Iranian Journal of

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Background: Increasing blood glucose levels is associated with a reduction in the antioxidant defense of the body. The purpose of this study was to compare the effect of aerobic resistance exercises with and without ginger on some of the oxidative and antioxidant indices in type 2 diabetic women.
Methods: Twenty-two type 2 diabetic women with a mean age of 49.47±4.36 years, BMI 31.3±16.3 kg / m2, height 0.56±0.04 meters were selected randomly and they were divided into two experimental and control groups. Both groups performed 12 weeks, 3 sessions per week, exercises with intensity of 75-85%, 1RM in 8 stations, and after 5 minutes of rest, aerobic training exercises with an intensity of 75-85% of MHR. A daily group of 800 mg capsules of ginger rhizome powder and the other group consumed capsules containing wheat flour. 24 hours before and after training, MDA, TAC, SOD, GSH, HbAlc, glucose and insulin and body composition were measured.
Results: 12 weeks of combination exercise caused a significant decrease in glycosylated hemoglobin, insulin resistance, insulin resistance, lipid percentage, and a significant increase in TAC and GSH compared to baseline (P <0.05), while SOD and MDA Did not have any significant effect.
Conclusion: Combined exercise with and without zinc seems to improve antioxidant and some of the body composition indices in type 2 diabetic women.
 

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Background: The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of eight weeks of aerobic exercise and supplementation of gensing on homocysteine levels, tiroid hormon and insulin resistant in obese women with hypothyroidism.
Methods: This study is quasi-experimental study. For this purpose, 40 obese women with hypothyroidism with an average age of 34.62 ± 3.55 years, weight 80.47 ± 3.85 kg and BMI of 32.2 ± 2.27 kg / m2, were randomly divided into four groups including aerobic training (10), ginsing (10), aerobic exercise and ginsing (10) and placebo (10) were divided.Aerobic exercise included 8 weeks of aerobic training, 3 sessions per week, 45 to 70 minutes, and 55 to 75% of maximum heart rate. Patients in the ginseng group and aerobic exercise with ginsing consumed each day a Jinsen's capsule containing 250 mg of granule Risomy ginseng powder was taken orally after 8 weeks for 8 weeks, while subjects in the placebo group received flour powdered capsules.Blood samples from the anterior vein were used to measure homocysteine, TSH, T3, T4, glucose and insulin before and after 8 weeks in four groups. For data analysis, dependent t-test and variance analysis were used (P≤0/05).
Results: The results showed that the plasma homocysteine, TSH, glucose concentrate, insulin resistance and insulin resistance were significantly decreased in all three experimental groups while T3 and T4 increased (P <0.05). These indices in the control group were not changed (P <0.05).
Conclusion: Therefore, aerobic exercise, along with supplementation with ginsing, can have an important role in preventing an increase in cardiovascular risk factors and hypothyroidism in obese women with hypothyroidism.


 

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Background: Obesity increases the risk of developing type 2 diabetes with regard to the hormones involved. The purpose of this quasi-experimental study was to investigate the effect of aerobic exercise on Dpp-4 and GLP-1 in obese women with type 2 diabetes.
Methods: From among obese women with type-2 diabetes mellitus 35-50 years old referred to the Diabetes Association of Saveh, 20 people were voluntarily selected and randomly assigned to two groups of control (10) and Experiment group (10) were divided. Twenty four hours before the beginning of the training, the individual characteristics of the subjects included age, height, weight, body mass index and research variables (insulin resistance, Dpp-4 and GLP-1) in the pre-test and the training group Aerobic exercise lasted for 8 weeks, 3 sessions per week, and 45-60 minutes each session, and the control group did not practice. After 8 weeks and 24 hours after the last training session, the individual characteristics and variables of the research were again measured. Data were analyzed by independent t-test and dependent t-test at p≤0.05.
Results: There was a significant increase in the level of GLP-1 (P= 0.001) and a significant decrease in DPP-4 level (P= 0.001) in the aerobic exercise group compared to the control group.
Conclusion: Results showed that Dpp-4 and GLP-1 values were significantly different in aerobic training group after 8 weeks compared to control group. It was also found that aerobic training significantly increased the level of GLP-1 and decreased the level of DPP-4.

