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Systematic Review of Medical Tourism in Iran and Case Study of Tehran University of Medical Sciences
Abdollah Naami , Azadeh Chatrooz ,
Volume 11, Issue 5 (1-2018)
Volume 11, Issue 5 (1-2018)
Abstract
Background & Aim: Planning in medical tourism is important. This study was conducted to assess factors, elements and development plans of medical tourism and situation study and analysis of Tehran University of Medical Sciences (TUMS).
Materials and Methods: This mixed method study was conducted in 2017. In systematic review, published studies searched between years 2006 to 2016. In the second phase, medical tourism data of TUMS explored as retrospective cross sectional and expert viewpoint analysis in medical tourism concept.
Results: 39 published articles were assessed. According to results, admissions and total payment of foreign patients in all hospitals of TUMS in 2016 were 21788 and around 18.5 billion Tomans respectively.
Qualitative results showed that, there were not transparence program and suitable physical area and TUMS needs to comprehensive planning, supportive infrastructure of foreign patients, correction of transportation system and improve marketing.
Conclusion: Despite the history of TUMS hospitals in attraction of foreign patients and analyzing it, there were many limitations to achieve good situation. Although assessing patients viewpoints can provide a platform to solve problems and limitations according to priorities.
Materials and Methods: This mixed method study was conducted in 2017. In systematic review, published studies searched between years 2006 to 2016. In the second phase, medical tourism data of TUMS explored as retrospective cross sectional and expert viewpoint analysis in medical tourism concept.
Results: 39 published articles were assessed. According to results, admissions and total payment of foreign patients in all hospitals of TUMS in 2016 were 21788 and around 18.5 billion Tomans respectively.
Qualitative results showed that, there were not transparence program and suitable physical area and TUMS needs to comprehensive planning, supportive infrastructure of foreign patients, correction of transportation system and improve marketing.
Conclusion: Despite the history of TUMS hospitals in attraction of foreign patients and analyzing it, there were many limitations to achieve good situation. Although assessing patients viewpoints can provide a platform to solve problems and limitations according to priorities.
Afshin Mousavi Chalak, Aref Riahi, Amin Zare,
Volume 12, Issue 1 (5-2018)
Volume 12, Issue 1 (5-2018)
Abstract
Background and Aim: Scientific journals are known as one of the basic tools in knowledge development in today's world and have a special place in publication of the newest achievements of human knowledge and science. This study aimed to evaluate Iranian journals of medical sciences in Scopus database and determine their level in the world.
Materials and Methods: This is an analytical-descriptive study with Scientometrics approach. The research population includes all Iranian journals in the field of medicine which are indexed in Scopus database until 2016. We used SPSS and Excel software to analyze data and NodeXL to draw shapes and pictures.
Results: The findings show that the number of Iranian journals increased from 2 in 1999 to 78 in 2015. Also, 15 cities and 29 centers and universities have played a role in publishing those journals. Meanwhile, the findings show that Iranian indexed journals are at a lower level compared with those of the developed and industrial countries.
Conclusion: The most important reasons for Iranian journals' growth were "the policy of Scopus to increase scientific journals", "observance of standards and compliance with international fashion and standards of medical journals”, and the like. We concluded that Iranian journals compared with those of other countries are not at a good quality position and that it is essential to have an appropriate policy by the Ministry of Health and its subordinate Universities.
Materials and Methods: This is an analytical-descriptive study with Scientometrics approach. The research population includes all Iranian journals in the field of medicine which are indexed in Scopus database until 2016. We used SPSS and Excel software to analyze data and NodeXL to draw shapes and pictures.
Results: The findings show that the number of Iranian journals increased from 2 in 1999 to 78 in 2015. Also, 15 cities and 29 centers and universities have played a role in publishing those journals. Meanwhile, the findings show that Iranian indexed journals are at a lower level compared with those of the developed and industrial countries.
Conclusion: The most important reasons for Iranian journals' growth were "the policy of Scopus to increase scientific journals", "observance of standards and compliance with international fashion and standards of medical journals”, and the like. We concluded that Iranian journals compared with those of other countries are not at a good quality position and that it is essential to have an appropriate policy by the Ministry of Health and its subordinate Universities.
Mohammad Arab, Ebrahim Jaafari Pooyan, Abbas Rahimi Forushani, Azam Sadat Rivandi,
Volume 12, Issue 2 (7-2018)
Volume 12, Issue 2 (7-2018)
Abstract
Background and Aim: The quality of healthcare services is determinant in patients’ improvement process, upgrading their satisfaction, ranking healthcare centers, and preventing patients’ repeated referrals leading to more costs for healthcare centers and insurance companies. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the quality of services -- from the perspective of patients -- given by the laboratories having contract with Iran Health Insurance Organization (IHIO).
Materials and Methods: In this cross-sectional study, the opinions of 302 patients having referred to the laboratories in contract with IHIO in Tehran were surveyed with a researcher-developed questionnaire. Descriptive and inferential statistical tests were used to analyze and report the results.
Results: The sample included 43.5% males and 56.5% females. Most of the participants were married (71/3%). Based on the results, the patients' perception of the quality of laboratory services was 78%. Their expectation of services was 85%. The gap between perception and expectation of clients in all dimensions was statistically significant (p<0/001).
