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Background and aim: There is neuroplasticity in all of life time, from newborn to elderly and neuronal connections are being created and broken by experiences and states of health or disease. The recovery of people with stroke or cerebral palsy can be a sign of neuroplasticity.

The aim of this article is to detect significance of neuroplasticity and critical period of recovery in central nervous system after stroke and cerebral palsy.

Materials and methods: This study is based on review of internal and external articles that published about neuroplasticity in central nervous system after stroke and cerebral palsy from 1987 to 2007.

Results: According to review the articles the mechanisms of neuroplasticity after stroke and cerebral palsy consist of Axonal and dendrites Sprouting, cortical reorganization and neurogenesis.

The rehabilitation protocols have a direct effect on integration and reorganization in intact areas adjacent to injured motor areas of cortex.

Conclusion: This study showed that reorganization continually occurs in response to task, behavior and learning skills.

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Background and aim: The lateral scapular slide test (LSST) is used to determine scapular position and scapular asymmetry with the arm abducted 0, 45, and 90 degrees in the coronal plane. This test was introduced by Kibler. Assessment of scapular position is based on the derived difference measurement of bilateral scapular distances and the distance of inferior angle of scapula to spinous process of T7 vertebra. The purpose of this study was to assess the reliability of measurements (intra rater, inter rater, sensitivity and specificity) of LSST in assessment of scapular asymmetry and scapular dysfunction in patients with shoulder impairments.

Materials and Methods: Subjects:  Fifty-seven subjects participated in this cross sectional study.

Twenty seven subjects in shoulder impairment group (X=47.66, SD=11.64) and thirty subjects in normal group(X=33.53, SD=11.72). Three examiners measured the distance of inferior angle of scapula to spinous process of T7 vertebra at two sides in three different positions by a caliper verneer (accuracy: 0.01 mm). Position 1 involves of the shoulder in glenohumeral joint neutral. In position 2, the humerus is placed in a position of medial rotation with 45 degrees of shoulder abduction. In position 3, the upper extremity is placed in a position of maximal medial rotation with 90 degrees of shoulder abduction. The data were analyzed with SPSS (version: 11.5). ICCs and SEMs were calculated.

Results: The ICCs for intra-rater reliability were 0.87 to 0.97 for subjects without and with shoulder impairments and 0.63 to 0.79 for inter-rater reliability in subjects with shoulder pathology (involved side). The SEMs ranged from 0.57 to 0.86 cm for intra-rater reliability and from 0.79 to 1.20 cm for inter-rater reliability. Sensitivity of the test was high(80% to 100%) but specificity  was low (4% to 26%).

Conclusion : The lateral scapular slide test has high sensitivity and good to high level of intra rater reliability at three different test positions. The test showed low specificity and poor to fair inter rater reliability at three different test positions particularly at position 3.

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Background and aim:The knee joint is one of the most important joints of human body, witch tolerates many forces while the subject is standing up or walking especially during close chain and squat positions.

Muscle fatigue may causes some modifications on effects of forces and accordingly some changes on strategy of movement, therefore the concentration in thigh muscles impression on continuous movements is a guidance that makes the investigation on these changes so important.

Materials and Methods: Fifteen healthy women in the range of 20-30 years were contributed in this study. Muscle fatigue were applied in separate sessions by maximal voluntary contraction (MVC) in both open and close chains.

Subjects were done five dynamic repetitions of flexion / extension motion of knee before and after fatigue tests. Surface electromyography (sEMG) recorded from vastus medialis (VM), rectus femoris (RF) and vastus lateralis (VL) muscles during all conditions of tests. Normalized electromyography (NEMG) of muscles activities in two conditions of concentric (Con) and eccentric (Ecc), also median frequency (MF) were calculated for fatigue index. Muscle timing or recruitment pattern indicated by onset of muscle activities for both dynamics chains.

Results:  There are significant different of fatigue indexes between before and after fatigue tests (p<0.05).  After fatigue muscle timing delayed in open chain (p<0.05) and recruitment patterns changed from VL- VM- RF to VL-RF-VM. Fatigue test in close chain caused increment of muscle timing (p<0.05), but it did not change recruitment patterns.

Conclusion: After fatigue tests MF reduced little than NEMG. Significant difference occurred in muscle timing. These variations were increase and delay of timing with change of recruitment in open chain. These findings suggest that motor control strategy is will change at different condirions of with and without load situations.

