Modern Rehabilitation

To investigate the relationship between sensory receptors of index finger with leg muscles activity

F Okhovatiyan

Background and aim: To investigate the effect of the light touch, vision and dual task interference on the surface electromyography (sEMG) activity of ankle muscles Participants: Thirty persons (12 male, 18 Female), right hand without any neuro-musculo-skeletal disorder and in healthy condition, participated in this study.
Methods and Materials: Participants stood in upright and semi tandem position. There was a high sensitivity sensor on the right side in direction of femur greater trochanter. They should press the sensor less than 50 gr. Also we examined the rate of activity in 3 muscles (Tibialis Anterior, Proneus Longuse, Soleuse) on both lower limbs by Biometrix sEMG device. 4 positions were experimented in semi tandem standing: No Touch, No Counting No Touch, Counting Light Touch, No Counting Light Touch, Counting. Each of the above positions was tested in 2 conditions: Eyes Open, Eyes Closed.
Results: Our findings detect that light touch contact especially during vision, resulted in reducing the rate of sEMG activity in the leg postural muscles. No touch and closed eyes, raise the rate of sEMG activity to maximum.
conclusion: On basis of findings, it seems that following skin receptors stimulation, some complicated mechanisms will be begun and in order to the orders of Central Nervous System (CNS), these muscles will make the hole body, stable. So it can reduce the entered pressure on leg postural muscles. Therefore we can see the lesser rate in sEMG activity of leg postural muscles.

A study and comparison of massage and rest on the knee extensor muscles fatigue and isokinetic parameters

AA Jamshidi

Background and aim: Fatigue is the inability to generate the maximal force that can be produced by the muscle . Fatigue is a subject that patients and athletes frequently encounter. Fatigue is one factor that limits muscle function and may lead to various pain and injury conditions. It is most commonly caused either by repetitive motion or by sustained muscular
contractions. Massage has been used for rehabilitation and relaxation for thousands of years. Massage is widely believed to have a beneficial effect on treating muscle fatigue and has been used in clinical and sports setting for that purpose. There is limited scientific evidence, however, to support the use of massage for enhancing performance and recovery from injury, or for preventing injury. The comparison of massage and rest on the knee extensor muscles fatigue after maximal isokinetic contractions is the main objective of this research.
Materials and methods: Fifteen healthy female aged between 20-30 volunteered to participate in this research. They did at least once a week some non-professional light sporting activities. Each of volunteers was evaluated in 3 different times. The first session was in order to familiarize the volunteers with the test and Isokinetic. For the main test, each of the volunteers was evaluated twice with one week interval. At the start of each session after warm up, the following parameters were measured: Perceived fatigue by Visual Analog Scale ¸average peak torque and average power maximal concentric of quadriceps at the velocity of 60 degrees per second by Isokinetic apparatus. Then in order to fatigue protocol ¸ the subjects were asked to perform successive and maximal quadriceps contractions until three subsequent quadriceps torque output reaches below 50 percent maximal torque output. Afterwards average peak torque and average power was measured. The extent of perceived fatigue was evaluated as before. Subjects then either received massage on the knee extensors or rested for 15 minute duration. Recovery from fatigue was quantified using average peak torque (APT), average power (AP) and perceived recovery scale (VAS).
Results: After maximal fatigue and decrease in torque output, below 50 percent maximal torque, 15 minutes of massage could change APT after fatigue from mean 56.70 (Nm) to 91.53 (Nm)) , AP from 38.64 to 63.62 (Nm) and VAS from 90.06 to 10.20 (mm). After 15 minute rest could change APT from 55.36 to 68.10 (Nm), AP from 37.69 to 48 (Nm) and VAS from 90.06 to 20.73 (mm).
Conclusion: There was significant difference between rest and massage conditions for recovery of fatigue. Massage was an effective intervention for enhancing muscle performance and recovery from fatigue but rest didn`t have such an effect. In both cases, recovery stage (massage or rest) caused significant change in perceived fatigue but massage is more effective on the decrease of perceived fatigue. Therefore, massage has been more effective than rest as a strategy to return to normal state and has caused more relief in perceived fatigue.

A Comparitive study of Diadochokinesis and the rate of reading and speech in normal students of Tehran city

H Ahadi

Background and Aim: Children with speech and language disorders have a reduced diadochokinesis rates.. The purpose of this study was to compare the oral diadochokinesis with rate of speech and reading in normal students.
Materials and Methods: One hundred of fifth grade female students were participated in this descriptive - comparative study. All subjects were native speakers of persion who passed an informal screening test of articulation and speech. None of subjects had a history of speech, hearing, behavioral and neurological disorders. The subjects were asked to read a text of their book, tell a story and perform some oral diadochokinesis tasks (flecher`s criterion).The time was measured by Cool Edit. Descriptive statistics and compared t-test were used for analysis .
Results : the syllable / tâ /had the highest rate of diadochokinesis , while the syllables /pa/ and / kâ/ were in the next orders ( 3.96,4.01, 4.52).The rate of reading was higher than the rate of talking. There was a significant relationship between the reading rate and diadochokinesis in / kâ / (P=0.02) and / pâtâkâ / (P=0.02)
Conclusion: the results indicate that there is no relation between the rate of speech and diadochokinesis but there is a significant relation between Reading rate and diadochokinesis in some tasks..