Conclusion: The gap between clients’ perception and expectation in all dimensions suggests that there is some room for improving the quality of laboratory services. The results of this assessment can surely affect the way IHIO treats with laboratories in terms of extending contracts and strategic purchase of services from these centers. In addition, patients' opinions will be important in improving the quality of services.
Materials and Methods: In this cross-sectional study, the opinions of 302 patients having referred to the laboratories in contract with IHIO in Tehran were surveyed with a researcher-developed questionnaire. Descriptive and inferential statistical tests were used to analyze and report the results.
Results: The sample included 43.5% males and 56.5% females. Most of the participants were married (71/3%). Based on the results, the patients' perception of the quality of laboratory services was 78%. Their expectation of services was 85%. The gap between perception and expectation of clients in all dimensions was statistically significant (p<0/001).
Conclusion: The gap between clients’ perception and expectation in all dimensions suggests that there is some room for improving the quality of laboratory services. The results of this assessment can surely affect the way IHIO treats with laboratories in terms of extending contracts and strategic purchase of services from these centers. In addition, patients' opinions will be important in improving the quality of services.
Ali Akbar Khasseh, Sholeh Zakiani, Faramarz Soheili,
Volume 12, Issue 3 (9-2018)
Volume 12, Issue 3 (9-2018)
Abstract
Background and Aim: Scientometric studies are one of the most effective methods of scientific evaluation in databases. The aim of this study was to investigate Breast cancer in Iran from 2000-2016.
Materials and Methods: This study has an applied approach and was conducted using scientometric indices. The st tistical population was the indexed articles related to Breast cancer between the years 2000 and 2016 by Iranian researchers at the Science Web site.
Results: During the period 2000-2016, researchers have published 2198 articles on Breast cancer that indicate a steady and steady increase in the number of studies conducted in this area. The results of the study showed that Qaderi is the most prolific researcher in the field of Breast cancer in terms of the number of articles in Iran, Ebrahimi and Montazeri are in the second and third positions respectively. The highest H-index belongs to Montazeri, Qaderi and Abraham, respectively. Researchers in the field of Breast cancer have collaborated with researchers from 65 countries and more with the United States and Canada. The most co-operation has been between researchers in Tehran and Tabriz. The analysis of the keywords used in Breast cancer research in the form of supragloss showed that Iran, Apoptosis and Polymorphism were the most frequent keywords in the studied works.
Conclusion: The upward trend in Breast cancer research indicates the growing importance of this area in Iran. Given the global growth of Breast cancer research and the importance of international research participation, Iranianresearchers should more and more engage in scientific collaboration with their counterparts abroad.
Materials and Methods: This study has an applied approach and was conducted using scientometric indices. The st tistical population was the indexed articles related to Breast cancer between the years 2000 and 2016 by Iranian researchers at the Science Web site.
Results: During the period 2000-2016, researchers have published 2198 articles on Breast cancer that indicate a steady and steady increase in the number of studies conducted in this area. The results of the study showed that Qaderi is the most prolific researcher in the field of Breast cancer in terms of the number of articles in Iran, Ebrahimi and Montazeri are in the second and third positions respectively. The highest H-index belongs to Montazeri, Qaderi and Abraham, respectively. Researchers in the field of Breast cancer have collaborated with researchers from 65 countries and more with the United States and Canada. The most co-operation has been between researchers in Tehran and Tabriz. The analysis of the keywords used in Breast cancer research in the form of supragloss showed that Iran, Apoptosis and Polymorphism were the most frequent keywords in the studied works.
Conclusion: The upward trend in Breast cancer research indicates the growing importance of this area in Iran. Given the global growth of Breast cancer research and the importance of international research participation, Iranianresearchers should more and more engage in scientific collaboration with their counterparts abroad.
Saied Ghaffari , Sholeh Zakiani ,
Volume 13, Issue 1 (5-2019)
Volume 13, Issue 1 (5-2019)
Abstract
Background and Aim: The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between meta-cognitive beliefs with individual-social adaptability among Iran University of Medical Sciences librarians.
Materials and Methods: The research method was descriptive correlational. The statistical population of this study was 51 librarians of Iran University of Medical Sciences. The research tool was the California Individual and Social Adjustment Questionnaire and meta-cognitive beliefs of Wells and Cartwheel-Hatton. Data were analyzed by inferential and descriptive statistics(Pearson correlation coefficient).Data were analyzed by SPSS.
Results: The results showed that there was a negative correlation between individual adaptability with positive beliefs about worries, uncontrollability and risk, cognitive self-awareness.But with the variable of thought control, the relationship was positive and there was no relation to the cognitive reliability variable.The relationship between social adjustment with irregularity and risk variables, cognitive reliability, positive thoughts control.There was no relationship between social adaptability and positive beliefs about worries. Social adaptability was negatively related to cognitive self-awareness.
Conclusion: Increasing the variable of positive beliefs about worries reduces individual adaptability and undermines social adaptability. Increasing the uncontrollability and risk variable leads to a reduction in individual adaptability and increased social adaptability. Cognitive enhancement of librarians is ineffective in individual adaptation but has a positive impact on social adaptability. Increasing control of thoughts among librarians will increase their individual and social adaptability. Increasing cognitive self-awareness leads to a reduction in the individual and social adaptation of librarians.
