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Smoking is one of the social - economic problems of the world. Looking through mass producton of cigarettes, and frequency advertising, the ratio of smokers are going higher during past years. Also studying on causes of smoking and how to prevent people from smoking, some countries have been successful in reducing thier smokers up to 50% . In this study, the main goal was How many medical boy students are involved smoking at Semnan University of Medical Sciences and health services. Statistic group were 320 medical - boy students, they were asking by questionnaires, which had 24 questions .The analytic Ratio showed that 14.4% of students were smoking as a habit, 67.4% were using as a fun and 7.2% were used one or two single cigarettes every other day . Also, 45.7% of the subjects have smoked at least once during their life time.More than 90% of these boys were around 23 years of age and 43.5% started their smoking, when they began to study in college. So this subject will prove the important factors of preventive measure and risk factors on that society.

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The adult age occurs when somebody reaches 65 years of age. It consists of gradually destruction of the structure and organism of the body during a long period. It leads to transformation of structure and process of different organs, such as: turning the hair white, hair falling, skin wrinkling, visual and hearing reducing, back curving, muscle power reducing, memory and perception disordering and reducing in capacity and function of pulmonary and cardiovascular systems.Theories presented in the field of the adult age consisting of: A) biological theories classified by three groups: 1. Immunity theory 2. Cellular aging theory 3. Free radical theory B) psychological theories Qsociological theories that are classified by four groups: 1. Theory of non-commitment 2. Activity theory 3. Continuity theory 4. Interaction theoryEach of the above theories provides justifications regarding the aging process and it is of importance to be aware of those theories in order to establish an information network for practically determinations regarding the adult age.

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Introduction: Hepatitis is a serious danger to heath of delivery room s personnels since direct exposure to the blood occurs in 25 percents of viginal labours.

Materials and Methods:This descriptive study carried out in order to evaluate knowledge about hepatitis B among midwives and midwifery’s students in delivery rooms in hospitals related to Medical Sciences universities in Tehran. The study group consisted of 120 persons (60 midwives and 60 midwifery’s students) and hospitals were selected through cluster sampling and samples selected randomly. Data collected by a questionnaire from June to September 2002. Data were analyzed with descriptive statistics and chi-square test.

Results: Results showed that knowledge were moderate in majority of midwives and midwifery s students. There was no significant difference between knowledge about hepatitis B in three universities.

Conclusion: This research showed that knowledge of midwives and midwifery s students about hepatitis B wasn t adequate hence training courses is recommended in order to increase knowledge of midwives and more attention must be paid to education of midwifery’s students about blood born diseases, especially hepatitis B.

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Background & Aim: Epilepsy as the most important chronic neurological disease affects on child and his/her family therefore it can lead to occur some stresses in family particularly in parents. This study has been done to determine ideas of parents with epileptic children about stressors and their coping with this agent in those who come to the optional therapeutic centers in Tehran.

Methods & Materials: This is a descriptive-analytical research which 400 parents with epileptic children were selected based on aim. The method of collecting data was by questionnaire for literate persons and by interview for illiterates whose research tool was questionnaire. The questionnaire was prepared in three parts (demographic information’s, stressors questions, and coping questions for parents with epileptic children. The data was collected in one stage and analyzed with SPSS software. To analyze the data, descriptive and inferential statistical methods (t-test, analyze variance) have been used.

Results: Statistical analysis showed that there is significant differences in stress between parents (p=0.001). The most percentage (86%) of fathers in comparison mothers (81.9%) have moderate level of stress and least percentage (5.4%) fathers and (4.4%) of mothers have low level of stress. The level of stress in parents showed significant correlation with personal variables. Most percentage (69%) of fathers and mothers (66.1%) have low-moderate level of coping and it has significant correlation with some personal variables. The analyze variance test showed that there was significant and converse relationship between stress and coping in parents with epileptic children and increasing stress lead to decrease coping. Conclusion: The results of this study have been shown that the stress in father of epileptic children is more that mothers however there is no significant differences in the level of coping.

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Background & Aim: Nurses have the major role at care continuity and health promotion. They frequently affect total productivity in a organization. However, the nurses believe that due to several barriers they have not desire productivity, therefore the health care have been left at level of quality. The aim of this research are assessing nurses&apos view about productivity and role of human resource on it.

Methods & Materials: This study has been done based on grounded theory method. Open interviews has been used for gathering of data. Sampling was purposive in beginning study but so that study was proceeding and categories were completed, it changes to theoretic sampling. Constant comparative analysis was method of data analyses.

Results: Essential themes emerged from the data in human resource category. These are: systemic calculating number of staff, accurate staff select and use criteria for them, provide adequate staff from various categories in total year&aposs day, accept patient when as coordinate to in charge nurse and well communication. These make necessary groundwork for productivity. Then accidents that emerged from inappropriate quantity and quality of human resource will be decreased. These enhance nursing productivity the biggest group of health care services. Model of Productivity and human resource effects on it’s, from nurses&apos view, has concluded of this research.