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Background and aim: Ankle plantar flexor is one of the most susceptible muscles to plasticity and contracture after acquired brain injury. The application of thermal agents was introduced before muscle stretch or active exercises in spastic patients for their relaxation effects. The main aim of the present study was to compare the short-term effect of the ultrasound (US) and infrared (IR) on patients with plantar flexor muscle spasticity.

Materials and Methods: 21 patients were randomly allocated placed to either US(n=11)or IR(n=10)groups. The main outcome measures were, H _max / M _max  ratio, Original Ashworth Scale(OAS), active and passive range of motion (ROM).These tests  performed before, immediately after and 15 minutes after the intervention.

Results: There were no significant changes in H _max / M _max ratio and OAS after the intervention in both groups. The significant changes of the H _max / M _max were observed 15 minutes after intervention in the US group .The change in OAS was also statistical significant in IR group in this period. The changes in active and passive ankle dorsiflexion ROM after the intervention were statistically significant in US group. These changes show the significant changes for ankle passive ROM after15 minutes of  the intervention in IR group.

Conclusion: Our findings demonstrate that one session application of the ultrasound and infrared are not effective in the treatment of muscle spasticity. The ultrasound improved the ankle active and passive ROM. Further research is needed.

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Background and aim: Since 1998, the effect of traction on the H- reflex has been investigated by Hiraoka and the other researchers. Some of them have been done on lower extremity and the other on the upper extremity. The effect of traction was assessed by H reflex amplitude. Different results have been achieved. The new method which has been used since 2000, the effect of cervical traction on the H reflex was carried out by measuring H reflex slope .In this experiment the effect of manual cervical traction has been studied on the H slope of the upper extremity. Now we have sought to extend this work by examining the effects of cervical traction with 3 kg force on the H slope of the lower extremity 

Materials and Methods: This study was administered to sixteen healthy men with a mean age 23.12 of years and SD=2.55. The parameters of H reflex were recorded before and after of cervical traction .All data were analyzed with SPSS (V: 11.5).    

Results: The results showed that, there were no significant differences between before and after the application of cervical traction in H reflex parameters, ratio of H max/M max amplitude and M slope. But H slope and ratio of H slope /M slope were increased significantly after the application of traction (P<0.001).

Conclusion: The present study showed that traction with 3 Kg force can increase motor neuron excitability of soleus muscle and this result is against the previous study. This could be due to the application of the new method (H slope), which is more precise.

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Background and aim: Carpal tunnel syndrome is a common disorder, for which various conservative treatments have been suggested. The aim of this randomized clinical trial was to compare the iontophoretic effects of diclofenac and dexamethasone on patients with carpal tunnel syndrome.

Materials and Methods: Twelve hands from seven patients between 30 to 60 years of old (Mean=45.9 SD±8.3) were treated with pre-designed splint and iontophoresis. Four hands were treated with dexamethasone sodium phosphate and eight other hands had iontophoretic administration of sodium diclofenac. Cock-up splints were used for the patients during the course of treatment and 2 weeks follow up. Treatment continued for ten sessions during two weeks. They were advised not to take oral or parenteral anti-inflammatory drugs. Clinical symptom severity (SSS) and functional status (FSS) as well as visual analogue (VAS) scales were evaluated after iontophoretic treatment and two weeks follow up. Electrophysiological parameters such as distal sensory & motor latencies, amplitudes, nerve conduction velocities (NCV) were measured.

Results: Diclofenac group showed significant improvement in SSS score and sensory electrophysiological parameters of median nerve (P<0.05). Although, in dexamethasone group VAS and SSS scores decreased but there were no statistical significant differences in any intervals. With Comparison between two groups showed significant difference in distal motor latency after following up with more improvement in dexamethasone iontophoresis group (P<0.05).

Conclusion: Above findings showed efficacy of splint and iontophoretic administration of sodium diclofenac in treatment of patients with carpal tunnel syndrome. Although dexamethasone group showed no significant change, previous researches suggested the efficacy of ionophoretic administration of this anti-inflammatory medicine in clinical symptoms' improvement. Therefore, the lack of enough participants may be considered as a source for present results in this group. Although comparison between two groups, showed significant difference in distal motor latency after follow up (singnificant results in dexamethasone) but, due to small number of cases in follow up period, the validity of these results is questionable. Further researches are needed to confirm this difference.

