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This reasearch is a discriptive study. the purpose of this study was to assesspatients' knowledye , attitude and practice with coronary artery diseases and of their family . member about theraputic Regimen advises . In this study , 50 patients with Coronary artery diseases and 50 members of their family have been studied randomly . Two questionnaires were prepared, one for patients and another for their families, which both of them included 4 parts as follows : Demographic data, question related to knowledge, the kind of attitude and quality of practice .Then the Scores of patients > knowledge and also their family's were determined Separately and the relation ship between their variables together in patients with their family w&s measured.The results of investigation showed that, most percentage of patients and their family possesing high knowledge and positive attitude about theraputic regimen and most percentage of patients have had disireable practice and their families have had non - disireable practice.The results showed that there was a significant relation between patients >knowledge and their attitude , and between their familys > practice and their attitude.

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This is a retrospective research in order to compare the side effect of DMPA with OCP in reproductive women referring to health center in Kalaleh in year 1998. In this assessment the total number of women participated were 198, from this 115 were using Depo medroxy progesterone injection, and 83 women taking OCP. All the research subjects were assessed for having specifice character necessary for this research, and participated willingly. Data collecting was done by the means of questionnaire and checklist, data analysis was performed. The result revealed most users of DMPA were older with higher incidence of pregnancy and more children, lower socio - economical education and using injection for shorter period, comparing to women taking tablets, however the users of injection were taking OCP before, but those taking OCP never used any other method of contraceptive. There was a significant differences in headache, nausea, decreased vaginal discharge and menstrual problems, but no significant differences in acne, backache, leg cramps, mastalgia and hair loss were observed.

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Introduction: Folic acid is one of the most important vitamins for women of reproductive ages, especially before conception and during pregnancy. Many researches have shown the role of folic acid in prevention of fetal malformations especially neural tube defects, anemia, cardiovascular disease and some cancers.

Material and Methods: This research is a semi-experimental study. A sample of 130 married women at reproductive ages (15-45 year) referring to health centers in Kermanshah was selected randomly. The tool for collecting data was questionnaire. After filling the pretest questionnaire, each woman participated in a face to face 15 minutes educational session. Two weeks later the same questionnaire was filled by the participant. To analyze the data, the descriptive statistics, frequency distribution charts, the mean and central tendency as well as validating statistics (2 test and t test) was used.

Results: The results indicated that there was a statistically significant difference in amount of knowledge (p 0.0001, t=-27.381) and the amount of usage (p=0.0001, 2 = 42.968) of folic acid supplement before and after education. This difference was more prominent in women between 25-29 years of age, self-employed, with diploma degree, housewives, having diploma holding husbands and first time pregnancies.

Conclusion: The amount of information and usage of folic acid supplement increased significantly after education. This finding reveals the importance of health education and the important role of health personnel such as midwives. Therefore, it is suggested that women of reproductive ages be informed of importance of taking folic acid supplement.

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Introduction: Cesarean section (CS) is more dangerous than normal delivery for mothers and neonates. Rates of CS in our country are very high, especially in Guilan province (57.6% in urban areas). The claim that a major reason for these high rates is maternal request, hidden behind of the routine medical diagnoses, was the basis of present study.

Materials and Methods: A total of 210 pregnant women in Rasht who were at 36-40 weeks of pregnancy and had chosen CS as their delivery method without previous history of CS or any medical reason were included in this study. Cluster sampling was performed at health-treatment centers of Rasht. Data were collected by interview and a questionnaire was completed by the investigators. Statistical analyzing was performed by descriptive and analytic methods (Chi square and Fisher exact test).

Results: The majority of participants (68.6%) had moderate knowledge about benefits and harms of CS and most had taken their information from relatives and friends. The majority of women (71.4%) had moderate attitude toward CS. More than 50% of the mothers had chosen CS for following reasons, in decreasing order of frequency: child&aposs health, fear of pain, stress and anxiety, prevention of genital tears, fear of vaginal exams, prevention of deformity and relaxation of genitalia and shortening of delivery time. There was a significant relation between some of the demographic factors or obstetrical history, level of knowledge and kind of attitude with some of the reasons of choosing CS for example, age, level of knowledge (both p<0.05) and kind of attitude (p=0) with fear of pain.