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Background: Assessing the health literacy of diabetic patients requires the availability of a tool specific to this group. The Diabetes Health Literacy Assessment Questionnaire (LAD) is one of the tools used to measure the health literacy of diabetic patients. The present study was conducted with the aim of translating and validating the Persian version of the LAD questionnaire.
Methods: The present study aimed to determine the validity and reliability of the Persian version of the Health Literacy Assessment Questionnaire for diabetic patients on 300 patients with diabetes in 1398, by sampling. Stages of study: First: Translation and preparation of the Persian version of the health literacy questionnaire in order to design and select items and their qualitative evaluation by the second group: Quantitative evaluation of narrative features using the opinions of the third group of experts: Formal narrative evaluation (comprehensibility) and The reliability of the questionnaire was assessed by a small group of the target population in a fourth experimental study: analysis of items, validity assessment and reliability of the final questionnaire.
Results: In the analysis of organizational structure items, the effects of roof and floor were not observed. The highest averages were for items 8 and 12 and the lowest averages were for items 6. According to the Skewness Index, no deviation was observed in the items. Based on the results, the instrument had acceptable internal stability. Detective factor analysis identified two factors for the Diabetes Health Literacy Questionnaire: one was individual understanding and the second was social support.
Conclusion: The results of exploratory factor analysis, Diabetes Health Literacy Questionnaire (LAD) have good validity and reliability and can be used to measure the health literacy of diabetic patients.

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Background: The apoptosis process as a common status in heart injuries could be imposed significantly by hyperglycemia chronically. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the inhibitory effects of concurrent training and antioxidant supplementation individually and in combination on biogenesis and function of mitochondrial in the heart tissue of diabetic rats with STZ.
Methods: In this experimental study, fifty male Sprague Dawley rats were classified into five groups (n=10 each group): healthy rats as control, diabetic rats, diabetic combined resistance/endurance training, diabetic rats which consumed supplementation vitamin E and C, and the combined supplementation and training. Here, we calculated changes in genes expression based on artificial intelligence methods and evaluated genes expression in apoptotic influencing combined training and antioxidants vitamins consumption in heart injured models by streptozotocin via Real-Time PCR. Combination training including, respectively, resistance training, 5 days a week with increasing intensity of 5-45% of rat weight and endurance training on treadmill increasingly from 10-30 minutes and intensity of 40-75% of maximum speed during 8 weeks. Data were analyzed by two-way ANOVA (P<0.05).
Results: the relative expression of PGC1α and Tfam were significantly decreased between healthy control and diabetes controls group. The results indicated that significantly increased of PGC1α and Tfam in the training(P<0.05), supplement(P<0.05) and combination groups(p<0.05). In addition, in this study, it was observed that supplementation and exercise had an increasing effect on the expression of PGC1α and Tfam genes. On the other hand, glucose concentration and weight of rats treated with supplementation and exercise were significantly reduced compared to other groups (P<0.05).
Conclusion: Based on the results, interaction between antioxidant supplements and exercise reduced the glucose concentration and improved the mitochondrial biogenesis of heart tissue, while the combination of these two interventions compared to the effect of each alone, the effect has more.
 

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Background: Obesity has been recognized as one of the top 10 health problems by the World Health Organization. The purpose of the present study was to the effect of aerobic training on atrogin, eotaxin and IL-10 indices in obese women. 

Method: The present applied research was a quasi-experimental study in which 30 obese women aged 30-45 years were selected by available method from South Tehran Azad University (2016-2017) and randomly divided into two groups of aerobic exercise and control. 24 hours before the start of training, the individual characteristics of the subjects and the research variables (atrogen, eutoxin and IL-10) were measured in blood tissue, then the subjects of the experimental group had their training program for 8 weeks, 3 They performed one session per week and each session lasted 45-60 minutes under the supervision of a researcher. Dependent and independent t-test was used to analyze the data.