Conclusion: In nurses&apos view that participates in this research, human resource can affect on productivity process and improve it, then it lead to develop quality care- health care vision and goal.

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Background & Aim: Screening methods of gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) diagnosis is controversy. The survey of relation between GDM and its risk factors helps to determine screening methods. This study was performed to find weather the prevalence of gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is influenced by higher hemoglobin (Hb) level and mean corpuscular volume (MCV) before 14 weeks gestation in GDM women and healthy women.

Methods & Materials: In this case-control study, 33 pregnant women with GDM in case group (diagnosed according to the Carpenter and Costan criteria) were compared with 33 pregnant women in control group without GDM after 24-28 weeks&apos gestation. Data were gathered using a questionnaire and a data registration form by interview and biophysical methods. The data were analysed by descriptive and inferential statistics (Chi-squared, Fisher exact test, two samples Kolmogrov-Smirnov test, and Pearson correlation coefficient).

Results: There was no significant difference between two groups in demographic factors and medical history. T-test showed a significant difference between the amount of Hb in the control group (13.23±0.078 gr/dl) and the case group (12.23±0.70 gr/dl) before 14 weeks gestation (P<0.001). There was no significant difference between MCV level in two groups (P=0.294). Also MCV level before 14 weeks&apos gestation was 86.92+ 4.51 fl in the case group and 85/56+5/84 fl in the control group.

Conclusion: The result showed that GDM women had higher Hb level than the control group before 14 weeks&apos gestation. It seems that a high maternal Hb in the first trimester is a risk factor for GDM and it can be used for screening and diagnosing of GDM. Also more investigations of the logic of routine iron supplementation in pregnant women who have a high level of Hb are suggested.

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Background & Aim: Needlestick injuries (NSIs) are a serious occupational hazard for health care providers and nurses that are often not reported for various reasons. Several studies have reported a different rate of this great challenge. The aim of this systematic review and meta-analysis was to estimate the prevalence of under-reporting of NSIs in healthcare providers in Iran.
Methods & Materials: By searching national and international databases including SID, Magiran, Google Scholar, IranMedex, Science Direct, PubMed and Scopus, 19 published articles were extracted. Data analysis was carried out through the random-effects model, and heterogeneity was investigated by I² index. The data were analyzed using the Stata software version 12.0.
Results: The rate of non-reporting of NSIs in 19 relevant articles in Iran with the sample size of 9274 was 59% (95% CI: 49-69). The rate of under-reporting of NSIs in the healthcare providers (64%) was higher than in nurses (55%). Based on the meta-regression results, there was no significant relationship between the prevalence of under-reporting of NSIs and the year of publication (P=0.138), sample size (P=0.390) and age (P=0.918).
Conclusion: The results of the study showed that more than half of health care providers did not report NSIs. Notifying health care providers about the risks of NSIs and properly dealing with the injured cases is necessary in order to increase the reporting of NSIs.
 

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Background & Aim: Pregnancy is one of the enjoyable and evolutionary aspects of women’s life, which is often associated with many stresses and concerns. Counseling is one of the most appropriate interventions to reduce concerns and increase the decision-making power of pregnant women. This study aimed to determine the effect of solution-focused group counseling on pregnant women’s worries.
Methods & Materials: A randomized clinical trial was conducted on 108 pregnant women with gestational age of 6 to 19 weeks and a score of worry ≥55, from May to September 2017 in health centers of Sabzevar University of Medical. The intervention group received a solution-focused counseling and the control group received routine prenatal care. Concerns of pregnant women were evaluated before, after, and two months after the intervention using the Farsi version of Cambridge Worry Scale. The data were analyzed using t-test, chi-square, and repeated measure analysis of variance through the SPSS software version 22. A P value less than 0.05 was considered statistically significant.
Results: The mean score of worry before the study was 58.9±5.9 for the intervention group and 58.8±4.37 for the control group, and no significant difference was observed. After the intervention, these values for the intervention group and the control group were 34.6±13.3 and 57.7±8.78, respectively. Two months after the study, these values were 31.1±10.1 and 54.6±10.9, respectively. The analysis of variance with repeated measurements showed that pregnant women’s concerns about childbirth, fetal health, maternal health, and family relationships were significantly reduced after the intervention and two months later (P<0.001). Women’s worries about socioeconomic issues were not significantly reduced after the intervention and two months later in comparison with the control group (P=0.563).
Conclusion: The solution-focused counseling is an effective way to reduce pregnant women’s concerns about maternal and fetal health, family relationships and childbirth. It can be used in conjunction with pregnancy care.
Clinical trial registry: IRCT20180123038485N1