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Negin Saldar, Rahim Shahbazi,
Volume 17, Issue 2 (5-2023)
Volume 17, Issue 2 (5-2023)
Abstract
Background and Aim: Health literacy plays a role in “reducing human casualties and financial costs” in a society. Emotional intelligence and media literacy also contribute to people’s success in life. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the mediating role of media literacy in the relationship between emotional intelligence and health literacy among graduate students of Azarbaijan Shahid Madani University.
Materials and Methods: This research is based on the nature and general characteristics, quantitative; Based on the purpose, it is applied and based on the research method and data collection method, is a descriptive correlation based on structural equation model. The statistical population was graduate students of Azarbaijan Shahid Madani University in 2020 (2218 students). The statistical sample of the research is 327 people who were selected by stratified random sampling method. To collect data, Emotional Intelligence Questionnaire (1998), Montazeri et al. Health Literacy Questionnaire (2014) and media literacy questionnaire were used. The reliability of the questionnaires was obtained using Cronbach’s alpha coefficient of 0.91, 0.84 and 0.79, respectively. The collected data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and inferential statistics (structural equation model) using SPSS and LISREL software.
Results: The findings showed the mean of emotional intelligence, health literacy and media literacy of graduate students of Azarbaijan Shahid Madani University is 3.10, 3.47 and 3.58, respectively. Also, the results showed a significant relationship between emotional intelligence and students’ health literacy. According to the findings, there is a significant relationship between emotional intelligence with media literacy, and media literacy with health literacy. Also, the media literacy variable plays a mediating role in the relationship between emotional intelligence and health literacy (coefficient) of 0.58 units. The results of the structural equation model test also showed that the proposed conceptual model fits the relationship between emotional intelligence, health literacy and students’ media literacy.
Conclusion: Media literacy can not only directly affect students’ health literacy, but also has a mediating role between emotional intelligence and health literacy. Due to the effect of emotional intelligence on students’ health and media literacy, it is recommended that the necessary planning to be done in graduate education and to strengthen emotional intelligence.
Materials and Methods: This research is based on the nature and general characteristics, quantitative; Based on the purpose, it is applied and based on the research method and data collection method, is a descriptive correlation based on structural equation model. The statistical population was graduate students of Azarbaijan Shahid Madani University in 2020 (2218 students). The statistical sample of the research is 327 people who were selected by stratified random sampling method. To collect data, Emotional Intelligence Questionnaire (1998), Montazeri et al. Health Literacy Questionnaire (2014) and media literacy questionnaire were used. The reliability of the questionnaires was obtained using Cronbach’s alpha coefficient of 0.91, 0.84 and 0.79, respectively. The collected data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and inferential statistics (structural equation model) using SPSS and LISREL software.
Results: The findings showed the mean of emotional intelligence, health literacy and media literacy of graduate students of Azarbaijan Shahid Madani University is 3.10, 3.47 and 3.58, respectively. Also, the results showed a significant relationship between emotional intelligence and students’ health literacy. According to the findings, there is a significant relationship between emotional intelligence with media literacy, and media literacy with health literacy. Also, the media literacy variable plays a mediating role in the relationship between emotional intelligence and health literacy (coefficient) of 0.58 units. The results of the structural equation model test also showed that the proposed conceptual model fits the relationship between emotional intelligence, health literacy and students’ media literacy.
Conclusion: Media literacy can not only directly affect students’ health literacy, but also has a mediating role between emotional intelligence and health literacy. Due to the effect of emotional intelligence on students’ health and media literacy, it is recommended that the necessary planning to be done in graduate education and to strengthen emotional intelligence.
Shima Moradi, Fatemeh Rezaei Zadeh, Monireh Rahimkhani,
Volume 17, Issue 4 (10-2023)
Volume 17, Issue 4 (10-2023)
Abstract
Background and aim: This study aimed to determine the position of Iran in terms of scientific publications in Immunology and Microbiology, and also to identify the general status of science production and the patterns of publishing in the world, the Middle East, and Iran, analyze Iran scientific collaboration with the Middle East and the world, and explore the relationship between these indicators.