Results: Due to the lack of differences in pre-test scores, it was found that the groups were identical. It was also found that 8 weeks of aerobic exercise had a significant effect on the levels of eutoxin, atrogen and interleukin-10 in obese women (p = 0.001)

Conclusion: According to the research results, it is recommended that obese women exercise aerobically. Use to reduce the negative effects of obesity.

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Diabetes is a serious public health problem in low- and middle-income countries. There is a strong association between hyperglycemia, oxidative stress and the development of diabetes. Therefore, screening and early diagnosis of this disease in people at high risk can be effective in preventing these complications. The main route of insulin signaling is to control lipid and glucose metabolism, and its imbalance leads to type 2 diabetes. P-Cymene is an aromatic monoterpene with a wide range of therapeutic properties including antioxidant activity. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of p-Cymene at a dose of 50 mg / kg in preventing the symptoms of diabetes and serum factors.
Materials and Methods: 30 male Wistar rats weighing approximately 250 g were randomly selected and divided into five groups: control, diabetic control (sham), metformin-treated diabetic (met), and non-diabetic treated. P-Cymene and diabetics treated with P-Cymene were divided.  One week after streptozotocin injection, treatment with P-Cymene at a dose of 50 mg / kg was performed by sunflower oil solvent for 28 days by gavage. At the end of the experiment, blood samples were taken from the hearts of rats and the parameters of glucose, insulin, and superoxide dismutase (SOD) were measured.
Results: The results showed that diabetes increased water and food intake as well as glucose levels and decreased insulin (P <0.001) and superoxide dismutase activity in rats and administration of P-Cymene extract improved the symptoms of diabetes and oxidative stress in Became diabetic rat.

 

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Background: Despite the existence of very effective drugs in controlling blood sugar in diabetic patients, unfortunately, a small proportion of patients follow their medication. Several factors may affect in drug adherence. In this study, the effect of drug-related beliefs on medication adherence in diabetes was investigated.
Methods: In a cross-sectional study using available sampling method, 248 patients with type 2 diabetes referred to the specialized diabetes clinic in Hamedan in 1400 were selected. Medication compliance was checked with MMSQ-8 and medication belief was checked with BMQ questionnaire. Data were analyzed using chi-square, ANOVA, Kruskal-Wallis and Spearman's correlation at significance level of 0.05.
Results: The mean age was (16.9) 52.6 years. 51.6% were women, 61.3% were men. poor, moderate, and good medication adherence rate were 53.2%, 25.8% and 21%, respectively. In patients with poor, moderate and good drug treatment, the mean (SD) of the belief score for the Specific Necessity were 17.9 (5.8), 17.2 (3.7) and 17.7 (1.2), respectively. Belief of Specific concern 16.6(0.6), 17.6 (2.3) and 1/17(1.8), belief of General overuse 13.2 (2.2), 12.6 (2.6) and 12.2 (2.3), belief in General harm were 10.6 (2.9), 10.2 (3.5) and 8.5 (0.3) and the total score of belief in drug treatment were 58.3 (1.8), 57.6 (6.8) and 55.5 (4.7) and which only the belief of General harm was statistically significant (P<0.05).
Conclusion: More than half of patients do not follow appropriate medication adherence. Belief about harmful side effects of diabetes drugs were significantly associated with a decrease in medication adherence.