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Background and aim: Health-related quality of life is an important index of outcome after stroke and may facilitate a broader description of stroke recovery. The objective of this study was to measure health-related quality of life in stroke patients in kermanshah city and determine of impact occupation status, gender and hemiplegics side of the body on the quality of life for stroke patients.

Materials and methods: The Method was descriptive-analytic and cross sectional. Fifty one stroke patients referred to comprehensive rehabilitation centers, occupational therapy, physical therapy ,speech therapy clinics and hospital centers of kermanshah city and  there was an interview with all patient. Quality of life was evaluated by 36-item short-form health survey (SF-36).

Results: In attending to the results of recent study, quality of life affected by stroke in total subscales of the (SF-36) but this increased in Role-Physical. Quality of life in these patients is dependent to the age, level of education and post-stroke duration.  

Conclusion: It seems that quality of life improves in stroke patients by passing the time.

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Background and aim: The present study evaluates spatial working memory and strategy use, that are from the most important executive functions in performing the learning tasks and intellectual actions in children with cerebral palsy ( spastic diplegia ).

Materials and methods: For this cross sectional/analytical study, 40 children between 7 and 12 were recruited by random sampling into 2 groups: twenty children with cerebral palsy ( spastic diplegia ), with mean age of 8.94 years and 20 normal children with mean age of 8.86 years. Data were collected using Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire ( SDQ ), CANTAB and Raven test of intelligence. Data were analyzed using t-test.

Results: Children with cerebral palsy differ from the normal children in spatial working memory. Comparing of the means of errors, were illustrated in 3 distinct features, demonstrated meaninngful difference between 2 groups ( p<0.05 ),except in double error ( p>0.05 ) however there was no significant difference in function of strategy use between 2 groups ( p>0.05 ).

Conclusion: In regard with these findings, cognitive rehabilitation with focus on executive skills can be useful in clinical treatment, parallel to the traditional methods, for spatial working memory in children with cerebral palsy.

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Background and aim: Knee osteoarthritis (OA) is one of the most common synovial joint diseases (i.e. weight bearing joints) of the human body. This problem probably is more common in Iranian society that is used to sit on the floor and carpet. Following knee OA, patients complain of pain, inflammation, decrease of range of motion and muscle weakness. Therefore, they can not independently do their activity of daily living (ADL). Consequently, the side effects of physical incapability may render to psychological problems and this in respect do affect on their quality of life.Various treatments such as pharmalogical, surgical and physiotherapy have been recommended at different stages of OA by specialist. In the present study, the effect of physical therapy agents (considering the point that physiotherapy has no or negligible side effects) have been studied on OA. 

Materials and methods: 40 patients participated in this study the patients were refereed by orthopedic surgeon to the physiotherapy clinic of the Faculty of Rehabilitation. University ethical committee approved the procedures. Patients were randomly divided in two groups and physiotherapy treatments were applied as following:

Group I.  Low Level Laser Therapy, heat, exercise.

Group II. Placebo (i.e. inactive Laser), heat, exercise.

Results: The result of current study shows that both methods of physical therapy were quiet efficient on 7 variables that measured in this study (p< 0.05).  However, the result of this study showed that in laser group, pain and speed of gait were more effectively influenced (p< 0.000 and p<0.048 respectively) in comparison with routine physiotherapy. Consequently, patients can fairly independently do their activity of daily living and this in respect may reduce the psychological side effects of illness. 

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Background and aim: Cerebral palsy (CP) is a common disorder in human society with many somatosensory problems that affects on functional capability. Dexterity affects activity of daily activity. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of Progressive resistive exercises on strength and dexterity of cerebral palsy persons.

Materials and methods: Twelve CP persons between 8 to 16 years old (10 boys and 2 girls) with mean age of 11.9 years old participated in this study.

Progressive resistive exercises (PRE) protocols were done on upper extremity of  study group 3 times a week for 6 weeks.  Strength of shoulder abductors and extensors were evaluated by MMT NICHOLAS apparatus. Grip strength and dexterity were evaluated by Jammar Dynammometer and Purdue peg board respectively.

Results: Shoulder abductors and extensors strength increased %29.4 (p=0.0001) and %30.1 (p=0.014). Grip strength and dexterity improved %9.8 (p=0.048) and dexterity %23 (p= 0.016) respectively.

Conclusion: PRE increase muscle strength of upper extremity and may improve dexterity in children with cerebral palsy.

