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Introduction: Pain caused by some therapeutic and nursing procedures has been a major concern of health care providers. Injection pain is a common complaint of patients. Materials and

Methods: This quasi-experimental investigation was conducted to compare the pain intensity caused by standard, and Z-Track method for intramascullar (I.M) injection. The samples were 100 female nursing student volunteers that were selected by convenience sampling. Each sample was injected two times blindly: first by standard and then by Z-Track method, with 24 hours interval. None of them knew the method of injection for each time. The injection solution was 1 ml sodium chloride. Pain intensity was measured by a numerical pain assessment scale and pain experienced by every body was compared with herself.

Results: The results showed that the pain associated with IM injection was significantly decreased when Z-Track method was used.

Conclusion: The researcher can join to other authors stating that Z-Track can be the technique of choice for all I.M injections.

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Introduction: Children&aposs health is an important issue in activities of many international organizations. To prepare the children to understand and practice the ways of healthy life, the schools should play their important role by planning and performing effective health education programs.         

Materials and Methods: This research is an analytical-descriptive study. The samples included 330 students who were selected through multistage stratified sampling method. The data was gathered by a questionnaire and were analyzed by using the inferential and descriptive statistics.

Results: The results showed that there was no statistically significant difference between health behaviors of students in schools with and without health educators in the domains of eye and skin health, nutrition, sleep, rest and physical activity, but there was a significant difference between health behaviors related to ear (2=8.58, p=0.014) and tooth (2=9.35, p=0.009) the students with educator had healthier ear and tooth behaviors than students who didn&apost have educator. In the domain of mouth and tooth the girls had healthier behaviors than boys. In the domain of physical activity the boys had better health behaviors than girls, having educator or not.

Conclusion: Overall, there was no significant difference between health behaviors of students in schools with and without health educators. Formation of healthy behaviors is a multifactorial issue and survey of all factors and variables affecting health behaviors can provide clearer measures for planning the health education programs and optimum usage of resources, manpower, budget and time to promote awareness and performance of health behaviors in schools.

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The concept of privacy, which is used in many disciplines, is a basic human need and also is recognized as an important concept in nursing. The concept of privacy has been described in various dimensions including physical, psychological, social and informational privacy. In this article we review these dimensions. Most of the studies related to the privacy have been carried out in the area of physical privacy. One of the basic areas of privacy in hospitals is related to data protection and the prevention of information inaccuracies. Major factors that threaten the privacy include intrusion upon the seclusion or physical boundaries and unnecessary physical touch. In order to decrease these problems, health worker need to find a new approach of working with patients. Review of the literature showed that only a few studies about the privacy of patients have been carried out. To encourage research in this field, accurate instruments should be developed in order to measure different aspects of the privacy, an aim that is difficult to achieve because of the complex nature of the concept. It is also important that necessity of observing patients’ privacy systematically be thought to medical students

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Background & Aim: Nurses can support the patients’ rights advocacy, if they are informed of these rights. Furthermore in order to exercise and protect of these rights, the working environment should be appropriate.

Methods & Materials: The aim of this descriptive analytical study was to explore the nurses’ awareness of patients’ rights in Tehran teaching hospitals and the facilitators of observing theses rights from their perspective. To achieve this, 517 nurses were selected using multi stage stratified sampling method. Data were gathered utilizing a researcher made questionnaire with 3o statements regarding patients’ bill of rights, and an open question about patients’ rights facilitators at the end.

Results: The findings indicated that overall nurses had a high level of awareness regard patients’ rights. In addition nurses mentioned 17 factors as facilitators of patients’ rights practice. These were classified to three groups: organization related, personnel related and client/ patient related factors. The most frequent items were in the group of organization related factors.

Conclusion: Despite of nurses’ high awareness of patients’ rights, observing these rights in practice needs many other requirements. These requirements should be recognized and identified. This can be the first step for finding proper solutions by all health care providers and policy makers as well.

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Background & Objective: Research utilization is a new phenomenon in Iran and the Iranian nurses tend to practice based on evidences. The objective of this research is to investigate nurses&apos attitude toward research utilization.

Methods & Materials: This research is an analytical-descriptive study. The sample included 410 clinical nurses and instructors who were selected through multistage stratified sampling method. Data were gathered using a two-section questionnaire and analyzed using statistical package for social sciences (SPSS).

