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Background & Aim: Osteoporosis is a metabolic disease which is the result of gradual destruction of bone mass and its most serious and frequent complication is hip fracture. Because adolescent females are the high risk group of affecting this disease, the purpose of this study was to assay female students’ knowledge’s about osteoporosis and its risk factors.

Methods & Materials: A cross-sectional study with a 31-item questionnaire was used in this research. A convenience sample of 1000 adolescents in grade 1-3 who attended at 6 high schools participated in this study. Using SPSS software, the data were analyzed by chi2 and T tests.

Results: According to 22 questions about knowledge, sufficient knowledge of students was estimated 40.8%. Among 10 factors related to the family, only correlation between father occupation and knowledge was significant statically (p=0.049). Knowledge was higher in independent- medicine versus dependent medicine occupations.

Conclusion: Overall, the knowledge of these assayed female students about this disease and its risk factors including sex, race, smoking, sun exposure, exercise, calcium- rich foods and menopause and its complications was limited.

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Background & Aim: Item analysis is a process in which both test items (questions) and students&apos answers are examined in order to assess the quality and quantity of the items and test as a whole. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of analysis of multiple choice test items of summative exams on quality of the test design by faculty members of Tehran Nursing and Midwifery School.

Methods & Materials: A quasi experimental method (pre-test and post-test) without control group was used in this study. After a pilot study, 33 nursing faculty members of school of nursing and midwifery at Tehran University of Medical Sciences were chosen through census sampling. Then one of their exams designed in the second semester (83-84) were chosen to be analyzed. The analysis results were reported to the faculty members. Then their designed tests for the next semester were analyzed again. The analysis was carried out using a checklist which included item structure, whole structure of exam, content validity, and levels of thinking skills reflected in questions and criteria for holding an exam. Moreover, for the quantitative analysis of questions, item difficulty and discrimination index were calculated. Item distracter analysis was examined by calculating the percentage of examinees who selected incorrect alternatives. Integrated t-test, Pearson and Spearman correlation coefficients, and Fisher&aposs exact test were used for the statistical analysis.

Results: 1056 questions before presenting the feedback and 803 questions at the end were analyzed and then the results were compared. According to the results, there was a significant difference between before and after intervention in variables item structure (P<0.001), levels of thinking skills (P<0.05), and item distracter analysis (P<0.001).While there was not significant difference between item difficulty, discrimination index, whole structure of exam, content validity, and criteria that should be considered on holding of an exam. Although, Pearson correlation coefficient showed that variables such as age (r=-0.535, P=0.004), and years of services (r=-0.546, P=0.003) with difficulty index were statistically significant.

Conclusion: The results emphasized that item analysis, providing feedback to the faculty members and offering educational booklets to assist them were effective means on improving some qualitative and quantitative items analysis measures.

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Background & Objective: Nursing and Midwifery students experience different and numerous sources of stress. Stress is a complex phenomenon that may be experienced by all. Nursing and midwifery students have multiple sources of stress due to their work environment. In order to reduce their stress and prevent the complications, all sources of stress should be recognized. This study was carried out to compare sources of stress between midwifery and nursing students of Tehran universities of medical sciences.

Methods & Materials: This is a cross-sectional study. All senior midwifery and nursing students of Tehran and Shahid Beheshti Universities were invited to participate in the study (n=380). Data were collected using a questionnaire including demographic section (15 questions) and sources of stress of educational environment, clinical environment, and social-personal problems (54 items). Data were analyzed using SPSS and tested with chi-square test.

Results: 363 students participated in the study. Research findings showed that the followings are the most cited sources of stress among the students: ambiguous professional view, incompetent professional knowledge after graduation, caring for terminally ill patients, discordance between theory and clinical education, concerns about employment. Also results showed that there were significant differences between some sources of stress and the study programs.

Conclusion: The nursing and midwifery students had numerous sources of stress in the educational, clinical, and social-personal domains of their life that can affect their physical and psychological health and cause learning problems. Using appropriate approaches to control and manage these sources of stress are recommended

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Background & Aim: Although caring is a complex concept with various definitions, there are no agreement on the exact meaning among researchers. The aim of this study was to compare caring behaviors of nurses from patients&apos and nurses&apos perspectives.

Methods & Materials: The study was conducted among 150 patients hospitalized in Boushehr hospitals and 50 nurses caring for them. Data were collected using quota sampling method via Caring Behaviors Inventory (CBI).

Results: Findings showed that there were significant differences between patients&apos and nurses&apos perspectives on the subscales of the instrument including assurance of human presence and attentiveness to others&apos experiences. Moreover, there was significant difference in total scale of caring behaviors of nurses between patients and nurses (t=2.559, P=0.011).

Conclusion: Nurses believed that they provide care for patients without making estimations of their expectations. It seems that nurses should attend to standard care to fill the gap

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Background & Aim: A desirable level of happiness among nurses is related to the quality of nursing care services. This study aimed to evaluate the level of happiness among nurses and its’ relation to some demographic factors in Zanjan province- 2017.
Methods & Materials: In this cross sectional study, 371 nurses employed in the hospitals affiliated to Zanjan University of medical sciences were participated. The Oxford happiness inventory was used to collect data. The data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and Chi-square test through the SPSS software version 16. A P<0.05 was considered statistically significant.
Results: The mean and standard deviation of age of samples were 32.2±7.08. Most nurses were female (86.79%) and married (68.46%). Most nurses had a bachelor’s degree (94.88%) and the rest of them had a master’s degree. The mean score of happiness in nurses was 43.1±13.3 (the range 0-87). Concerning the demographic and occupational variables, a statistically significant relationship was found between job satisfaction and happiness level (P=0.049).
Conclusion: According to the findings of the study, the level of happiness in the nurses was at an acceptable level. Considering the relationship between happiness and job satisfaction, and given the importance of job satisfaction in the motivation and retention of nurses in the profession, it is necessary to pay attention to this matter.
 

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Background & Aim: Today, ageing is a challenge for health and care systems, and one of its main consequences is an increase in the readmission rates. Therefore, in all countries, efforts are being made to reduce the readmission rate. The Readiness for Hospital Discharge Scale was designed to understand patients' readiness levels for discharge. This study was conducted to translate and evaluate the psychometric properties of the Readiness for Hospital Discharge Scale.
Methods & Materials: In this methodological study, a convenience sample of 500 elderly patients admitted to hospitals affiliated with Mashhad University of Medical Sciences was selected in 2020-2021. The instrument was translated using the forward-backwards method. The psychometric properties of the final version of the instrument were assessed by employing exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis (validity) and Cronbach's alpha and the Guttman's split-half coefficient (reliability).
Results: In the factor analysis, all items had a factor loading above 0.3 and, all of them were retained. The goodness of fit indices confirmed the model and a good fit of the model. The Cronbach's alpha coefficient for the whole scale and the Guttman's split-half coefficient were 0.92 and 0.86, respectively.
Conclusion: The results of our study supported the four-dimensional structure of this instrument and indicated that this instrument has adequate validity and reliability. Therefore, nurses and doctors can use this tool as a suitable method to measure the elderly patients' readiness for discharge and to achieve a safe transfer from the hospital to home.