Materials and Methods: The research method was descriptive correlational. The statistical population of this study was 51 librarians of Iran University of Medical Sciences. The research tool was the California Individual and Social Adjustment Questionnaire and meta-cognitive beliefs of Wells and Cartwheel-Hatton. Data were analyzed by inferential and descriptive statistics(Pearson correlation coefficient).Data were analyzed by SPSS.
Results: The results showed that there was a negative correlation between individual adaptability with positive beliefs about worries, uncontrollability and risk, cognitive self-awareness.But with the variable of thought control, the relationship was positive and there was no relation to the cognitive reliability variable.The relationship between social adjustment with irregularity and risk variables, cognitive reliability, positive thoughts control.There was no relationship between social adaptability and positive beliefs about worries. Social adaptability was negatively related to cognitive self-awareness.
Conclusion: Increasing the variable of positive beliefs about worries reduces individual adaptability and undermines social adaptability. Increasing the uncontrollability and risk variable leads to a reduction in individual adaptability and increased social adaptability. Cognitive enhancement of librarians is ineffective in individual adaptation but has a positive impact on social adaptability. Increasing control of thoughts among librarians will increase their individual and social adaptability. Increasing cognitive self-awareness leads to a reduction in the individual and social adaptation of librarians.
Mahmoud Moradi, Sara Bahrami Nia,
Volume 13, Issue 4 (11-2019)
Volume 13, Issue 4 (11-2019)
Abstract
Background and Aim: The aim of this study was to evaluate the health literacy of patients referring to specialist physicians' offices in the city of Kermanshah.
Materials and Methods: This is a descriptive analytical cross-sectional study. The population of the study (patients and their companions) included those referring to specialist physicians' offices. In 2017, 380 people were randomly selected and were studied during three months. The data collection tool was Health Literacy for Iranian Adults Assessment Questionnaire. Its validity was confirmed by specialists and its reliability turned out to be 0.89 by Cronbach's alpha. Data were analyzed by statistical tests (Spearman's correlation, Mann–Whitney U test and Kruskal-Wallis test) using SPSS software.
Results: The findings of the study showed that the health literacy of patients and their relatives, referring to physicians' offices in the city of Kermanshah, was relatively favorable, i.e., more than average. The three sources of "the Internet", "questions asked from doctors and medical staff" and "radio and television" are the priorities of information or health literacy. The results showed that people's health literacy was different in terms of age, sex, education, and occupation.
Conclusion: The results of this study revealed that often those people who have low and limited health literacy are among vulnerable community groups (having old ages, low educational levels, and low income). So, considering the health information needs and health literacy of vulnerable groups and designing simple and targeted education using the appropriate media are recommended.
Materials and Methods: This is a descriptive analytical cross-sectional study. The population of the study (patients and their companions) included those referring to specialist physicians' offices. In 2017, 380 people were randomly selected and were studied during three months. The data collection tool was Health Literacy for Iranian Adults Assessment Questionnaire. Its validity was confirmed by specialists and its reliability turned out to be 0.89 by Cronbach's alpha. Data were analyzed by statistical tests (Spearman's correlation, Mann–Whitney U test and Kruskal-Wallis test) using SPSS software.
Results: The findings of the study showed that the health literacy of patients and their relatives, referring to physicians' offices in the city of Kermanshah, was relatively favorable, i.e., more than average. The three sources of "the Internet", "questions asked from doctors and medical staff" and "radio and television" are the priorities of information or health literacy. The results showed that people's health literacy was different in terms of age, sex, education, and occupation.
Conclusion: The results of this study revealed that often those people who have low and limited health literacy are among vulnerable community groups (having old ages, low educational levels, and low income). So, considering the health information needs and health literacy of vulnerable groups and designing simple and targeted education using the appropriate media are recommended.
Abbas Doulani, Zahra Shabani, Roya Baradar,
Volume 14, Issue 1 (3-2020)
Volume 14, Issue 1 (3-2020)
Abstract
Background and Aim: The purpose of the present study was to investigate the scientific outputs of the faculty members of the information science and science departments of Iranian state universities in the Science Research Network and its impact on their scientific outputs in databases and search engines.
Materials and Methods: This study was applied in terms of purpose, survey methodology and Altmetrics approach. The statistical population of the study consisted of 118 faculty members in the field of information science and social sciences active in Social- Scientific Network from 29 Governmental universities in the country. Pearson correlation coefficient, independent t-test, Kruskal-Wallis were used for data analysis.
Results: The findings showed that the authors of Isfahan, Tehran University of Medical Siences and Shahid Chamran of Ahvaz Universities are the most active members of the faculty in ResearchGate in terms of Altmetrics characteristics. In terms of RG score, faculty members with associate's degree perform better than the others. There is also a positive correlation between the Altmetrics indicators of ResearchGate network and the scientometric indicators of Scopus citation database and Google Scholar.
Conclusion: Since there was a positive correlation between Altmetrics indexes in ResearchGate with Scinientometrics indexes in Google Scholar and Scopus, so this leads to the visibility of their scientific work and their improvement of citation indexes in databases.