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Background and aim:The role of thoraco-lumbar muscles is important in spinal column stability. Following fatigue due to constant activity, these muscles encounter with variable control pattern and variations of median and mean frequencies are little in relation to torque of force. However these parameters are useful in the literatures, but due to complexity of neuromuscular interaction and variety of motor control, signal processing can determine a wide range of changes and measurements.     

Signal processing nonlinear techniques exploit in biologic signals. Variables of nonlinear techniques are recurrence, determinism, entropy and so on.

The purpose of this study was to determine changes of entropy as nonlinear parameter in comparison with linear parameter and applicability of entropic measurements of the erector spinae muscles during fatigue.   

Materials and methods: Ten healthy women and 6 women with nonspecific low back pain (NSLBP) with a range of 20-30 years old patticipated in this study. Surface electromyography of isometric activities recorded from trunk (T12), lumbar (L3) and biceps femoris muscles during modified Sorenson isometric fatigue test. Median and mean frequency and also nonlinear parameters such as entropy and trend measured in one second of muscles activities before and onset of fatigue. 

Results:  Following fatigue in healthy group, median and mean frequencies reduced at a range of 12-20% (p<0.05). This decrement in LBP group was little (4 - 20%, p<0.05). Entropy increased 120-200% and trend reduced 800-2000% in normal subjects (p<0.05), whereas subjects with LBP indicated increment of entropy 65-220% and decrement of trend 240-500% (p<0.05). Before and after fatigue there was a significance difference between two groups in entropy parameter (p<0.05), whereas median and mean frequencies differences were not significant.

Conclusion:Following static positions, fatigue occurred in three levels of above muscles particularly at lumbar region. Traditional fatigue indicators showed good differences, but percentage of variability was low in comparison to nonlinear parameters. It suggests that nonlinear variables especially entropy are more sensitive than traditional indicators and can explain these stochastic behaviors

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Background and aim: With respect to attachment and mechanical relationship of hamstring and calf muscles, interaction between their function is unavoidable. Inspite of prevalence of hamstring and calf muscles shortness, there is not any statistical data about the relationship of shortness of above-mentioned muscles in Iran. The aim of this study was to verify of this prevalence.

Materials and methods: In this study 3308 healthy girls with age 3-17 years old participated. Length of calf muscles with dorsi flexion angle and hamstring with hip flexion angle (SLR) in both side were measured.

Results: The prevalence of hamstring and calf muscles shortness with together was20% in right and 25% in left side .The Prevalence of hamstring and calf muscles shortness with together in 20 district was greater than 3.The greatest amount was seen in secondary school(31.6%).               

Conclusion:The results indicated that most of subjects who had hamstring shortness, they had also calf muscles shortness, so if there is any shortness in one of them, we shouhd pay attention to shortness of the another.

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Background and aim: Muscle flexibility is an important component of physical fitness and injury prevention.

Passive Stretch can be effective in lengthening and making hamstring more flexible. Popliteal angle measurement is one of the most simple method in studying the efficiency of these methods however, in goniometry measurement, there is not any data about muscle tension and any proper judgment about flexibility.  The goal of this study is to evaluate length and stiffness of the hamstrings by Quick Release Movement before and after the passive stretch.

Materials and methods:14 men (20-30 years old) with shorted hamstring (20 degree or more ext lack in passive knee ext test by popliteal angle measurement) participated in this study. Before and after exercises, popliteal angle  and muscle stiffness  were evaluated with digital goniometer and  Quick Release Movement technique respectively. Evaluation of stiffness was performed in flexion and extension positions.

Results: A significant increase in hamstring length was observed. (P<0.05) There was decrease in stiffness in both position of flex and ext but it was significant when in extension state.(P<0.05)

Conclusion: Findings of this study demonstrate passive stretch's effectiveness in increase muscle length and lessening muscle stiffness. In addition Quick Release Movement can be a suitable method for measuring muscle stiffness.