Materials and Methods: The study population contained 30622 Middle Eastern publications in Immunology and Microbiology from 2009 to 2018. Positioning the countries and exploring the relations of indicators, the exploratory factor analysis, and the correlation matrix were conducted using Scival.
Results: According to the findings Iran, Turkey, and Saudi Arabia were among the most powerful countries in the region in terms of publication, citation, regional, international, and overall scientific collaboration. As for regional positioning, the citations had the highest weight comparing to other indicators. Iran have the first rank in the indices of scientific production and citations with 43.63% and 33.76% respectively, third rank in the regional cooperation index with 43.63%, second rank in the extra-regional cooperation index with 23.56%, and also second rank in the total cooperation index with 22.12%.
Conclusion: The indicators were strongly connected togather; however, the citations and international scientific collaborations displayed the strongest amongst others. Despite Iran’s prominent position in both fields, the quality of the publication was lower than the regional and global average. This identified the most powerful and weak countries in the region in regards to scientific capacities in Immunology and Microbiology. Moreover, it reckoned that there was a strong relation between citations and scientific production in contrast with others.
Zahra Khaje, Kamran Yazdani, Ibrahim Abdollahpour, Mohsen Mohammadi, Saharnaz Nedjat,
Volume 17, Issue 5 (12-2023)
Volume 17, Issue 5 (12-2023)
Abstract
Background and Aim: Alzheimer’s is a chronic disease that causes cognitive disabilities, thinking, personality changes and disruptions in daily activities. Due to these disorders, patients need long-term care. Most care for Alzheimer’s patients is done at home by family members, which makes home caregivers mentally, physically, emotionally, socially and financially vulnerable. Health personnel have a key role to play in providing information and guidance and helping the family control these conditions. The purpose of this study was to examines the level of knowledge and attitude of health workers and determines the related factors.
Materials and Methods: This research is a cross-sectional study to evaluate the level of knowledge and attitude of health workers about Alzheimer’s disease and its related factors. All 260 health workers of Gorgan and Kordkuy districts were studied by census method to assess their knowledge and attitude about Alzheimer’s disease and its related factors. ANOVA and T-tests were used to determine the relationship between the independent variables and the dependent variable. Variables whose significant level of correlation with response variable was less than 0.2 in bivariate analysis were entered into the regression model and finally multiple linear regression was used to determine the factors related to level of knowledge and attitude.
Results: The mean level of knowledge was 46.73% (95% CI, 45.46 to 48.16) and the mean level of attitude was 55.61% (95% CI, 54.63 to 56.74). The results show that those with a history of previous education, a history of caring for Alzheimer’s patients, a higher level of work experience in the health care system, and having a female gender and be married have higher levels of knowledge and those with a history of previous education and Sistani descent had a higher attitude.
Conclusion: In general, the mean level of knowledge was 46.73(0-100) and the mean level of attitude was 55.61(0-100). Factors such as: gender, work history in the health system, history of participating in educational workshops, history of caring for sick patients, and marital status were related to the level of knowledge and factors such as ethnicity and history of participating in the training workshop were related to the level of attitude of the health care providers.
Rasul Bidel Nikoo, Shila Hasanzadeh, Mohamad Jebraeily, Naser Masoudi, Bahlol Rahimi, Farshad Faghisolouk,
Volume 17, Issue 6 (2-2024)
Volume 17, Issue 6 (2-2024)
Abstract
Background and Aim: Traffic accidents in Iran are one of the main causes of mortality and morbidity, identifying the factors related to these accidents can be useful in the prevention and proper management of traffic accidents. The purpose of this study was to determine the epidemiology of trauma caused by traffic accidents in Imam Khomeini hospital in Urmia during 2017-2022.