Materials and Methods: This study was applied in terms of purpose, survey methodology and Altmetrics approach. The statistical population of the study consisted of 118 faculty members in the field of information science and social sciences active in Social- Scientific Network from 29 Governmental universities in the country. Pearson correlation coefficient, independent t-test, Kruskal-Wallis were used for data analysis.
Results: The findings showed that the authors of Isfahan, Tehran University of Medical Siences and Shahid Chamran of Ahvaz Universities are the most active members of the faculty in ResearchGate in terms of Altmetrics characteristics. In terms of RG score, faculty members with associate's degree perform better than the others. There is also a positive correlation between the Altmetrics indicators of ResearchGate network and the scientometric indicators of Scopus citation database and Google Scholar.
Conclusion: Since there was a positive correlation between Altmetrics indexes in ResearchGate with Scinientometrics indexes in Google Scholar and Scopus, so this leads to the visibility of their scientific work and their improvement of citation indexes in databases.
Ebrahim Hassanzadeh, Edris Hassanpoor, Seyed Sajjad Razavi, Mohammad Reza Sheikhy-Chaman,
Volume 14, Issue 3 (7-2020)
Volume 14, Issue 3 (7-2020)
Abstract
Background and Aim: Human resources are one of the most important assets of any organization and the creation of a safe working environment enhances the quality of services in addition to satisfying this valuable capital. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the safety of diagnostic laboratories of hospitals affiliated to Iran University of Medical Sciences (IUMS).
Materials and Methods: This cross-sectional descriptive study was conducted in 7 IUMS hospitals in 2019. Data collection was performed using a checklist that was validated after being translated (by qualitative face validity method); Then, the safety status of the studied laboratories was classified into four categories: Excellent, good, average and poor. Finally, data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and SPSS software.
Results: In determining the validity of the checklist using qualitative face validity, experts' opinions were applied as changes in the tool. In the descriptive part of the study and among the safety dimensions of diagnostic laboratories, the highest mean score was related to the dimensions of "communication hazards" and "safety information" and the lowest to the dimension of "fire safety".
Conclusion: According to the results of the study, the overall safety status of the diagnostic laboratories of the hospitals under investigation is at a good level; however, the "fire safety" component as one the most important safety components was considered poor, and necessary steps must be taken to improve it.
Materials and Methods: This cross-sectional descriptive study was conducted in 7 IUMS hospitals in 2019. Data collection was performed using a checklist that was validated after being translated (by qualitative face validity method); Then, the safety status of the studied laboratories was classified into four categories: Excellent, good, average and poor. Finally, data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and SPSS software.
Results: In determining the validity of the checklist using qualitative face validity, experts' opinions were applied as changes in the tool. In the descriptive part of the study and among the safety dimensions of diagnostic laboratories, the highest mean score was related to the dimensions of "communication hazards" and "safety information" and the lowest to the dimension of "fire safety".
Conclusion: According to the results of the study, the overall safety status of the diagnostic laboratories of the hospitals under investigation is at a good level; however, the "fire safety" component as one the most important safety components was considered poor, and necessary steps must be taken to improve it.
Mehdi Dadashi Arani, Gholamreza Mastali Parsa,
Volume 14, Issue 4 (10-2020)
Volume 14, Issue 4 (10-2020)
Abstract
Background and Aim: Medical concepts can be studied in language and literature. The purpose of this study is to investigate the term"pezeshk" and"medical terminology” in ancient Iran, in Persian language and literature, and in Mashreqi Shirazi poems.
Materials and Methods: This research has been done by reviewing and studying three articles, three databases, and about fifteen books. Since the subject of study is “medicine in Iran” and “Persian language and literature”, non-Iranian physicians and Iranians whose works are in Arabic have been excluded from this study.
Results: The history of medicine in Iran is as old as the history of Iran itself; and its influence can be clearly seen in Persian language and literature. The root of the term“pezeshk” is Avestan(Baesha-za), which has changed to Baesha-zak in the Middle Persian and in Bejeshk and Pezeshk in Parsian, which is still used today. The names of many Iranian ancient therapists are associated today with widely used medical terms: Trita is one of the first Aryan therapists, and his name is the same as“treat”. The names of some ancient Iranians are considered as the first ones in the world of medicine, e.g., Mehrdad II Ashkani, the first immunologist. Besides, in this study, the influence of medicine on literature was proved in the poetry of Mashreqi Shirazi(970-1038 AH), a shiite poet.
Conclusion: Medicine is not an imported science to Iran and the history of medical science in this country is, as evidenced by history, as old as the history of Iran. This longevity can be seen in the Persian word “pezeshk” itself, and in the names of the first Aryan and Iranian physicians and the medical schools of ancient Iran. The global name of Medicine is taken from the first historical dynasty of Iran, Maad(Medi in Greek), and one of the first Maad healers, Cina(Cine) Moghani. In literature, it is apparent that Hakim Mashreqi was aware of medicine. Such awareness included the constituent elements of the body, name of some diseases, treatment and the name of some drugs.