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Background and aim: Spasticity cause abnormal patterns in upper limbs of cerebral palsy children .It restricts hand function in grasp and release movement. In occupational therapy, neurophysiologic approaches include motor techniques, training and treatment for decreasing hypertonicity and biomechanical approach includes use of splint. In present study the effects of volar and dorsal splint were determined in decreasing of spasticity in upper limbs of quadriplegia cerebral palsy children with four up to six years old

Materials and methods: Twenty quadriplegia spastic children (4-6 years old) were participated in this study. They were classified in two groups. One group wears volar splint and the other group wears dorsal splint for two hours per days and four hours at night up to twelve weeks. Spasticity and passive range of motion were measured by modified  Ashworth scale and goniometry respectively

Results: The mean of wrist spasticity was 2.5 in volar splint group before intervention and 1.9 after intervention. The mean of wrist passive range of motion was 93.50 before intervention and 123.50 after intervention. Elbow passive range of motion was 113 in pre intervention and 135.50 in post intervention. The mean of wrist spasticity was 2.6 in dorsal splint group before intervention and 2.00 after intervention. The mean of wrist passive range of motion was 89.5 before intervention and 118.50 after intervention. Elbow passive range of motion was 110.50 in pre intervention and 135.50 in post intervention. Statistical Analysis of t-student and paired t-tests showed significant differences between the pre and post intervention in all parameters (p<0.05)

Conclusion:  The result of present study showed that both of the splints affected to decrease spasticity of wrist and increase wrist and elbow passive range of motion of hand. Based on this evidence, both of the splints would be suggested for spastic`s hand treatment. Due to major problem in making dorsal splint, we suggest volar splint for  reducing  spasticity in cerebral palsy children.

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Background and aim: The function of deep neck flexor muscles is very important in physiotherapy assessments. The purpose of this study was to examine the reliability of sphygmomanometer device to measure the strength of deep neck  muscles.

Materials and methods: Thirty healthy non-athlete females aged 18-24 years old voluntarily participated in this study. The maximal contraction of deep neck muscles were measured in different times, different days and by two different testers using a sphygmomanometer device. At each session subjects performed three maximum voluntary contractions and the maximum strength was chosen for data analysis. The Interclass Correlation of Coefficient (ICC), Pearson product moment and CV% were used to assess the reliability of different measurements between times, days and two different examiners.

Results: The results of ICC, Pearson product moment and CV% indicated that the strength measurement of cervical stabilizer muscles were highly repeatable between different times, days and testers (ICC ≥ 0.90, CV% ≤ %3.8 and r ≥ 0.91).

Conclusion: The sphygmomanometer and the method which was used in this study appeared to be a reliable and useful method to measure the force of deep neck flexor muscles. It can also be suitable for the assessment of physiotherapy or rehabilitation programs.

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Background and aim:The current research provides a word association test and determine its validity and reliability in Persian (farsi) language.
Materials and methods: A word association test was administered to a group of twenty girls and twenty one boys that were similar in age and education. Based on Goldfarb's word association test , word stimuli were balanced according to frequency of occurrence (frequent, infrequent), word length (short, long), abstraction level (low , medium, high) ,and grammatical class (noun ,verb, adjective ) . Based on "Recognition basic word's Iranian student in primary school"(nemat zade,1384),180 words were selected. This words scored by experts. Seventy two words were selected . The test administered in oral on the first grade students .Then responses were coded as paradigmatic or sytagmatic . Results were analyzed by Maknamar and Capa test.
Results: Findings show high correlation between first and second test in three grammatical Class (noun, verb, adjective, p=0/001).High correlation exists between two stages of test.
Conclusion: These findings show word association test is valid and reliable .This is usable in assessment of semantic development and language development.

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Background and aim: Stroke is one of the main reasons that would cause disability in adult population. The patient prefers to use his non-involved limb for self-care activities that called disuse learning of involved upper extremity.Constraint-induced therapy is one of the rehabilitative intervention that seems to improve motor ability and functional use of involved upper extremity in some of patients with hemiparesis after stroke. The aim of this study was to investigate the time effects of constraint-induced therapy on functions, coordination and movements of upper extremity of adult patients with hemiplegia.

Materials and methods: In present study, 15 patients with stroke participated in structured therapy sessions (CIT) emphasizing more affected upper extremity in different activities five times a week for 12 weeks and 2 hours a day and non-involved upper extremity were also restrained five times a week for 12 weeks and 5 hours a day

Results: The data was analyzed with paired t-test. The scores  of different  subtests of Fugl-Meyer test  such as shoulder and forearm, wrist and hand movements, coordination and speed of involved upper extremities showed significant differences between pre and post interventions in different time periods (p>0.05). Test scores increased up to 8 weeks but no significant increase was seen after 8^th week .Dexterity measurements by Minnesota Manual Dexterity test  showed significant differences between pre and post intervention in different time periods ( p  < 0.05) with maximum increase up to 10 weeks

Conclusion: The present data showed that constraint-induced therapy could be an effective approach to improve function and overcome disuse learning. The results of this study revealed that scores of Fugl-Meyer and Minnesota Manual Dexterity test  would reflect functional skills improvement.