Functional Assessment of Muscle Activities During Swallowing in Healthy Subjects and Patients With Dysphagia

S Talebian

Background and aim: Swallowing disorder is one of the most important complaints of patients with upper motor neuron lesions.The rate of disphagia increases due to elderly subjects and brain injuries in our society Majority of these patients have hidden aspiration. Electromyographic assessment of swallowing can produce indicators of recovery and treatment effectiveness. This study tries to indicate pattern and recruitment of muscle activity in swallowing by surface electromyography.
Methods and Materials: Twenty healthy subjects (20-50) and ten subjects with swallowing dysfunction contribute at this study. Activities of bilateral orbicularis oris, buccinator, sternocleidomastoid and anterior region of throat muscles recorded during three stage of liquid swallowing include water, juice and honey by surface electrodes. Value of activity (RMS), duration of activity (Dur) , median (Mdf) and band (Banf) frequency of above muscles were measured.
Results: Healthy subjects indicated increase of RMS, Dur, Mdf and Banf of muscles, following increase of sweeten and viscose of liquid (P<0.05). Patients had more increase of this findings at oral muscles markedly, whereas Dur of throat muscle showed more increase in time (P<0.05). Comparison of between two groups indicated patients have more Dur time especially at throat muscles (P<0.05) and in contras reduce of activities and frequency parameters than healthy subjects (P<0.05).
Conclusion: Patients lean to keep liquid in oral phase and during throat swallow have more limitation. Patients may catch early fatigue and dysfunction for maintenance and keep of liquid particularly in throat region and it redound to change of trajectory of liquid to the respiratory tube. Therefore, rehabilitation protocols must enforce on coordination of oropharengeal muscles and recovery by movement therapy patterns.

Reliability and Validity of

MR Shahbodaghi

Background and Aim: Stuttering contains speech disruption or observed behaviors and inner reactions of speech- associated or emotional, disruptive, coping, and attitudinal reactions. Inner events can be reported by the person who stutters but can not be reliably defined by listener perceptions. Both the disorder's directly observable and inner elements and their interactive effects need to be fully assessed to achieve to clinically deals. This study investigates validity and reliability of the tests about inner events in stuttering children.
Materials & Methods: This descriptive and analytical study was performed on 96 stuttering and non stuttering students in 6-11 (similar in age and sex). After Persian equalization of questionnaire and verifying, tests validity are scored by 10 experts. In order to tests reliability, children performed tests in two stages (25 days interval). Three methods were used: 1.comparsion between the mean tests scores in two stage 2.Investigation of correlation between two stages. 3. Investigation of results reliability (ICC). The data were analyzed by parametric and non-parametric statistical tests (paired t-test, spearman and pearson).Independent t-test were used in order to compare the mean tests scores between stuttering and non- stuttering children.
Results: Although there was different between the mean BCL and CAT scores of stuttering and non stuttering children but this between group difference is not statistically significant (p>0.05) . The mean BCL and CAT scores between two group (stuttering and non-stuttering) was statistically significant (p<0.05).
Conclusion: Behavioral checklist and communication attitude tests changed in stuttering children at 6-11 age. Both are valid and reliable and these tests distinguish between stuttering and non stuttering children.

Review of Speech & Language Assessment Tests

S Jalaei

Background and Aim: The standard tests are tools for quantifying different aspects of speech & language abilities and communicative skills. However developing and applying standard tests is necessary for assessing, screening, defining the speech & language abilities, diagnosing the speech & language disorders and attending to outcomes of treatment process. Therefore in this study for providing general view of speech & language assessment tests, we reviewed some of tests related to some important aspects of speech & language abilities.
Method: This research is a review study based on American speech-language and hearing association. We reviewed exactly the tests that are in this association site because it is one of comprehensive and reliable references for speech-language pathologists. Just four most practical aspects of them, from the first test developed to now (2010), are selected and then analyzed.
Results: In this study, 251 tests of assessment of speech and language are reviewed. 54 tests are related to articulation and phonological assessment. One hundred and forty tests are related to assessment of children expressive language. Forty three tests are available for assessing the expressive language in adult. 14 tests are presented for evaluating autistic children.
Conclusion: However there are widespread spectrum of standard tests but it is necessary to develop other tests in different aspects of speech and language pathology.