Materials and Methods: This research has been done by reviewing and studying three articles, three databases, and about fifteen books. Since the subject of study is “medicine in Iran” and “Persian language and literature”, non-Iranian physicians and Iranians whose works are in Arabic have been excluded from this study.
Results: The history of medicine in Iran is as old as the history of Iran itself; and its influence can be clearly seen in Persian language and literature. The root of the term“pezeshk” is Avestan(Baesha-za), which has changed to Baesha-zak in the Middle Persian and in Bejeshk and Pezeshk in Parsian, which is still used today. The names of many Iranian ancient therapists are associated today with widely used medical terms: Trita is one of the first Aryan therapists, and his name is the same as“treat”. The names of some ancient Iranians are considered as the first ones in the world of medicine, e.g., Mehrdad II Ashkani, the first immunologist. Besides, in this study, the influence of medicine on literature was proved in the poetry of Mashreqi Shirazi(970-1038 AH), a shiite poet.
Conclusion: Medicine is not an imported science to Iran and the history of medical science in this country is, as evidenced by history, as old as the history of Iran. This longevity can be seen in the Persian word “pezeshk” itself, and in the names of the first Aryan and Iranian physicians and the medical schools of ancient Iran. The global name of Medicine is taken from the first historical dynasty of Iran, Maad(Medi in Greek), and one of the first Maad healers, Cina(Cine) Moghani. In literature, it is apparent that Hakim Mashreqi was aware of medicine. Such awareness included the constituent elements of the body, name of some diseases, treatment and the name of some drugs.
Somaye Dehghanisanij, Ismaeil Mostafavi, Hamidreza Zarghami, Hojat Soleimani,
Volume 14, Issue 5 (1-2021)
Volume 14, Issue 5 (1-2021)
Abstract
Background and Aim: The field of medical engineering is the flagship interdisciplinary approach in Iran, which, due to its attention to knowledge-based economy, takes a step towards prosperity and smoothing progress and development. The purpose of this study is to investigate the interactions between university, industry and government of Iran in scientific articles in the field of medical engineering using the triple helix model.
Materials and Methods: This is an applied research with a quantitative approach and uses scientometric techniques. The status of dynamic interactions of the main pillars of Iranian innovation in the field of medical engineering in WoS (Web of Science) database has been calculated using the .exe and the 4.exe softwares in the period of 2010-2019, and the transmission degree of uncertainty index in dual and national dimensions has been determined.
Results: The T-index ranking was assigned to university-government(23.38 mb), university-industry(8.47 mb) and industry-government (1.13 mb), respectively, and finally, national interaction(-12.48 mb) was obtained. The interaction between university and industry had an increasing trend and the strongest dual interaction belonged to the university-government. Over the last ten years, national interaction has always had a negative value, which indicates the existence of dynamics in interactions in the national dimension.
Conclusion: The dual university-industry interaction has been increasing in recent years; however, in the long run, the national interaction of the pillars has been facing a declining trend, according to which some science and technology policies, and research and industrial strategies have been proposed as a necessity to promote the university-industry-government innovation network in the field of medical engineering in Iran.
Materials and Methods: This is an applied research with a quantitative approach and uses scientometric techniques. The status of dynamic interactions of the main pillars of Iranian innovation in the field of medical engineering in WoS (Web of Science) database has been calculated using the .exe and the 4.exe softwares in the period of 2010-2019, and the transmission degree of uncertainty index in dual and national dimensions has been determined.
Results: The T-index ranking was assigned to university-government(23.38 mb), university-industry(8.47 mb) and industry-government (1.13 mb), respectively, and finally, national interaction(-12.48 mb) was obtained. The interaction between university and industry had an increasing trend and the strongest dual interaction belonged to the university-government. Over the last ten years, national interaction has always had a negative value, which indicates the existence of dynamics in interactions in the national dimension.
Conclusion: The dual university-industry interaction has been increasing in recent years; however, in the long run, the national interaction of the pillars has been facing a declining trend, according to which some science and technology policies, and research and industrial strategies have been proposed as a necessity to promote the university-industry-government innovation network in the field of medical engineering in Iran.
Seyed Hassan Emami Razavi, Mahboubeh Shali, Samaneh Mirzaei, Ali Reza Nikbakht Nasrabadi, Zahra Khazaeipour,
Volume 15, Issue 3 (8-2021)
Volume 15, Issue 3 (8-2021)
Abstract
Background and Aim: Implementation of a program to support physicians’ working long in deprived areas is one of the most important programs of the Health System Transformation Plan in response to the challenge of the shortage of expert staff, particularly physicians. Numerous factors affect the persistence of physicians in different regions, especially in deprived ones. This study aims to explain the experiences of physicians in relation to the challenges of working long in deprived areas.
Materials and Methods: The present research is a qualitative study that was conducted in 2020 in Tehran, Iran. To achieve information saturation, 16 physicians and specialists were chosen using purposive sampling method. Then, for data collection, semi-structured interviews were used. Moreover, data analysis was performed using Graneheim and Lundman contractual content analysis method, and data management was done with MAXQDA software version 12. Furthermore, Lincoln and Guba reliability criteria were applied to achieve data accuracy and reliability.
