Iranian Journal of Diabetes and Lipid Disorders

Combined Effect of Exercise Training and Green Tea on Lipid Profile in Adults with Overweight and Obesity: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Fatemeh Kazeminasab

Background: Physical activity and green tea are one of the recommended ways to control obesity and its complications such as cardiovascular diseases, diabetes and liver inflammation. The aim of this study was to evaluate the combined effect of exercise training and green tea on lipid profile in adults with overweight and obesity.
Methods: A systematic search of English and Persian articles published in PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus, SID, Civilica, and Magiran databases was conducted until June 2024.
Results: A total of 14 studies with 390 adults with overweight and obesity, of which 198 subjects were in the combined exercise and green tea group with an average age of 34 years old and BMI with an average of 30 kg.m2, of which 192 subjects in the control group with an average age of 34 years old and BMI with an average of 31 kg.m2 entered the present meta-analysis. The results showed that the combination of exercise training and green tea caused a significant decrease in TC [WMD=-22.923 mg/dL, P=0.001], TG [WMD=-9.946 mg/dL, P=0.001], LDL [WMD=-11.675 mg/dL, P=0.001] and significant increase in HDL [WMD=8.888 mg/dL, P=0.017] in adults with overweight and obesity, compared to the control group.
Conclusion: The results of this meta-analysis showed that the combination of exercise training and green tea in overweight and obese adults decreases TC, TG, LDL and increases HDL. Therefore, exercise and green tea can be suggested to to adults with overweight and obesity as a non-medicinal and practical solution to improve lipid profile.

The Effect of Two Types of Interval and Continuous Training on Apolipoprotein M, TNF- α and IL-6 of Visceral Fat in Rats Fed with a High-Fat Diet

Keyvan Sharifmoradi

Background: The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of two types of interval and continuous training on apolipoprotein M, TNF-α and IL-6 of visceral fat in rats fed a high-fat diet.
Methods: Twenty-four male Wistar rats were randomly divided into four groups including standard diet (ND), high-fat diet (HFD), high-fat diet with moderate intensity continuous exercise (HFD+MICT), high-fat diet with high intensity interval training (HFD+HIIT). The HIIT and MICT groups performed their group specific training for 8 weeks, 5 sessions per week. The HIIT protocol consisted of 6 bouts of 4-minute exercise at 85-90% of the maximum speed, which had a 2-minute active rest, and the MICT protocol performed at 65-70% of the maximum speed. Protein levels of apolipoprotein M, TNF-α and IL-6 in visceral fat were measured using western blot method.
Results: Eight weeks of HFD increased the protein levels of apolipoprotein M, TNF-α, and IL-6 in visceral fat compared to the ND group (P< 0.05). In contrast, both HIIT and MICT protocols led to a significant reduction of visceral fat IL-6 compared to the HFD group (P= 0.001). Also, MICT caused a significant decrease protein levels apolipoprotein M compared to the HFD group (P= 0.04). However, both exercise protocols had no significant effect on TNF-α (P< 0.05). Also, there was no significant difference between training groups (P< 0.05).
Conclusion: Exercise training improves adipose tissue inflammatory markers in high-fat diet-fed rats, and moderate-intensity continuous training may be a more appropriate approach.

The Role of Licorice and A Period of Exercise Training on Histopathological Changes and Liver Enzymes in Type 2 Diabetic Model Rats