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Background: mTOR and CREB proteins are two important factors in cellular pathways and regulating fat tissue metabolism. Therefore, the aim of this research is the effect of endurance training on the amount of mTOR and CREB proteins in the adipose tissue of type 2 diabetic rats.
Methods: In this experimental study, 18 rats 2-month-old male Sprague-Dawley rats with a mean weight of 270±20g were selected. 12 rats became type 2 diabetic by intraperitoneal injection of Streptozotocin solutions. These rats were randomly divided into 2 groups: diabetic training and diabetic control (6 heads per group); A healthy control group (6 heads) was also considered. The training group practiced endurance training 4 days a week for 6 weeks. Data were analyzed using SPSS software version 23 and one-way ANOVA and Tukey post hoc tests.
Results: mTOR protein content showed a significant change after 6 weeks of endurance training (P=0.0001); Tukey's post hoc test showed that this change was significant between the pairs of diabetic training groups to healthy controls (P=0.004) and diabetic control groups to healthy controls (P=0.0001). CREB protein content showed a significant change (P=0.0001); this change was significant between the pairs of diabetic training to diabetic control groups (P=0.02), diabetic training to healthy control (P=0.0001), and diabetic control to healthy control groups (P=0.0001).
Conclusion: mTOR and CREB proteins decreased after Endurance Training, which can be effective in regulating adipose tissue metabolism; however, more training conditions should be considered.

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Background: Type 2 diabetes is the most common metabolic disease, a chronic and progressive disorder that causes permanent complications and increased cardiovascular, cerebrovascular, peripheral vascular disease, nephropathy, retinopathy, neuropathy, diabetic foot, amputation and death in patients.The aim of the present study was to examine the predictor role of negative repeating thoughts, emotion regulation strategies and self-care in remedial acceptance and adherence of patients with type 2 diabetes.
Methods: The method of the present study was descriptive, correlation type, and the population was from all the patients with type 2 diabetes who were members of Diabetes Association in Chahar-Mahal-o Bakhtiyari. Among this group, using the convenience sampling method, and on the basis of Morganʼs table, 300 patients with type 2 diabetes were recruitment. Using MackEuy and othersʼ negative repeating thoughts questionnaire (2014), Mans & Malouf emotion regulation­ strategies questionnaire (2009), Toobert & Glasgow self-care questionnaire (2000) & Modanloo acceptance and treatment follow-up questionnaire (2014), the experiment group was investigated. The data were analyzed by SPSS software.
Results: Our findings have shown that negative repeating thoughts, emotion regulation strategies and self-care predict the remedial acceptance and adherence of patients with type 2 diabetes significantly.
Conclusion: With pay attention to identify of the predictor role of negative repeating thoughts, emotion regulation strategies and self-care in remedial acceptance and adherence of patients with type 2 diabetes, and high prevalence of this disease too, it seems that psychological intermediations, with pay attention to role of mentioned variables to decrease of psychological problems and increase of adherence in them, pay attention to role of negative repeating thoughts too, compatible and incompatible strategies of emotion regulation and adhere to self-care could be taken as prevention of deterioration type 2 diabetes and better controlling.

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Background: Control of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM) is influenced by lifestyle. The aim of this research was to determine the predictors of treatment adherence behaviors among T2DM based on Social Cognitive Theory (SCT).
Methods: This descriptive-analytical research was done among 500 T2DM patients in Tehran during 2021. Simple random sampling was performed among patients based their medical records in the Diabetes Control Clinic of Tehran's District Five. The data collection tools were written questionnaire based on the SCT determinants. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics (frequency, percentage, mean, standard deviation) and analytical statistics (Pearson's correlation and linear regression) in SPSS software version 16. Results: The mean score of treatment adherence behaviors was 56.34 [SD: 10.41], ranged from 16 to 80. The outcome expectations, perceived self-efficacy, and social support accounted for 43% of the variation in the outcome measure of the treatment adherence behaviors. Self-efficacy was the strongest predictor (Beta = 0.430 and P<0.001). Increasing age (ß= -0.126 and P= 0.004), insulin treatment (ß= -0.250 and P<0.001) and smoking (ß= -0.146 and P= 0.001) conversely and having health insurance (ß= 0.181 and P<0.001) were positively predictive of treatment adherence behaviors.
Conclusion: The development, implementation and evaluation of educational interventions based on SCT with emphasis on promoting perceived self-efficacy can lead to useful findings in promoting treatment adherence behaviors among T2DM patients.