Materials and Methods: The current research is a cross-sectional descriptive study that was conducted on patients hospitalized due to traffic accidents in Imam Khomeini hospital in Urmia for five years. The required data included demographic characteristics and information of the injured (role of the injured, time of the accident, location of the accident, type of vehicle, damaged area, and condition of the injured during discharge), which was extracted from the trauma registration system of Urmia University of Medical Sciences. After collecting the data, it was entered into SPSS 16 software and described through frequency distribution table and central and dispersion indices
Results: In this study, out of 2086 injured cases, 74.40% (1552 people) were male. The average age of the injured was 34.49 ± 18.47 years. The type of accidental vehicle of most of the injured was motorcycle with 56.70% (998 cases). The most injured were drivers with 52.73% (1100 cases) and among them 57.45% (632 people) were motorcycle riders. 34.08% (711 cases) of injuries to body parts were in the head, neck and face.
Conclusion: The results of this research showed that most of the injured in traffic accidents are young motorcycle drivers and the most injuries were related to the head and neck area. Therefore, by knowing the risk factors and the impact of each of them on the outcome of traffic accidents, it is necessary to carry out appropriate interventions to prevent the risky behaviors of young drivers and create a culture of observing safety tips. Also, in the health system, the necessary preparations in terms of manpower and medical equipment should be made to manage the treatment of injuries caused by traffic accidents.
Materials and Methods: The current research is a cross-sectional descriptive study that was conducted on patients hospitalized due to traffic accidents in Imam Khomeini hospital in Urmia for five years. The required data included demographic characteristics and information of the injured (role of the injured, time of the accident, location of the accident, type of vehicle, damaged area, and condition of the injured during discharge), which was extracted from the trauma registration system of Urmia University of Medical Sciences. After collecting the data, it was entered into SPSS 16 software and described through frequency distribution table and central and dispersion indices
Results: In this study, out of 2086 injured cases, 74.40% (1552 people) were male. The average age of the injured was 34.49 ± 18.47 years. The type of accidental vehicle of most of the injured was motorcycle with 56.70% (998 cases). The most injured were drivers with 52.73% (1100 cases) and among them 57.45% (632 people) were motorcycle riders. 34.08% (711 cases) of injuries to body parts were in the head, neck and face.
Conclusion: The results of this research showed that most of the injured in traffic accidents are young motorcycle drivers and the most injuries were related to the head and neck area. Therefore, by knowing the risk factors and the impact of each of them on the outcome of traffic accidents, it is necessary to carry out appropriate interventions to prevent the risky behaviors of young drivers and create a culture of observing safety tips. Also, in the health system, the necessary preparations in terms of manpower and medical equipment should be made to manage the treatment of injuries caused by traffic accidents.
Shabnam Ghasemyani, Kobra Movalled, Shafi Habibi, Rahim Khodayari Zarnaq,
Volume 18, Issue 5 (11-2024)
Volume 18, Issue 5 (11-2024)
Abstract
Background and Aim: In recent years, active patient participation in healthcare has been increasingly recognized as a vital component in health policies aimed at achieving optimal health outcomes. This study aims to identify the contexts and areas in which patients engage in safety-related measures within healthcare settings.
Materials and Methods: A scoping review of the English-language literature published from 2000 to 2021 was performed. The search strategy involved relevant keywords, including MeSH modifications, as well as common terms associated with the topic, such as patient collaboration, patient participation, patient engagement, patient involvement, patient education, and patient safety. Literature was sourced from the Scopus, PubMed, Web of Science, and ProQuest databases. The research design adhered to the framework proposed by Arksey and O’Malley, and data analysis was conducted using a content analysis approach.