Results: Three female and 13 male physicians with a mean work experience of 45.4±7.8 years and an average work experience in deprived areas of 8±6.3 years participated in the study. Six participants were native to the region and the rest were non-native. Twelve participants in the study were the faculty members of the university. When the data were analyzed, 286 initial codes were extracted. The information was divided into four main categories and eleven subcategories. Welfare, motivation, justice and security were the main categories of this study.
Conclusion: Providing individual and social welfare for physicians, and fair treatment in financial payments and educational justice along with establishing security provide the necessary motivation for physicians to stay in a deprived area. Besides by combining several solutions at the same time, the presence of doctors in deprived areas can be guaranteed.
Materials and Methods: The present research is a qualitative study that was conducted in 2020 in Tehran, Iran. To achieve information saturation, 16 physicians and specialists were chosen using purposive sampling method. Then, for data collection, semi-structured interviews were used. Moreover, data analysis was performed using Graneheim and Lundman contractual content analysis method, and data management was done with MAXQDA software version 12. Furthermore, Lincoln and Guba reliability criteria were applied to achieve data accuracy and reliability.
Results: Three female and 13 male physicians with a mean work experience of 45.4±7.8 years and an average work experience in deprived areas of 8±6.3 years participated in the study. Six participants were native to the region and the rest were non-native. Twelve participants in the study were the faculty members of the university. When the data were analyzed, 286 initial codes were extracted. The information was divided into four main categories and eleven subcategories. Welfare, motivation, justice and security were the main categories of this study.
Conclusion: Providing individual and social welfare for physicians, and fair treatment in financial payments and educational justice along with establishing security provide the necessary motivation for physicians to stay in a deprived area. Besides by combining several solutions at the same time, the presence of doctors in deprived areas can be guaranteed.
Fatemeh Esmaili, Najmeh Ashouri, Seyedeh Mahboobeh Hosseini Zare,
Volume 17, Issue 1 (3-2023)
Volume 17, Issue 1 (3-2023)
Abstract
Background and Aim: Antibiotics are one of the most commonly used drugs that help to heal and treat diseases, but improper administration and excessive use of them can increase length of stay and cost of hospitalization. The purpose of this study was to analyze relationship between experimental use of antibiotics and duration of stay of premature infants admitted to Mahdiyeh hospital in Tehran.
Materials and Methods: This descriptive-analytical and cross-sectional study was carried out in 2019 on 159 premature infants admitted to intensive care ward of Mahdiyeh hospital in Tehran were investigated. The study tool was a questionnaire that validity of questionnaire was measured by content analysis method and reliability of questionnaire was measured by Cronbach’s alpha method. Data analysis was done using SPSS software, with help of descriptive statistics of frequency and percentage and statistical test of one-way analysis of variance and independent t-test.
Results: The results showed that 52.2% of infants were girls and 79.9% of deliveries were performed by cesarean section. The average length of stay of infants was 31.47 days and average birth of infants was 30 weeks. According to results of study, there was a significant relationship between length of hospitalization of infants with duration of antibiotic treatment and number of periods of receiving antibiotics (P<0.05). The duration of hospitalization of infants with a period of receiving less than 14 days of antibiotics was almost half of duration of hospitalization of infants with more than 14 days of receiving antibiotics. Also, there was a significant relationship between number of antibiotic courses and length of hospitalization of patients (P<0.05). With increase in number of antibiotic sessions, duration of hospitalization of infants increased significantly. The results of study showed that there was a significant relationship between birth weight of babies, cost of bed, and total cost of experimental administration of antibiotics (P<0.05).
Conclusion: Considering that rational use of antibiotics reduce length of stay of hospitalized infants, Ministry of Health should develop an updated and transparent antibiotic adminstration protocol for premature infants and awareness physicians to inform particularly prescription of antibiotics and implementation of stewardship antibiotic programs in neonatal intensive care unit. Also the publication of standard treatment guidelines, instructions including importance of prescribing antibiotics with correct dose and clinical education of physicians are necessary.
Materials and Methods: This descriptive-analytical and cross-sectional study was carried out in 2019 on 159 premature infants admitted to intensive care ward of Mahdiyeh hospital in Tehran were investigated. The study tool was a questionnaire that validity of questionnaire was measured by content analysis method and reliability of questionnaire was measured by Cronbach’s alpha method. Data analysis was done using SPSS software, with help of descriptive statistics of frequency and percentage and statistical test of one-way analysis of variance and independent t-test.
Results: The results showed that 52.2% of infants were girls and 79.9% of deliveries were performed by cesarean section. The average length of stay of infants was 31.47 days and average birth of infants was 30 weeks. According to results of study, there was a significant relationship between length of hospitalization of infants with duration of antibiotic treatment and number of periods of receiving antibiotics (P<0.05). The duration of hospitalization of infants with a period of receiving less than 14 days of antibiotics was almost half of duration of hospitalization of infants with more than 14 days of receiving antibiotics. Also, there was a significant relationship between number of antibiotic courses and length of hospitalization of patients (P<0.05). With increase in number of antibiotic sessions, duration of hospitalization of infants increased significantly. The results of study showed that there was a significant relationship between birth weight of babies, cost of bed, and total cost of experimental administration of antibiotics (P<0.05).