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Impaired insulin function with exogenous changes is a major cause of heart failure. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of four weeks of high intensity interval training with curcumin supplement on the expression of IRS-1 and IRE-1α gene in the Left ventricle of type 2 diabetic rats.
Methods: In the present experimental study, 30 male mice with diabetes were divided into five groups of 6; high intensity interval training (HIIT), High intensity interval Training+Curcumin(S+HIIT), Diabetic control+curcumin(S+DC), Diabetic Control (DC), Normal control (NC). The High intensity interval training protocol was performed five days a week for four weeks. Curcumin gavage at a dose of 100 mg/kg was performed daily. The expression of IRS-1 and IRE-1α were measured by the qReal-TimePCR method, and data were analyzed by one-way ANOVA at the alpha level of 0.05.
Results: IRS-1 gene expression in the S+HIIT group compared to the DC (P=0.003) and S+DC (P=0.001) groups and in the HIIT group compared to the DC (P=0.002), and S groups +DC had a significant decrease (P=0.019). IRE-1α gene was significantly decreased in S+HIIT group compared to DC (P=0.003), S+DC (P=0.001) and HIIT (P=0.008) groups.
Conclusion: It seems that HIIT with curcumin supplement can reduce the process of myocardial apoptosis in diabetic patients by improving metabolic conditions and genetic factors.

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Background: During menopause, women are more exposed to the risk factors of many diseases, including metabolic syndrome, and sirtuin-1 may be involved in this disorder. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of circular resistance training and moderate intensity continuous training on metabolic indices and Sirtuin1 serum level in women with metabolic syndrome.
Methods: This study was conducted as a clinical trial in women with metabolic syndrome in two intervention groups (15 people in resistance training group and 15 people in continuous training group) and a control group (15 people). The intervention group underwent an exercise program for eight weeks and three sessions per week, and the control group had their own routine program. After the last training session, serum levels of Sirtein1 and lipid factors were measured. To analyze the data, t-test and covariance were used at a significant level (P≤0.05).
Results: The results of the t-test showed that there was a significant difference in the intra-group changes of the studied variables (SIRT1, HDL, LDL, TG, FBS, Total Cholesterol) in both exercise groups (P≥0.05), but in No significant difference was observed in the control group (P<0.05). The results of the covariance test showed that there is a significant difference between the three groups in the indices (SIRT1, HDL, LDL, TG, FBS, Total Cholesterol) after the test (P<0.05).
Conclusion: Eight weeks of circular resistance training program and continuous training with moderate intensity has a positive effect on metabolic indices and serum level of Sirtuin1 in people with metabolic syndrome.

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Background: The health assistant and treatment assistant in the Ministry of Health and Medicine are in charge of educating people with diabetes and empowering them to achieve self-management of diabetes. The present study was conducted with the aim of determining the status of education and support for diabetes self-management in comprehensive health service centers and diabetes clinics in Isfahan province.
Methods: The diabetes education units of 20 comprehensive health service centers and 11 diabetes clinics in Isfahan province formed the sample size. The data collection tool was a checklist with 107 items, which was completed by observing and reviewing 170 paper/electronic files of patients with diabetes.
Results: In more than two-thirds of the files of diabetes centers/clinics, initial assessment were neither performed nor recorded. Educational needs assessment was recorded in 5% of the files and educational planning was not recorded in nearly 100% of them. In more than a third of the files (36.5%), diet education was recorded once when the case was filed. In 3.4% of files, educational effectiveness evaluation was recorded and in three quarters of files (75.78%), continuous support for self-management was not recorded.
Conclusion: There is a significant gap between the status of education and support for diabetes self-management and the process and outcome standards of DSMES in the educational units covered by the provincial health and treatment department. This gap seriously and negatively affects the results of this approach.