Results: The search strategy yielded a total of 2,951 articles, of which 38 articles met the inclusion criteria. The majority of studies originated from the United States (14), the United Kingdom (8), and Australia (6). The publication years with the highest output were 2015 (5 articles) and 2017 (4 articles). Five key areas of patient participation were identified: fall prevention, prevention of drug interactions, medical error prevention and awareness, participation in infection control and staff hand hygiene, and educational initiatives. The articles identified focused on various areas, including participation in fall prevention (26.3%), education and awareness promotion, participation in infection control and hand hygiene (23.6%), prevention and awareness of medical errors (18.4%), and prevention of drug interactions (7.9%).The main findings of the reviewed studies were categorized into four areas: patient participation, methods of patient participation, examples and outcomes of patient participation, and challenges associated with patient participation in safety-related measures.
Conclusion: Promoting patient involvement in safety-related practices within healthcare is essential for bolstering patient safety. Such participation is contingent upon empowering patients by improving their health literacy and knowledge while simultaneously fostering a shift in the attitudes of healthcare providers. The involvement of policymakers, particularly at the levels of the Ministry of Health and Medical Education, is critical in advancing patient and family participation in national hospital accreditation standards and facilitating broader initiatives aimed at transitioning the health system towards a model of participatory care.
Materials and Methods: A scoping review of the English-language literature published from 2000 to 2021 was performed. The search strategy involved relevant keywords, including MeSH modifications, as well as common terms associated with the topic, such as patient collaboration, patient participation, patient engagement, patient involvement, patient education, and patient safety. Literature was sourced from the Scopus, PubMed, Web of Science, and ProQuest databases. The research design adhered to the framework proposed by Arksey and O’Malley, and data analysis was conducted using a content analysis approach.
Results: The search strategy yielded a total of 2,951 articles, of which 38 articles met the inclusion criteria. The majority of studies originated from the United States (14), the United Kingdom (8), and Australia (6). The publication years with the highest output were 2015 (5 articles) and 2017 (4 articles). Five key areas of patient participation were identified: fall prevention, prevention of drug interactions, medical error prevention and awareness, participation in infection control and staff hand hygiene, and educational initiatives. The articles identified focused on various areas, including participation in fall prevention (26.3%), education and awareness promotion, participation in infection control and hand hygiene (23.6%), prevention and awareness of medical errors (18.4%), and prevention of drug interactions (7.9%).The main findings of the reviewed studies were categorized into four areas: patient participation, methods of patient participation, examples and outcomes of patient participation, and challenges associated with patient participation in safety-related measures.
Conclusion: Promoting patient involvement in safety-related practices within healthcare is essential for bolstering patient safety. Such participation is contingent upon empowering patients by improving their health literacy and knowledge while simultaneously fostering a shift in the attitudes of healthcare providers. The involvement of policymakers, particularly at the levels of the Ministry of Health and Medical Education, is critical in advancing patient and family participation in national hospital accreditation standards and facilitating broader initiatives aimed at transitioning the health system towards a model of participatory care.
Seyed Hadi Hosseini, Saeed Shahsavari, Yasaman Poormoosa, Mitra Rahimzadeh,
Volume 19, Issue 2 (7-2025)
Volume 19, Issue 2 (7-2025)
Abstract
Background and Aim: Medical university-affiliated dental clinics, particularly those located in metropolitan areas, provide oral healthcare services to a wide range of patients with diverse demographic and socio-cultural backgrounds. The sustainability and continued effectiveness of these clinics largely depend on patients’ satisfaction and loyalty. Understanding the determinants of these two critical factors and exploring their interrelationship is essential for improving service delivery and enhancing patient retention. Therefore, the present study aimed to analyze patient satisfaction and loyalty in a university dental clinic using a structural equation modeling (SEM) approach.
Materials and Methods: This cross-sectional, descriptive-analytical study was conducted during 2023–2024 on a sample of 190 patients who visited the dental clinic of Alborz University of Medical Sciences. Participants were selected through convenience sampling. Data were collected using two standardized questionnaires: one assessing dental patient satisfaction and the other measuring patient loyalty. Structural equation modeling was employed using AMOS software, and model fit was evaluated using standard indices including the Comparative Fit Index (CFI), Tucker-Lewis Index (TLI), and Root Mean Square Error of Approximation (RMSEA).