Farah Nameni

Background: Diabetes is a complex metabolic disorder characterized by increased blood sugar (hyperglycemia). This increase results from a defect in insulin secretion, resistance to its function, or a combination of both. In type 2 diabetes, blood sugar regulation is disrupted due to decreased cell sensitivity to insulin or reduced secretion from pancreatic beta cells. This disease is a major cause of complications such as liver damage. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of licorice plant extract and swimming exercises on histopathological changes and liver enzymes in rats with type 2 diabetes.
Methods: This experimental study was conducted on 55 male Wistar rats, 8 weeks old, with an approximate weight of 200 ± 30 grams. Diabetes was induced by injecting streptozotocin (STZ) at a dose of 55 mg/kg. The animals were randomly divided into five groups: diabetic control, swimming exercise, licorice extract, combined group (swimming exercise + licorice extract), and healthy control. The exercise program included swimming for 8 weeks. Two groups of diabetic rats received licorice extract orally, and two groups participated in the exercise program. After the research period, liver samples were collected for histopathological examinations and measurement of liver enzymes AST, ALT, and ALP. Descriptive statistics used mean and standard deviation, and mean comparisons were analyzed using two-way ANOVA. The Bonferroni post-hoc test was used to determine differences between groups.
Results: The results showed that swimming exercise, licorice extract consumption, and their combination significantly reduced the levels of AST and ALP enzymes (P< 0.05). However, no significant effect was observed on ALT enzyme levels. Additionally, groups receiving licorice supplements and swimming exercises showed a notable reduction in liver fibrosis compared to the diabetic control group.
Conclusion: This research provides evidence that both independently and in combination, swimming exercise and licorice extract consumption can help improve liver parameters and reduce diabetes-related damage. These findings suggest that physical activity and herbal interventions like licorice consumption can be considered complementary strategies in diabetes management and its complications, particularly in improving liver function.

Relationship Between the Gut Actinobacteria and Bifidobacterium Population with Macronutrient’s Intake in Diet of Mothers with Gestational Diabetes Compared to the Healthy Mothers: A Case-Control Study

Seyedeh Neda Mousavi

Background: The Actinobacteria and Bifidobacterium population, which are the beneficial intestinal bacteria, was compared between pregnant women with gestational diabetes (GDM) and healthy-one, and their relationship with the amount of dietary macronutrients was investigated.
Methods: Fifty pregnant women with GDM, who were identified in the 24-28 weeks of pregnancy, based on the oral glucose tolerance test, and 50 healthy pregnant women with normal results were selected. Stool samples were collected. Bacterial DNA was extracted and 16S rRNA gene amplification was done by qPCR method, using universal bacterial primers. Food information was collected using a food frequency questionnaire.
Results: In total, Actinobacteria phyla (P= 0.02) and Bifidobacterium (P= 0.001) were significantly lower in the pregnant women with GDM than the normoglycemic. Adjusting to all factors and grouping, age (P= 0.02), and education (P= 0.04) showed a significant effect on the gut Actinobacteria population. Higher daily calorie intake decreased the intestinal Actinobacteria population by 11.1 times (P=0.01). Dietary carbohydrate and fat showed a positive effect on the gut Actinobacteria (P= 0.02 and P= 0.003, respectively). Dietary cholesterol showed a negative effect on the Bifidobacterium population (OR= -0.54, P= 0.02).
Conclusion: Increase in dietary carbohydrates and fat with an emphasis on mono- and poly-unsaturated fatty acids, decrease in daily calorie intake and cholesterol lead to increase in the Actinobacteria and Bifidobacterium, respectively as the beneficial gut bacteria.

Comparison of Health Control Beliefs, Emotion Regulation Strategies, and Marital Conflicts Among Diabetic and Non-Diabetic Women

Shahnaz Mohammadi

Background: There is a two-way relationship between diabetes. The purpose of the current research was to compare health control beliefs, emotion regulation strategies, and marital conflicts between diabetic and non-diabetic women.
Methods: The present study is a comparative causal research type. The statistical population of the present study is all diabetic and non-diabetic women in the city of Tehran who visited the Tehran clinic in the first half of 2022, out of which 43 were diabetic women which were selected by screening and available sampling method. The control group consists of 43 non-diabetic women were selected by matching demographic variables. The multidimensional health locus of control (MHLC) scales, emotional regulation strategies and marital conflicts scale quaternaries were used to collect data. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and inferential statistics including multivariate analysis of variance.
Results: The results showed that compared to non-diabetic women, women with diabetes had a higher level of emotional suppression regulation, the source of control of effective people, the source of control of chance and marital conflict. Also, they had a lower level of reappraisal emotion regulation and internal locus of control, and all these differences were significant.
Conclusion: The research results showed ineffective emotion regulation, faulty control source beliefs and marital conflict in women with diabetes, which reveals the need to pay attention to the above factors in the form of providing treatment and educational programs to diabetic women, families and centers related to diabetic women.

