCNJ11 gene can be related to type 2 diabetes in the population of Yazd province, although extensive studies are needed to confirm these results.

The Role of Licorice Extract and Selected Swimming Exercise on Sirt1 Signaling Pathways in Soleus Muscle of Diabetic Male Rats

Mehrzad Ebadi Ghahramani

Background: Sirtuin-1 is known as a key metabolic sensor in various tissues, including skeletal muscle and tissue, which can play a pivotal role in regulating glucose and lipid metabolism through diacetylase activity. The aim of the present study was to investigate the role of licorice extract and swimming exercise on SIRT1 signaling pathways in the soleus muscle of diabetes male rats.
Methods: The research is of an experimental and fundamental type, and the working method is an experimental work with a descriptive-solution nature. Fifty mice were bought and divided into 5 groups of 10. The main training program consisted of swimming in the rodent tank of the special swimming water tank for 6 weeks and 5 sessions per week. In order to induce diabetes in the mice, streptozotocin was injected. Seven days after the injection, the blood sugar of the mice was measured, and the mice with blood sugar more than 250 ml/dL were selected as diabetes samples. Licorice root extract was given to two groups of rats. In order to analyze, two-way analysis of variance was used using SPSS26 software.
Results: The results showed that the interaction effect of swimming training and consumption of licorice extract on SIRT1 signaling pathways is statistically significant (P= 0.002).
Conclusion: SIRT1 plays an important role in the control of glucose homeostasis. In fact, under certain conditions, the activity and expression level of SIRT1 gene decreases in different SI tissues due to its important metabolic role. Swimming training along with licorice supplement may be used for prevention and treatment of diabetes by positive regulation of SIRT1 gene expression.

The Interactive Effect of Eight Weeks of Aerobic Training and Vitamin D3 Supplementation on Cardiac Irisin Protein Levels, Insulin Resistance and Lipid Profile in Rats Induced with Type 2 Diabetes

Mohammad Rahman Rahimi

Background: The present study was conducted to investigate the effect of eight weeks of aerobic training and vitamin D3 supplementation on cardiac irisin protein levels, insulin resistance and lipid profile in rats induced with type 2 diabetes.
Methods: Forty male Wistar rats after induction of type 2 diabetes through the combination of high-fat diet +streptozotocin were randomly divided into five groups: 1) Normal control (NC) ,2) Diabetic Control (DC), 3) Diabetes+ Aerobic Training (DAT) ,4) Diabetes+ Vitamin D3 (DVD) and 5) Diabetes+ Aerobic Training+ Vitamin D3 (DVDAT). Aerobic training program (five times a week with 60% intensity of maximum running speed for one hour) and vitamin D3 supplementation (10000 IU/kg every week) were performed. After anesthetizing the rats, blood samples were taken to evaluate serum glucose, insulin, triglyceride, cholesterol, LDL and HDL levels. The heart tissue was isolated to evaluate the irisin.protein.
Results: The results of the one way analysis of variance showed that the irisin protein level of the heart tissue in DAT, DVD and DVDAT groups had a significant increase of 14.04, 12.28 and 24.56%, respectively compared to DC (P<0.001). Insulin resistance also showed a significant decrease in all intervention groups compared to the DC group (P<0.001); However, HDL, triglyceride and cholesterol levels were significantly decreased in DAT and DVDAT groups compared to DC group (P<0.001).
Conclusion: According to the results, it seems that eight weeks of aerobic training and vitamin D3 supplementation probably improves the insulin resistance index and lipid profile in rats induced to type 2 diabetes through increasing the cardiac irisin.