Results: The SEM analysis revealed a significant and positive relationship between patient satisfaction and loyalty (β=0.931, P<0.001). Among the dimensions of satisfaction, hygiene and physical conditions (β=0.939), responsiveness and service delivery (β=0.847), appointment scheduling and waiting time (β=0.761) had the most substantial impact on overall satisfaction (P<0.001). Additionally, attitudinal (β=0.996) and behavioral (β=0.859) components emerged as key dimensions of patient loyalty. Model fit indices demonstrated an acceptable level of fit with the data (CFI=0.893, RMSEA=0.077).
Conclusion: To enhance patient satisfaction and foster loyalty, university dental clinics should prioritize internal operational improvements, particularly in the areas of environmental hygiene, service responsiveness, and time management. Creating a positive mental impression through these factors can serve as a foundational step in cultivating long-term loyalty, ultimately contributing to the clinic’s credibility and sustainable performance within a competitive healthcare environment.
Materials and Methods: This cross-sectional, descriptive-analytical study was conducted during 2023–2024 on a sample of 190 patients who visited the dental clinic of Alborz University of Medical Sciences. Participants were selected through convenience sampling. Data were collected using two standardized questionnaires: one assessing dental patient satisfaction and the other measuring patient loyalty. Structural equation modeling was employed using AMOS software, and model fit was evaluated using standard indices including the Comparative Fit Index (CFI), Tucker-Lewis Index (TLI), and Root Mean Square Error of Approximation (RMSEA).
Results: The SEM analysis revealed a significant and positive relationship between patient satisfaction and loyalty (β=0.931, P<0.001). Among the dimensions of satisfaction, hygiene and physical conditions (β=0.939), responsiveness and service delivery (β=0.847), appointment scheduling and waiting time (β=0.761) had the most substantial impact on overall satisfaction (P<0.001). Additionally, attitudinal (β=0.996) and behavioral (β=0.859) components emerged as key dimensions of patient loyalty. Model fit indices demonstrated an acceptable level of fit with the data (CFI=0.893, RMSEA=0.077).
Conclusion: To enhance patient satisfaction and foster loyalty, university dental clinics should prioritize internal operational improvements, particularly in the areas of environmental hygiene, service responsiveness, and time management. Creating a positive mental impression through these factors can serve as a foundational step in cultivating long-term loyalty, ultimately contributing to the clinic’s credibility and sustainable performance within a competitive healthcare environment.
Ebrahim Jaafaripooyan, Seyed Farshad Allameh, Neda Alizadeh, Tahereh Sharifi,
Volume 19, Issue 4 (11-2025)
Volume 19, Issue 4 (11-2025)
Abstract
Background and Aim: Retention of faculty members is one of the fundamental challenges of the country’s health system. Therefore, this study aimed was conducted with the aim of providing strategies for retaining faculty members in the health field.
Materials and Methods: This study was conducted in a combined manner in three stages in 2024. In a field review, related articles were reviewed from the Magiran, SID, PubMed databases and using the Google scholar search engine. Out of 18,977 identified studies, 37 articles were selected and reviewed after several stages of screening. In the second stage, 12 semi-structured interviews were conducted with relevant experts and managers using an inductive approach based on the rules of directional content analysis to identify the factors of retention of faculty members in the health field. Accordingly, the human resource management framework, which includes 5 stages of familiarization with the data, identification of the thematic framework, indexing, display with a diagram, and interpretation of the results, was used for data analysis in this study. MAXQDA-2020 software was used to analyze the research data. Finally, in the third stage, using a prioritization matrix, the solutions were scored and prioritized by 17 experts.