Results: 91.2% of respondents believed in using research findings in practice. 77.6% of nurses agreed with the following statement: "Research is not applicable in practice". Furthermore 88.3% agreed that" Research helps to build a scientific base for nursing". The majority of respondents had positive attitude toward research utilization. There was a significant difference between attitude and kind of professional activity, setting and research activity.

Conclusion: It seems having positive attitude toward research utilization is not sufficient for applying research results in practice. In order to utilize the research findings, more relevant research in this field of nursing is required.

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Background & Objective: Research utilization is an important way to extent the knowledge in nursing practice. It empowers the nursing profession. Research utilization is a new paradigm in Iran&aposs nursing care. This study aimed to assess the extent of research utilization in nursing clinical practice in Tehran, Iran.

Methods & Materials: This is a cross-sectional study. The clinical nurses with at least one year of work experience were selected through a multistage stratified sampling method. They completed a five-sectioned self-report questionnaire. The scores were categorized into high, intermediate, and low. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and Chi-Square test in SPSS.

Results: Findings revealed that the research utilization in 66.9% of the nurses was low. There was significant relationships between the extent of research utilization and the level of education, professional condition, clinical setting, research activities, work shift, job satisfaction, and English language skills.

Conclusion: The majority of nurses&apos practice is not according to the research findings. We need to find appropriate strategies to enable us to utilize the research findings.

 

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Background & Aim: Breastfeeding is the most cost-effective, health-promoting, and disease-preventing activity that new mothers can perform. Many researches have focused on identifying factors that influence breastfeeding initiation and duration. An important and modifiable factor is the perceived self-efficacy of mothers for breast feedings. It refers to a mother&aposs perceived ability to breastfeed her newborn and is a dominant variable in the duration of breastfeeding. The purpose of this study was to assess the relationship between self-efficacy and breastfeeding.

Methods & Materials: A descriptive, longitudinal, analytic approach was used in this study. The three-part questionnaire was administered to the eligible pregnant women (437 pregnant women) who were at least in 37 weeks of gestation and intended to breastfeed. They were then contacted again at one and four months postpartum to determine their infants&apos feeding level and method. The questionnaire was re-administered to the participants at that time.

Results: The results showed that 80.4 percent of participants had exclusive breastfeeding during one month. There was no significant relationship between antenatal breastfeeding self-efficacy and the breastfeeding. The self-efficacy was significantly related to breastfeeding outcomes at one month. Mothers with high self-efficacy were significantly more likely to breastfed their babies exclusively at one and four months postpartum than the mothers with low self-efficacy.

Conclusion: Maternal breastfeeding self-efficacy is significantly related to breastfeeding duration and level. Measuring breastfeeding self-efficacy not only identifies high risk mothers, but also provides important information to health care providers in providing support to new mothers.

 

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Background & Objective: Professional socialization is defined as the process of acquiring knowledge and skills and internalizing values, attitudes, and norms to develop professional identity. This process occurs primarily during formal education programs and continues during orientation to hospital settings. The aim of this study was to clarify professional socialization concept and to identify its attributes, antecedents and consequences in nursing context.

Methods & Materials: Rodgers&apos evolutionary method of concept analysis was used to facilitate clarification of professional socialization concept in nursing. The search, performed on scientific databases using the keywords: &apossocialization&apos, &aposprofessional socialization&apos and &aposnursing&apos, resulted in findings of a sample of 446 papers covering the period 1995 to 2009 represented the disciplines of nursing and related sciences. After applying inclusion and exclusion criteria, a total of 47 articles and four books were included in the final analysis. The process was audited by two independent experts to ensure neutrality and credibility of the study and to reduce the potentials for bias.

Results: The result of the analysis showed that professional socialization is a complex process consisting of four critical attributes: learning, being interactive, developing, and being adaptive. Comprehensive educational programs, competent role models, and provision of adequate field experiences were antecedents for these attributes. The widespread and diverse consequences of professional socialization depend on personal, situational, and organizational factors. Thus, while occurrence of socialization process generates benefits, its nonoccurrence entails severe consequences.

Conclusion: Professional socialization process is a complex, diverse, dynamic, ongoing, inevitable, and unpredictable process. This process can have both positive and negative consequences on professional development. However, negative consequences are more prominently documented in the literature. Thus, successful socialization requires establishing facilities in education and practice. The purpose of this revolutionary concept analysis was to focus on significance and how-to-apply ways of the concept in nursing. These findings not only are added to the body of knowledge, but also serve as an important impetus for further theory development and research in nursing.