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Background: The prevalence of overweight, obesity and related complications is increasing rapidly in the world. Also, treating this disease in the presence or absence of co-morbidities has become a challenge. In this article, based on the clinical recommendations of the American Endocrinology Association and the American College of Endocrinology, a comprehensive clinical guide has been written for the stages of treating obese patients and its individualization, and it has been tried to be adjusted as much as possible based on the conditions in Iran.
Methods: with a specific search strategy, a complete search was performed in PubMed, Scopus, ISI Web of Science, EMBASE and Google Scholar Cochrane databases. Then, the best clinical guidelines suitable for the Iranian society were selected and using the opinions of specialists and clinical experts, a clinical guideline was prepared for the treatment of obesity in Iranian adults.
Results: In this article, in continuation of the previous article, we answered the questions number 4 to 6 regarding the stages of obesity treatment and its individualization in adults of Iranian society, and presented a total of 60 recommendations in this regard.
Conclusion: In this part of the clinical guide for obesity in Iranian adults, we tried to have a special view on the treatment of these patients and by providing evidence-based recommendations and statements, the treatment process was personalized as much as possible for patients with special conditions so that decision-making in this regard is facilitated for the relevant colleagues in this field.

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Background: The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of eight weeks of circuit resistance training and saffron supplement on visfatin serum levels and insulin resistance in overweight men.
Methods: In this semi-experimental study, 40 obese and overweight students were randomly divided into 4 groups: exercise, exercise+supplement, supplement and control (10 people in each group). The exercise groups performed circular resistance exercises for eight weeks and three sessions each week for 90 minutes in the evening. The supplement and exercise+supplement groups used saffron tablets with a dose of 30 mg per day as a supplement. Blood samples were collected in two phases of the pre-test and 48 hours after the last training session. The data were analyzed using covariance and paired t test at a significant level of P≤0.05.
Results: Correlated t results showed a significant decrease in visfatin and insulin resistance in the post-test of the training, training+supplement and supplement groups compared to the pre-test (P<0.05). The results of the analysis of covariance showed that visfatin increased and the insulin resistance index decreased significantly in the exercise, exercise+supplement and supplement groups compared to the control group (P<0.05).
Conclusion: It seems that eight weeks of circuit resistance training and the addition of saffron help on visfatin serum levels and insulin resistance can lead to the reduction of these two variables in overweight men. The saffron plant can play a protective role due to the presence of flavonoids and by stimulating the secretion of Visfatin.

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Background: gestational diabetes is one of the most common diseases during pregnancy, and health literacy of pregnant mothers plays an important role in the prevention and management of the disease. The study aimed to examine and compare the health literacy of pregnant women with gestational and non-diabetic diabetes visiting health centers in the city of Yazd in 1402.
Methods: This descriptive-analytical study was conducted on 206 diabetic and non-diabetic pregnant women; the cluster health center sampling method and pregnant mothers were randomized sampling method. The data was collected using a health literacy questionnaire and analyzed using Chi Square tests, independent t-Tests and variance analysis.
Results: The results of the study showed that the average health literacy score of non-diabetic pregnant mothers (74.26 ± 13.75) was significantly higher than the average health literacy score of diabetic mothers (47.527 ± 21.06) (P< 0.001) and the percentage of diabetic women with insufficient health literacy was reported as 69% and 3.9% of non-diabetic women, which indicates a significant difference in the level of health literacy between diabetic and non-diabetic pregnant mothers (P< 0.001). In addition, diabetic mothers showed an inverse relationship between health literacy and the number of pregnancies and their children, while this trend was not observed in non-diabetic mothers (P< 0.001).
Conclusion: The results of this study indicate that non-diabetic pregnant women have higher health literacy than those with gestational diabetes, highlighting the importance of enhancing health literacy in this group of mothers. Additionally, the strong relationship between health literacy and the mother's diabetes status underscores the need for targeted programs and training to improve health literacy among diabetic pregnant women. Therefore, enhancing health literacy can be crucial in better managing gestational diabetes and improving maternal health outcomes.