Results: Strategies were identified and classified into 10 areas based on the human resources management cycle, including recruitment, selection and hiring, growth and development, performance evaluation, compensation, organizational culture, improving working conditions, motivation, termination of employment, and external factors. Then, those in each area were prioritized based on their level of efficacy, with the highest priority solutions including improvement of the country’s financial and economic conditions (mean score=4.92 out of 5), an increase in faculty members’ salaries (4.90), removal of the salary cap (4.88), establishment of housing cooperatives (4.82), respect for the dignity and social status of retired professors (4.80), provision of recreational facilities for faculty members (4.79), enhancement of transparency, accountability, and adherence to the rule of law in the country (4.79), and increased faculty participation in decision-making processes (4.47).
Conclusion: Given the results, strategies such as focusing on improving the financial situation, promoting transparency, and increasing the well-being of faculty members can be effective in increasing the motivation and retention of faculty members in the health sector. Therefore, the implementation of these strategies by policymakers and education administrators is expected to improve the retention of faculty members in this sector.
Materials and Methods: This study was conducted in a combined manner in three stages in 2024. In a field review, related articles were reviewed from the Magiran, SID, PubMed databases and using the Google scholar search engine. Out of 18,977 identified studies, 37 articles were selected and reviewed after several stages of screening. In the second stage, 12 semi-structured interviews were conducted with relevant experts and managers using an inductive approach based on the rules of directional content analysis to identify the factors of retention of faculty members in the health field. Accordingly, the human resource management framework, which includes 5 stages of familiarization with the data, identification of the thematic framework, indexing, display with a diagram, and interpretation of the results, was used for data analysis in this study. MAXQDA-2020 software was used to analyze the research data. Finally, in the third stage, using a prioritization matrix, the solutions were scored and prioritized by 17 experts.
Results: Strategies were identified and classified into 10 areas based on the human resources management cycle, including recruitment, selection and hiring, growth and development, performance evaluation, compensation, organizational culture, improving working conditions, motivation, termination of employment, and external factors. Then, those in each area were prioritized based on their level of efficacy, with the highest priority solutions including improvement of the country’s financial and economic conditions (mean score=4.92 out of 5), an increase in faculty members’ salaries (4.90), removal of the salary cap (4.88), establishment of housing cooperatives (4.82), respect for the dignity and social status of retired professors (4.80), provision of recreational facilities for faculty members (4.79), enhancement of transparency, accountability, and adherence to the rule of law in the country (4.79), and increased faculty participation in decision-making processes (4.47).
Conclusion: Given the results, strategies such as focusing on improving the financial situation, promoting transparency, and increasing the well-being of faculty members can be effective in increasing the motivation and retention of faculty members in the health sector. Therefore, the implementation of these strategies by policymakers and education administrators is expected to improve the retention of faculty members in this sector.
Ahmad Negahban, Azam Salehzadeh, Razieh Farrahi, Alireza Nourozi, Sina Tavakoli,
Volume 19, Issue 6 (3-2026)
Volume 19, Issue 6 (3-2026)
Abstract
Background and Aim: With the digitalization of healthcare, hospital information systems handle vast amounts of sensitive data, making their protection crucial. This study aimed to assess the compliance of these systems in hospitals affiliated with Birjand University of Medical Sciences with the physical and technical safeguard standards of Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA) in 2024.
Materials and Methods: This cross-sectional descriptive study was conducted in 15 hospitals affiliated with Birjand University of Medical Sciences. The study population consisted of Information Technology (IT) unit managers, who were selected using a census method (15 individuals). The research instrument was a researcher-developed checklist consisting of 56 items based on the physical and technical standards of HIPAA. The face validity of the checklist was confirmed by five experts in Health Information Management, Medical Informatics, and Health Policy, and its reliability was verified with a Cronbach’s alpha coefficient of 0.84. Data were analyzed using SPSS software and descriptive statistics, including frequency, percentage, mean, and standard deviation.