The Effect of Resistance Training on PI3K/AKT1/M Torc 1 Signaling Axis and Cardiac Hypertrophy in Diabetic Obese Rats

Fatemeh nikseresht

Background: The aim of this study was to determine effect of resistance training on the expression of PI3K, AKT1 and mTORc1 in the heart tissue of type 2 diabetes rats and their physiological cardiac hypertrophy.
Methods: 21 male wistar rats (220±20 g) were obese by 6 weeks high fat diet (HFD). After inducing obesity, T2D induced by intraperitoneal injection of streptozotocin (30 mg/kg) in 14 rats. Finally, the rat were randomly assigned to 1) non-diabetes, 2) control T2D, 3) resistance diabetes groups. Rats in the resistance group were completed a resistance
training program, 5 sessions weekly for 6 weeks. PI3K, AKT1 and mTORc1 expression and the weight ratio of left ventricular to heart, left ventricular to body and heart to body were compared by ANOVA between groups.
Results: In response to induction of diabetes, the expression of PI3K, AKT1 and mTORc1 in heart tissue decreased significantly compared to the non-diabetic group (p < 0.05). Resistance training resulted in significant increase in the expression of PI3K, AKT1 and mTORc1 and the weight ratio of left ventricular to heart, heart to body and left ventricular to body compared to control diabetes rats (p < 0.05).
Conclusion: Resistance training is associated with physiological cardiac hypertrophy in diabetic rats, and this improvement can be attributed to the PI3K/AKT1/mTORc1 signaling pathway.

The Effect of Magnesium Supplementation and Training on The Content of CREB2 and C/EBP Homologous Proteins in the Left Ventricle of the Heart of Type 2 Diabetic Rats

Mohammad Sherafati Moghadam

Background: Diabetes can disrupt the balance of cell death through different cell pathways, and exercise or consumption supplements can be effective in maintaining the balance of cell death types; Therefore, the purpose of this research is the effect of magnesium supplementation and exercise training on the content of CREB2 and C/EBP homologous protein (CHOP) in the left ventricle of the heart of type 2 diabetic rats.
Methods: In this experimental study, 24 2-month-old male Sprague-Dawley rats with an average weight of 280±20 grams were selected. Type 2 diabetes was induced by injecting nicotinamide and streptozotocin solutions. The rats were randomly divided into four groups, 1) control, 2) supplement, 3) training and 4) training+supplement; Resistance training consisted of 8 weeks and 3 weekly sessions of climbing a ladder. Magnesium supplement was given to rats once a day. To analyze the data, one-way ANOVA and Tukey's post hoc tests were used in SPSS version 29.
Results: Eight weeks of magnesium supplementation and resistance training led to a significant change in the content of CREB2 and CHOP proteins between groups in the left ventricle of the heart (P= 0.001). A significant decrease was observed in the groups of resistance training + magnesium supplement and magnesium supplement compared to the control group (P≥ 0.05); But the resistance training group had increased compared to the control group (P≥ 0.05).
Conclusion: The increase and decrease of CREB2 and CHOP proteins in the left ventricle of the heart can lead to improvement and physiological adaptation, like a bilateral mechanism.

The Effectiveness of Compassion-Focused Therapy on Emotional Distress Tolerance, Anxiety Sensitivity and Emotional Self-Control in Women with Type 2 Diabetes

Shahrbanoo Dehrouyeh

Background: The purpose of this study was to investigate the effectiveness of self-compassion training on distress tolerance, anxiety sensitivity and emotional self-control in women with type 2 diabetes.
Methods: This research was experimental and semi-experimental using the pre-test-post-test method with a control group. The statistical population of the intended research included all women with type 2 diabetes in 1402 who visited endocrinologists' offices in Sari, who were selected using a targeted method and then were placed randomly divided into two experimental and control groups. The data were collected using the Distress Tolerance Questionnaire of Simmons and Gaher (2005), anxiety sensitivity of Reis et al. (1986) and emotional self-control by Tanji (2004). Then, the data were analyzed using multivariate and univariate covariance methods in SPSS-24 software.
Results: The results showed that the treatment focused on compassion is effective on distress tolerance, anxiety sensitivity and emotional self-control of women with type 2 diabetes.
Conclusion: In fact, the treatment focused on compassion makes the person distance himself from blaming, condemning and self-criticism, which are all examples of lack of emotional self-control, and instead stabilizes his emotional self-control in the first stage and gradually be strengthened. Focused training on compassion can be one of the effective options in improving the quality of life and psychological distress, along with other medical interventions.