Conclusion: Considering that rational use of antibiotics reduce length of stay of hospitalized infants, Ministry of Health should develop an updated and transparent antibiotic adminstration protocol for premature infants and awareness physicians to inform particularly prescription of antibiotics and implementation of stewardship antibiotic programs in neonatal intensive care unit. Also the publication of standard treatment guidelines, instructions including importance of prescribing antibiotics with correct dose and clinical education of physicians are necessary.
Majid Babaei, Shila Hasanzadeh, Sadeq Rezaei, Davoud Alirezazadeh Sadaghiani, Mohammadreza Sheikhy-Chaman,
Volume 17, Issue 2 (5-2023)
Volume 17, Issue 2 (5-2023)
Abstract
Background and Aim: As a result of the COVID-19 pandemic, the global and Iranian economies have been affected in various ways. The tax sector seems to have reacted relatively quickly to this pandemic. This study examined the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on tax revenues in West Azerbaijan Province.
Materials and Methods: This descriptive-analytic and cross-sectional study was conducted in the second half of 2021. Primary data for 17 cities of West Azerbaijan Province were provided by the General Administration of Tax Affairs of this province in the form of 9 variables in Excel Format. The data were related to 2019 (Before the COVID-19 pandemic) and 2020 (After the COVID-19 pandemic). The data were analyzed by SPSS using descriptive statistics (Frequency, Percentage, Median, Interquartile range) and analytical statistics (Wilcoxon signed rank test) at a 5% significance level.
Results: Based on the descriptive results, the COVID-19 pandemic caused an increase in the tax revenues of West Azerbaijan province in the fields of government employees’ salary tax, stock transfer tax, inheritance tax and stamp duty tax and a decrease in these revenues in the areas of private employee’s salary tax, income tax on legal entities, business income tax, property transfer tax and value-added tax. Based on the analytical results, the impact of this pandemic on the private employee’s salary tax (P=0.003), income tax on legal entities (P=0.019), business income tax (P=0.013), property transfer tax (P=0.015) and value-added tax (P=0.001) was found to be negative and significant. Furthermore, the effect on stock transfer tax (P=0.030) and inheritance tax (P=0.001) was positive and significant. On the other hand, the impact of this pandemic on government employees’ salary tax (P=0.287) and stamp duty tax (P=0.356) was not statistically significant.
Conclusion: The COVID-19 pandemic hurt most of the tax revenue sectors. To compensate for the decreased income in vulnerable sectors, the government must develop international trade with comprehensive support from the non-governmental sector while creating new tax lines. Also, stabilizing the financing cycle and designing mechanisms to prevent tax evasion, especially in high-paying jobs, can be fruitful.
Materials and Methods: This descriptive-analytic and cross-sectional study was conducted in the second half of 2021. Primary data for 17 cities of West Azerbaijan Province were provided by the General Administration of Tax Affairs of this province in the form of 9 variables in Excel Format. The data were related to 2019 (Before the COVID-19 pandemic) and 2020 (After the COVID-19 pandemic). The data were analyzed by SPSS using descriptive statistics (Frequency, Percentage, Median, Interquartile range) and analytical statistics (Wilcoxon signed rank test) at a 5% significance level.
Results: Based on the descriptive results, the COVID-19 pandemic caused an increase in the tax revenues of West Azerbaijan province in the fields of government employees’ salary tax, stock transfer tax, inheritance tax and stamp duty tax and a decrease in these revenues in the areas of private employee’s salary tax, income tax on legal entities, business income tax, property transfer tax and value-added tax. Based on the analytical results, the impact of this pandemic on the private employee’s salary tax (P=0.003), income tax on legal entities (P=0.019), business income tax (P=0.013), property transfer tax (P=0.015) and value-added tax (P=0.001) was found to be negative and significant. Furthermore, the effect on stock transfer tax (P=0.030) and inheritance tax (P=0.001) was positive and significant. On the other hand, the impact of this pandemic on government employees’ salary tax (P=0.287) and stamp duty tax (P=0.356) was not statistically significant.
Conclusion: The COVID-19 pandemic hurt most of the tax revenue sectors. To compensate for the decreased income in vulnerable sectors, the government must develop international trade with comprehensive support from the non-governmental sector while creating new tax lines. Also, stabilizing the financing cycle and designing mechanisms to prevent tax evasion, especially in high-paying jobs, can be fruitful.
Alireza Hajizadeh, Reza Hafezi, Mrs Maryam Tajvar,
Volume 17, Issue 5 (12-2023)
Volume 17, Issue 5 (12-2023)
Abstract
Background and Aim: Futures studies are constantly evolving and help organizations and individuals for better identification of future events, opportunities, and threats. In the field of health, futures studies are also applied for better prediction of health issues in future, control of unpleasant condition and preparing for pleasant future in health system. The purpose of this study is to conduct a scoping review of the futures studies accomplished in the field of health in Iran,
Materials and Methods: This study is a scoping review, conducted based on the Arksey and O’Malley framework with 6 steps including research question identification, related study identification, study selection / screening, data segmentation, summarizing and reporting results and providing guidance and recommendations n. National and international databases and search engines including PubMed, Web Of Science (WOS), Scopus, ProQuest, SID, Magiran, IranDoc and Google Scholar were searched using related keywords. After removing duplicate articles, the remaining articles were screened according to inclusion and exclusion criteria. The results of the selected articles were finally categorized, summarized and reported based on the mentioned steps.