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Background & Aim: Health promoting behaviors have been recognized as an important strategy for maintaining and improving the independence, health and quality of life of people with chronic diseases. The aim of the present study was to compare the health promoting behaviors of patients with MS with those of healthy people.
Methods & Materials: This cross-sectional, comparative study was conducted on MS patients and healthy people in Guilan province in 2018. For this purpose, 120 MS patients (from the MS association of Guilan province and other health centers) and 120 healthy people were selected by the convenience sampling method. The Health-Promoting Lifestyle Profile (HPLP-II) was used to collect the data. The data were analyzed using the SPSS software version 22.
Results: The results showed that health promoting behaviors of MS patients were significantly lower than those of healthy people (t=-3.127, df=238, P<0.001). The results of the components analysis indicated that the mean ranks of self-actualization (U=4948.500, Z=-4.191, P<0.001), interpersonal relationships (U=12874.000, Z=-2.957, P<0.003), stress management (U=5787.000, Z=-2.644, P<0.008) and physical activity (U=5506.500, Z=-3.156, P<0.002) in MS patients were significantly lower than those in healthy people. However, there was no significant difference between MS patients and healthy people in the components of health responsibility and nutrition.
Conclusion: In general, it can be concluded that chronic conditions are associated with a decrease in health promoting behaviors in MS patients, and the patients should be educated in this area using appropriate nursing and psychological interventions.
 

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Background & Aim: Burns are amongst severe traumas that cause disability, death, and mental illness, as well as high medical costs. The aim of this study was to compare the effect of Hippophae-rhamnoides ointment and silver-sulfadiazine ointment 1% on the healing period of second-degree burns.
Methods & Materials: In this triple-blind clinical trial, which was performed in 2016 in Imam Musa Kazem Burn and Accidents Clinic in Isfahan, fifty-five patients with one to ten percent second-degree burns, were selected using the convenience sampling method and were randomly divided into Hippophae-rhamnoides and silver sulfadiazine groups using blocked randomization with blocks of size 4. Hippophae-rhamnoides group were treated with Hippophae-rhamnoides ointment and silver sulfadiazine group with silver sulfadiazine ointment 1% daily until their burns healed completely. The wound healing period was measured in both groups using the standard burn healing checklist. Data was analyzed using the SPSS software version 20.
Results: Data analysis showed that the healing period of second-degree burn wound in the group treated with Hippophae-rhamnoides ointment was 6.71±2.11 days and in the group treated with silver sulfadiazine ointment was 11.22±2.31 days and there was a significant difference in wound healing period between the two groups (P<0.001).
Conclusion: The results showed that Hippophae-rhamnoides ointment reduces the healing period of second-degree burns compared to silver sulfadiazine 1% by accelerating the healing process. Therefore, alternatively using Hippophae-rhamnoides ointment by care providers can reduce the burden of caring for patients with second-degree burns.
Clinical trial registry: IRCT2015081523623N1
 

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Background & Aim: Knee osteoarthritis as a common chronic illness leading to disability, imposes numerous challenges on individuals in terms of daily living and self-care. Therefore, the implementation of tele-rehabilitation nursing interventions that foster patients' internal health locus of control and enhance the development of self-care behaviors may be useful. This study aimed to determine the effect of tele-nursing rehabilitation on the health locus of control in patients with knee osteoarthritis.
Methods & Materials: In this randomized clinical trial study, a total of 34 patients with knee osteoarthritis referred to the rehabilitation clinics affiliated with Shiraz University of Medical Sciences in 2022 were enrolled. The intervention group participated in an 8-session tele-rehabilitation nursing program, while the control group received standard routine care. The Multidimensional Health Locus of Control scale was administered to both groups on three separate occasions. The data were subjected to descriptive and inferential statistical analyses using SPSS software version 26.
Results: According to the results from a two-way repeated measures analysis of variance (ANOVA), a statistically significant difference was observed solely in the trend of changes in the mean score of internal belief between the two groups and over the study time period (P<0.001). Specifically, the scores of the intervention group exhibited a significant increase over time, surpassing those of the control group.
Conclusion: The implementation of tele-rehabilitation nursing care, which emphasizes patient responsibility for their internal health locus of control can improve self-care. Therefore, it is recommended that nurses employ this approach in managing additional chronic conditions.
Clinical trial registry: IRCT20220216054038N1