The Effects Of Cardiac Rehabilitation On Changes In The Lipid Profile Of Iranian male and female With Coronary Artery Disease Refered To Emam Khomeini Hospital Complex

MR Hadian

Background and aim: One of the most important part of management and modification of CAD risk factor is to control the level of plasma lipid profile. Application of comprehensive cardiac rehabilitation in patient with CAD could decrease the level of CHL, TG, LDL and increasing of HDL .There are a lot of studies that discuss the effect of rehabilitation on different people with different races and life style
Material and Methods: Thirty six patients with the age (40-75) who were referred by cardiologist participated in this study. Fast walking on treadmill, biking on stationary bicycle and cycling with upper body ergometer were chosen as aerobic exercises. For assessing the short term and long term effects of this protocol, blood sampling were taken at three stages before exercise initiation, after 12 and 24 sessions of exercise.
Results: Following the cardiac rehabilitation protocol, the level of CHL, LDL and the ratio of LDL/HDL and CHL/HDL decreased significantly.
Conclusion: Cardiac rehabilitation could be used as means to improve lipid profile level in blood serum, prevention of cardiovascular disease and reducing mortality and morbidity rates.

Review of effects of changing position & different positions on Parameters of H- reflex

GR Olyaei

Background and aim: The aim of this review article is to study the effects of different positions & change of position on parameters of H- reflex.
Materials & Methods: changing position influence the excitability of motor neuron pools & can provide some evidence to resolve neurological and biomechanical problems as disk herniation & radiculopathies . One of the methods to assess these changes is H- reflex which described by German neurologist, Hoffman in 1918.It is a monosynaptic reflex with Ia fibers as afferent limb & α-motor neurons as efferent limb. To investigate the effects of changing positions on H reflex parameters, different databases, E-journals & thesis have been searched.
Result: Different positions & changing position influence different parameters of H-reflex .
Conclusion: Different H- reflex Parameters especially amplitude of H- reflex , show a wide range of varieties and this may explain that amplitude of H-reflex is not a reliable parameter.

The effects of progressive resistive exercises on Activities of Daily Living of elderly persons

H Bahgeri

Background and Aim: Aging is a natural phenomenon that affects on different systems of our body. This process is not due to diseases and accidents. Activity of Daily Living (ADL) is important for elderly persons. The aims of this study are to investigate the effects of progressive resistive exercises on Activities of Daily Living of elderly persons.
Material and Methods: Fifty elder men with age above 61 years old participated in this study. Twenty five elder men in exercise group with mean age of 69.45 and 25 elder men in control group whit mean age of 72.24. Strength of shoulder and knee extensors were evaluated by Tekdyne Incentive Dynamometers (TID). Activities of Daily Living were evaluated by Barthel - Index
Results: The measurements of shoulder and knee extensors of elder men were evaluated with TID. The data showed significant differences between mean score of pre and post interventions (p ≤ 0/0001). The measurements of self care activities, mobility and total score of elder men were evaluated with Barthel-Index. The data showed significant differences between mean score of pre and post interventions (p ≤ 0.0001).
Conclusion: Presents data showed that progressive resistive exercises could be an effective approach to increase strength upper and lower body and improve Activities of Daily Living of elder men.

The Effect of Dual Task Condition Concurrently with Wedge on Postural Control of Standing in Hemiplegic Cerebral Palsy

S Talebian

Background and Aim: in hemiplegic children Postural tone of the two sides of body is different. Once, asymmetric stance is a typical state in individuals' with unilateral pain and/or paresis and standing is with weight bearing on the stronger side. Obviously, an asymmetric stance with majority of weight bearing on the affected side can counter faces individual with the falling risk and causes instability. It seems coordinating of the two sides of body is the most vitally important therapeutic exercises in hemiplegic patients. Although stable stance is a simple postural task but it's controlled semi-automatically by cortical and spinal centers. It is established that stable standing, also demands cognition resources. So, postural control demands the interaction between musculoskeletal and nervous systems.
Material and method: In this clinical trial (before-after) 17 children 5-12 years old with spastic hemiplegia were participated. The subjects stayed in the center of force plate with the most stable standing position while using /not-using lateral wedge and in each state with/without doing cognition task. Short- memory test of digit span used as dual task condition. The mean range of fore-after and mediolateral sway and velocity and area as postural control independent variables and error measures in recalling of randomized digit chain as cognition task independent variables were registered.
Results: The wedge affected Rsw (P=0.015), Area (P=0.007) and Vm (P=0.005) significantly. Dual task also had significant effect on Rfa (P=0.014), Rsw (P=0.014), Area (P=0.002) and Vm (P=0.002). But the wedge declines its effect properly.
Conclusion: The results represent that a 5º lateral wedge applied to the unaffected limb, can improve factors of postural control even in Dual tasking thus The wedge can be used with a good effect on the posture of hemiplegic children.