Conclusion: Reasons for choosing CS by the medically low risk mothers are not medically acceptable and midwives and the other health workers can successfully explain this to mothers. They can also support pregnant women informationally, emotionally and socially in different ways such as holding childbirth preparation classes. In this way they can influence women&aposs decision about method of delivery and promote mothers&apos and neonates&apos health by decreasing CS rates.

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Introduction: Midwifery practice is involved with clinical judgments which have direct effect on mother&aposs and embryo&aposs health. A midwife should be able to make vital decisions based on her knowledge and skills in emergency situations. A midwife can reach correct decisions by using critical thinking.

Materials and Methods: In this cross-sectional, descriptive-comparative study we compared critical thinking of the first and last trimester baccalaureate and post graduate midwifery students of Medical Sciences Universities of Tehran. A total of 259 qualified students of 2002-2003 educational year were selected by census method. After description the goals and methods of study, we applied California critical thinking skills test (form B) in order to measure level of student&aposs critical thinking. This test is a valid tool for measuring critical thinking and skills, including analysis, inference, deductive reasoning, inductive reasoning and evaluation. Scores were analyzed by statistical tests (ANOVA, t test and Pearson correlation coefficient).

Results: No significant difference between total critical thinking scores of first and last trimester students was found but the scores of critical thinking of the last trimester students showed a significant decrease in Tehran University (p=0.009) and a significant increase in Iran University (p=0.007). No significant difference was found in skills of critical thinking among students. In last trimester students, scores of inductive reasoning showed a significant decrease in Tehran University (p=0.001) and a significant increase in Iran University. There was a significant decrease in evaluation ability scores in Tehran and Azad (open) Universities (p=0.002) a significant increase in these scores was found at Iran University (p=0.008).

Conclusion: According to the results of this study, despite importance of critical thinking, enough attention is not being paid to it during the educational course. The current midwifery education strategies are unable to increase level of critical thinking in students. It is essential to utilize new teaching strategies and active learning methods.

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Introduction: One of the main aims of religions is to improve psychological health in society and interpersonal relationships. It has been shown that religious education can be used in primary and secondary prevention of psychiatric disorders.

Material and Methods: The samples of study were the teachers of guidance schools of the capital city of Tehran. The samples were 40 depressed female teachers that were chosen randomly among the 30-40 year old teachers who were not using any drugs. Data gathering tool was a questionnaire containing Hamilton test with 24 questions about mood disorders (including depression). Another questionnaire including demographic characteristics and questions regarding change of mood after attending religious education classes was also used.

Results: The results showed that 90% of the subjects were satisfied with religious methods such as prayer, fasting and blessing for decreasing their depression 92.5% were satisfied with regular education of religious values. A total of 80% of the samples believed that training by a particular teacher would influence their interest in the religious values 55% reported calmness after praying. There was a significant differences between the mean score of depression before and after attending religious education classes (p=0.000).

Conclusion: According to the findings of this research, education of the religious values can affect anxiety, sadness, hopelessness, sleeplessness and lack of appetite and depression. Performing religious acts such as prayers causes a type of relaxation and good feeling in the patients.

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Introduction: According to some studies, pharmacological concentrations of Mg2+ have anti-thrombotic effects and interfere with platelet aggregation in vitro and in vivo.

Materials and Methods: The study group consisted of 50 pregnant women who required magnesium sulfate for mild pre-eclampsia or preterm labor. In all patients, a platelet count, magnesium level, bleeding time and mean arterial pressure were obtained before and 2 hours after magnesium sulfate infusion. Magnesium sulfate was started with a 6 gr intravenous bolus, followed by 2 gr/hr infusion. Bleeding time was measured by Duke method. Data were analyzed with Mann Whitney U and Wilcoxon rank tests.