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Background and aim: Active straight leg raise test in patients with sacroiliac joint dysfunction (SIJ ) is accompanied by feeling pain on joint or heaviness and inability to lift the leg. This test has been advocated as reliable and valid test for the quality of load transfer through the lumbo-pelvic region. With respect to the important role of muscles, in pelvic stability and with respect to patients with SIJ dysfunction can not do this test easily. There is no study has been done about assessment and comparison  of changes in muscle timing of pelvic stabilizer muscles and duration of ramping time during ASLR between healthy and patients with SIJ dysfunction 

Materials and methods:Eleven female subjects with clinical diagnosis of sacroiliac joint pain and 15 match healthy female subjects were tested in the supine resting position with the ASLR. Surface electromyography of rectus abdominus , oblique externus , oblique internus  , adductor longus , biceps femoris , gluteus maximus and  erector spine muscles  were recorded during ASLR test. Timing of muscles and ramp time during ASLR  test were acquired and measured in MATLAB software . 

Results: No statistically significance were found in ramp time between two groups. The onset timing of activation of adductor longus (A.L) was delayed on symptomatic side in subject with SIJ pain (P=0.006).

Conclusion: Delayed onset of A.L suggests an alteration in strategy for lumbopelvic stabilization that may disrupt load transfer through the pelvis.

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Background and aim: Down's syndrome is the most common chrosomal disorder in which the fine and gross motor skills due to lack of proper sensory experience are disturbed. the role of dexterity in Activity of daily living, interaction with environment and independency is quiet crucial in Down's syndrome. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the effects of simultaneous application of exteroceptive and proprioceptive stimuli on the dexterity of 6-7 year old educable children with Down's syndrome.  

Materials and methods: 33 Educable children with Down's syndrome were assigned in three groups (i.e. extercoceptive, proprioceptive, simultaneous application respectively) and participated in this study. In the first group, children received only exteroceptive stimulation for 30 minutes, 3 times a week. Children in the second group received only proprioceptive stimulation in the same period. Children in the third group received both stimulations simultaneously. Dexterity was evaluated through purdue peg bourd test after 5^th, 10^th, 15^th, 20^th, 25^th, and at 30^th sessions.

Results: Dexterity changes were significantly differed in all 3 groups (p<0.05) using repeated measurement test. In order to assess the improvement process of dexterity, every group was evaluated separately with dexterity test ( purdue peg board). Third group showed significant improvement in comparison with other groups (p<0.05). There was no significant improvement in dexterity in first and second groups (p>0.05).  

Conclusion: The findings of current study suggest that simultaneous application of exteroceptive and proprioceptive senses could be used for improvement of dexterity in children with Down's syndrome and perhaps in children with motor control problems.  

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Background and aim: The shoulder area is the most complex region of the body and inherently unstable that motions are produced and controlled by sequenced activation of muscles in force couple patterns. It seems that investigating of shoulder muscle activation pattern is essential in the various tasks in healthy subjects due to the unstable structure of the shoulder and vital role of muscles in the stability. In order to evaluate motor control changes in the various movement, designing the therapeutic programs suitable to the shoulder pain and to evaluate effects of physiotherapy and preventing of side effects, this study was conducted. Up to now, it has not been evaluated in the D1flex & D1ext patterns yet.

Materials and methods: Thirteen female healthy volunteers participated in the experiment. Dependent variables of muscle activation such as onset and offset as well as sequencing of muscles (upper trapezius, lower trapezius, serratus anterior, pectoralis major, anterior deltoid and posterior deltoid) of dominant side were calculated during D1flex & D1ext patterns by surface EMG and Data log software in the standing position with speed movement of 25 degree/second.

Results: Special patterns of muscle activation were observed during D1flex & D1ext. Sequencing of muscle activation was different in the both movement patterns. Also, significant differences were found in the latency time of all muscles (p<0.05) except upper fibers of trapezius related to flex/ext goniometer (p=0.33) between both movement patterns.

Conclusion: This study demonstrated that there are special patterns of activation of muscles around the scapulohumeral articulation in the normal subjects. Rehabilitation and conditioning programs should be designed to restore and optimize the activation sequences and task specific functions of these muscles.