Results: Among of 6691 articles identified, 30 articles reached the final synthesis stage. The articles were classified into forecasting, foresighting, and mixed categories, with the scenario writing method being the most widely used and applied in 20 studies. Also, studies were classified in scope of nature based on quantitative or qualitative and time horizon. Types of futures studies methods in Iran, in the fields of public health, medicine, science and technology, financing, prescription, health tourism, diet, human resources, aging, Covid-19 epidemic, health policy, hospital and macro level of health system were used.
Conclusion: The use of futures studies methods in a targeted manner and on the issues of Iran’s health system can play an effective role in knowing the future for more informed decision-making and planning in order to build a desirable future. The results of this review showed that scattered studies have been conducted with futures studies methods in the field of health, among which the scenario writing method has received more attention.
Erfan Amiri, Hossein Hooshyar, Hossein Nazemorraaya, Mohammadreza Shiee, Sima Rasti, Gholam Abbass Moosavi,
Volume 17, Issue 5 (12-2023)
Volume 17, Issue 5 (12-2023)
Abstract
Background and Aim: Toxoplasma gondii is one of the important food-borne parasitic pathogens that infect humans and a wide range of warm-blooded animals. Consumption of poultry meat, especially chicken, is a potential risk of transmission of toxoplasmosis to humans. This study aimed to determine the prevalence of T. gondii infection in industrial broilers referred to the Kashan poultry abattoir, Iran, in 2023.
Materials and Methods: This cross-sectional study was performed on 114 brain and heart samples of industrial broilers were randomly collected from Kashan poultry abattoir. Two prepared direct smears from each sample were stained with Giemsa stain and examined microscopically for the presence of tissue cysts of T. gondii. The genomic DNA was extracted using a commercial kit. PCR method was used for detection of the B1 genome of T. gondii using specific primers. The PCR product was evaluated by electrophoresis on a 1.5% agarose gel. The results were analyzed with descriptive statistics using SPSS software.
Results: Of 114 chicken samples, 65 (57%) and 49 (43%), were male and female respectively. Totally, 12 samples (10.5%) were positive for T. gondii infection. T. gondii DNA fragments were detected in 8 (7.06%) of the samples. Microscopy examination revealed T.gondii in 6 (5.26%) samples. All infections were related to brain samples, and no infection was detected in heart muscle samples.
Conclusion: Infection with T. gondii is considerable in broilers in the Kashan region. Therefore, preventive measures such as training people to properly cook meat before consumption and avoiding eating raw or under‑cooked poultry meat products are recommended to prevent human infection to T. gondii. In order to stop life cycle of this parasite, avoiding using raw bird meat for feeding pets such as cats is recommended.
Azam Shahbodaghi, Maryam Shekofteh, ,
Volume 17, Issue 6 (2-2024)
Volume 17, Issue 6 (2-2024)
Abstract
Background and Aim: Systematic reviews and meta-analyses are the most reliable sources of evidence in evidence-based practice. Analyzing the scientometric and authorship features of these articles at the national level can provide useful information for various decision-makers. This study aimed to investigate the scientometric and authorship characteristics of Iran’s systematic review and meta-analysis articles indexed in Scopus.
Materials and Methods: The current research was conducted using a scientometric approach. The research population includes 9579 systematic review and meta-analysis articles published between 2011 and 2021, and Iran is the affiliated country of at least one of the authors. The quantitative and qualitative growth process of articles as well as the authorship characteristics are examined in this research, among other things.
Results: Review of 9579 articles indicate an increasing trend in the publication, with the highest number of articles (2565) being published in 2021. The thematic analysis shows that the majority of articles are related to the field of Medicine, with 7112 articles, followed by Biochemistry, Genetics, and Molecular Biology with 1433 articles. The highest H-index, 68, refers to the year 2018 and the highest percentage of articles included in the Hirsch Index horizon refers to the year 2011. The highest average number of citations per article is 146.44, observed in 2012, while the lowest is 4.62, reported in 2021. The highest average number of citations in relation to the age of the articles was 9735/34 in 2020, whereas the minimum was 279 in 2011.Calculating the percentage of articles above the H-index horizontal line based on total articles of each year, along with the average citation per article, shows a decreasing trend with slight fluctuations. On the other hand, there is a growing trend when considering the number of citations in relation to the age of the articles. The lowest average author count (5.48) is linked to 2011, whereas the highest count (12) is related to 2012. The first and the corresponding author of more than 91% of the articles was from Iran. In conducting the examined articles, researchers from the United States collaborated the most (12.05%) with researchers from Iran. University of Tehran, as the authors' affiliated organization, has contributed the most to the examined articles (27.81%). The Iranian Journal of Public Health has published the most of the examined articles (36/1%).
Conclusion: The articles under investigation show an increasing trend of growth, yet further research is needed to assess their qualitative trend. Given the rising significance of evidence-based practice, the stakeholders need to ensure the maintenance of the quantitative growth trend and the enhancement of the qualitative growth of these articles.
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