Results: Thirty one patients (62%) received magnesium sulfate for preterm labor and 19 (38%) for mild pre-eclampsia. Analysis of the entire study group revealed a rise in the magnesium level (p<0.0001), a lowering of the mean arterial pressure (p<0.0001) and no significant difference of the bleeding time and platelet count. Comparison of platelet count, magnesium level and bleeding time before and 2 hours after magnesium sulfate infusion revealed no significant difference in two groups.

Conclusion: According to this study, magnesium sulfate with usual dosage has no effect on bleeding time in pregnancy.

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The harlequin fetus is the most severe type of congenital ichtyosis in which fetus suffers from chapped thick skin, abnormal face appearance, increased or decreased body temperature, respiratory distress, malnutrition, decreased sodium level, convulsion and infection. It happens once every 300 000 births in both genders. Premature birth and death are among consequences of this disorder. The woman was 31 years old. No abnormalities were reported in sonography. The fetus was delivered via normal vaginal delivery. The infant had a harlequin face appearance. The infant was discharged with consent of the parents after two days and passed away 24 hours after discharge.

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Background & Aim: Proper recording of the nursing report indicates the nurse’s optimal clinical performance and compliance with the standards. Nanda Nursing Diagnosis is one of the most important and widely used international standard terms for recording nursing care. The aim of this study was to determine the degree of compliance and frequency of nursing diagnoses registered in the pediatric oncology department with the statements of nursing diagnoses of the Nanda classification system.
Methods & Materials: In this descriptive study, the nursing reports recorded in the files of children hospitalized in the pediatric oncology wards of two hospitals affiliated to Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences in the first quarter of 2016, were reviewed. Sampling was done by the census method for 3 consecutive months. Overall, 86 files and 3701 nursing reports were reviewed. Nurses' documentation was analyzed through the manifest content analysis. The obtained expressions were adapted to the nursing diagnoses of the Nanda classification system and the degree of adaptation and frequency of nursing diagnoses were determined.
Results: The overall compliance between the diagnoses extracted from the nursing reports and the Nanda nursing diagnoses was 14.7%. The most frequent nursing diagnoses were diagnoses related to safety/protection classification with a frequency of 47.95%, followed by diagnoses related to nutrition classification with a frequency of 24.42% and finally a frequency of 12.8% for nursing diagnoses related to comfort classification.
Conclusion: The findings of the present study indicated the low levels of compliance with the Nanda nursing diagnoses and nursing process in the nursing reports. Therefore, practical training is suggested to increase nurses' knowledge and motivation to apply Nanda nursing diagnoses.
 

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Background & Aim: With age, some physiological changes cause a negative effect on gait patterns. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of a 6-week rotary exercises program on spatial and temporal gait parameters in elderly men.
Methods & Materials: This was a quasi-experimental study. A total of 38 employees and retirees over 60 years of age from Isfahan University of Technology in 2019, were selected by the convenience and purposeful sampling and were randomly divided into experimental and control groups (19 people). The gait parameters were assessed through marking the subjects’ trunk and lower extremities, along with simultaneously filming from three directions (anterior, posterior, and lateral) with a Canon 700D camera, and loading the videos into KINOVEA software. The exercise program were performed in three 60-minute sessions per week for six weeks. To analyze the data, descriptive statistics and the analysis of variance with repeated measures were used.
Results: The results showed a significant difference in the number of steps per minute (Cadence) (P<0.001), step speed (P=0.019), stride time (P<0.001), step time (P<0.001), time of stretching or deployment (P=0.002), oscillation time (P<0.001) and dual protection time (P=0.014), but other parameters such as stride length (P=0.102), step length (P=0.137) and step width (P=0.089) were not significantly different.
Conclusion: Implementation of the 6-week combined rotary exercises program in the elderly can improve the gait parameters, reduce the risk of falls and thus reduce the number of referrals to treatment centers in this age group.