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Background: The purpose of this study was to investigate the effectiveness of self-compassion training on distress tolerance, anxiety sensitivity and emotional self-control in women with type 2 diabetes.
Methods: This research was experimental and semi-experimental using the pre-test-post-test method with a control group. The statistical population of the intended research included all women with type 2 diabetes in 1402 who visited endocrinologists' offices in Sari, who were selected using a targeted method and then were placed randomly divided into two experimental and control groups. The data were collected using the Distress Tolerance Questionnaire of Simmons and Gaher (2005), anxiety sensitivity of Reis et al. (1986) and emotional self-control by Tanji (2004). Then, the data were analyzed using multivariate and univariate covariance methods in SPSS-24 software.
Results: The results showed that the treatment focused on compassion is effective on distress tolerance, anxiety sensitivity and emotional self-control of women with type 2 diabetes.
Conclusion: In fact, the treatment focused on compassion makes the person distance himself from blaming, condemning and self-criticism, which are all examples of lack of emotional self-control, and instead stabilizes his emotional self-control in the first stage and gradually be strengthened. Focused training on compassion can be one of the effective options in improving the quality of life and psychological distress, along with other medical interventions.
 

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Background: Diabetes can disrupt the balance of cell death through different cell pathways, and exercise or consumption supplements can be effective in maintaining the balance of cell death types; Therefore, the purpose of this research is the effect of magnesium supplementation and exercise training on the content of CREB2 and C/EBP homologous protein (CHOP) in the left ventricle of the heart of type 2 diabetic rats.
Methods: In this experimental study, 24 2-month-old male Sprague-Dawley rats with an average weight of 280±20 grams were selected. Type 2 diabetes was induced by injecting nicotinamide and streptozotocin solutions. The rats were randomly divided into four groups, 1) control, 2) supplement, 3) training and 4) training+supplement; Resistance training consisted of 8 weeks and 3 weekly sessions of climbing a ladder. Magnesium supplement was given to rats once a day. To analyze the data, one-way ANOVA and Tukey's post hoc tests were used in SPSS version 29.
Results: Eight weeks of magnesium supplementation and resistance training led to a significant change in the content of CREB2 and CHOP proteins between groups in the left ventricle of the heart (P= 0.001). A significant decrease was observed in the groups of resistance training + magnesium supplement and magnesium supplement compared to the control group (P≥ 0.05); But the resistance training group had increased compared to the control group (P≥ 0.05).
Conclusion: The increase and decrease of CREB2 and CHOP proteins in the left ventricle of the heart can lead to improvement and physiological adaptation, like a bilateral mechanism.

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Background: Vitamin D (vitD) deficiency is common in Iran. Although there are several studies on therapeutic doses of vitD, the optimal dose is to be evolved. we compared the effects of high dose supplemental vitamin D versus its recommended dose on the serum level of 25(OH)D.
Methods: This clinical trial was performed at Endocrine & Metabolism Research Institute in Shariati Hospital, Tehran, Iran within 2008-2009. The subjects were osteopenic women older than 50 years who had been referred to Bone Densitometry laboratory. They were received either (group P) 50000u vitD3 weekly for 3 months then monthly for another 9 months, or (group M) 800u vitD3 daily for one year. 1000 mg calcium carbonate was given to both groups. Serum 25(OH)D, calcium, phosphorus, and PTH was checked at base, 3rd, 6th and 12th month. 24h Urine for calcium was collected before and at the end of trial.
Result: Serum 25(OH)D level was significantly higher in group P at 3rd month (P< 0.05), but it gradually declined and there was not statistically difference to group M. PTH decreased in both groups. Urine calcium to creatinine ratio did not rise in both groups.
Conclusion: vitD supplement at doses of 50000u weekly for 3 months then monthly for another 9 months as compare to 800u vitD3 daily for one year increases serum 25(OH)D at higher level without causing hypercalcemia and hypercalciuria, but it seems that more frequent doses in monthly period would be required to maintain the optimal 25(OH)D level.