Results: A total of 15 information technology managers (14 men and 1 woman) from 15 hospitals, including 8 teaching and 7 non-teaching hospitals, participated in the study. The findings showed that the hospital information systems of Birjand University of Medical Sciences complied with the HIPAA physical and technical safeguard standards at rates of 81.7% and 86.7%, respectively. In the domain of physical safeguards, the workstation security standard demonstrated the highest level of compliance, with a mean score of 89.3%. Full compliance (100%) was observed for certain indicators, including emergency access procedures for facilities and physical access control procedures. In contrast, the lowest compliance in this domain was related to the device and media controls standard, with a mean score of 74.9%, particularly in the identification and tracking of hardware and electronic media. In the domain of technical safeguards, the overall mean compliance rate was 86.7%. Among these standards, person or entity authentication achieved the highest level of compliance, with all hospitals demonstrating full compliance (100%). In addition, access control (93.3%), audit controls (86.7%), and transmission security (85.3%) were all at desirable levels. However, the lowest compliance was observed for the integrity standard (50%), highlighting the need to strengthen technical infrastructure and implement more advanced electronic mechanisms to ensure data accuracy and integrity.
Conclusion: Although the overall level of compliance in the hospitals under study is satisfactory, significant gaps remain, particularly in device and media control and data integrity. These deficiencies may lead to breaches of patient privacy and undermine public trust in the healthcare system. It is recommended that senior hospital managers and health policymakers address these deficiencies by developing and implementing clear internal guidelines, investing in appropriate supportive technologies, and conducting continuous, targeted training programs for all personnel. In addition, periodic compliance monitoring is essential to ensure continuous improvement.
Materials and Methods: This cross-sectional descriptive study was conducted in 15 hospitals affiliated with Birjand University of Medical Sciences. The study population consisted of Information Technology (IT) unit managers, who were selected using a census method (15 individuals). The research instrument was a researcher-developed checklist consisting of 56 items based on the physical and technical standards of HIPAA. The face validity of the checklist was confirmed by five experts in Health Information Management, Medical Informatics, and Health Policy, and its reliability was verified with a Cronbach’s alpha coefficient of 0.84. Data were analyzed using SPSS software and descriptive statistics, including frequency, percentage, mean, and standard deviation.
Results: A total of 15 information technology managers (14 men and 1 woman) from 15 hospitals, including 8 teaching and 7 non-teaching hospitals, participated in the study. The findings showed that the hospital information systems of Birjand University of Medical Sciences complied with the HIPAA physical and technical safeguard standards at rates of 81.7% and 86.7%, respectively. In the domain of physical safeguards, the workstation security standard demonstrated the highest level of compliance, with a mean score of 89.3%. Full compliance (100%) was observed for certain indicators, including emergency access procedures for facilities and physical access control procedures. In contrast, the lowest compliance in this domain was related to the device and media controls standard, with a mean score of 74.9%, particularly in the identification and tracking of hardware and electronic media. In the domain of technical safeguards, the overall mean compliance rate was 86.7%. Among these standards, person or entity authentication achieved the highest level of compliance, with all hospitals demonstrating full compliance (100%). In addition, access control (93.3%), audit controls (86.7%), and transmission security (85.3%) were all at desirable levels. However, the lowest compliance was observed for the integrity standard (50%), highlighting the need to strengthen technical infrastructure and implement more advanced electronic mechanisms to ensure data accuracy and integrity.
Conclusion: Although the overall level of compliance in the hospitals under study is satisfactory, significant gaps remain, particularly in device and media control and data integrity. These deficiencies may lead to breaches of patient privacy and undermine public trust in the healthcare system. It is recommended that senior hospital managers and health policymakers address these deficiencies by developing and implementing clear internal guidelines, investing in appropriate supportive technologies, and conducting continuous, targeted training programs for all personnel. In addition, periodic compliance monitoring is essential to ensure continuous improvement.
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