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Background & Aim: Administration of medications is an important part of treatment and care provided by nurses. Medication errors can create serious problems to patients and health system. The aim of this study was to determine the reasons of medication errors and the barriers of error reporting from nurses&apos viewpoints.

Methods & Materials: In this study, we randomly selected five hospitals in Tabriz and Maragheh. Then, 200 nurses who were randomly selected for the study completed the study questionnaire. The questionnaire included 21 items about medication errors and 19 items about the barriers of error reporting, based on five degree Likert scale. Collected data were analyzed using SPSS-15.

Results: In this study, from the viewpoint of nurses, the most important reasons of medication errors were hospital units (3.70±0.84), shortages of nursing staff, nuring burn-out and high workload. Regarding barriers of error reporting, the most cited barriers were management factors (3.78±0.89), fear of legal issues, inappropriate definition of medication error and inappropriate reactions of authorities.

Conclusion: We recommend increasing the number of nursing staff, adjusting the workload of nursing staff, using special forms for reporting errors and providing an atmosphere of intimacy between authorities and staffs.

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Background & Aim: Quality of nursing care is a major issue in nursing management. In the last year of nursing studies (internships) in Iran, nursing students are going to independently carry out responsibilities of graduated nurses. Patients&apos satisfaction is a main indicator for nursing care quality. This study was to determine the correlation between the quality of caring behaviors among internship students with the patients&apos satisfaction with nursing care quality.

Methods & Materials: In this cross-sectional study, 200 patients were selected using convenience sampling method from the hospitals affiliated to the Tehran University of Medical Sciences. Data were gathered using two questionnaires including: 1) quality of the caring behaviors and 2) patient satisfaction with nursing care quality questionnaire (PSNCQQ). Data were analyzed using statistical tests in the SPSS-13.

Results: Regarding quality of caring behaviors, the subscale scores of the knowledge and skills were good and patient education was low. The relationship between the nurses and patients, and nursing morality were in average level. Regarding the patient satisfaction, the highest level of satisfaction was related to nursing knowledge and skills and the lowest level was related to the patient education. Significant correlation was found between the total quality of the caring behaviors with the patients&apos satisfaction and their subscales (P<0.001).

Conclusion: Based on the findings, patients are more satisfied with the caring behaviors of the students who focus on the communication with patients, nursing ethics, and especially patient education during the care.

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Background & Aim: Nurses are informed from patients needs using effective mutual communications. This study aimed to explore the communication strategies between nurses and patient.

Methods & Materials: This study had a qualitative approach with the content analysis method. Participants included 23 nurses, patients and their families in medical and surgical wards of Imam Khomeini hospital of Tehran University of Medical Sciences. Data were collected using interviews and observations. The first and second interviews were conducted unstructured. The semi-structured interviews were then conducted according to the derived concepts from the first and second interviews. We used observation in order to gain a deeper understanding and verifying data from interviews. The observations focused on the interactions between nurses and patients during mutual communications.

Results: A final theme was emerged through the data analysis: adaptation of nurses&apos attitudes and performances. This theme derived from three main categories: caring according to acute needs of patients, creating a professional realm, and participation. The caring according to acute needs of patients included subcategories such as identifying patients&apos acute needs and nurses&apos communication behavior. Creating the professional realm implicated on the clarifying roles and maintaining of privacy communication. Participation was defined as the audience and content.

Conclusion: The findings showed that nurses, in response to the underlying conditions of nursing care, assimilate their attitudes and performances to be able to meet their professional needs and their patients&apos needs. In fact, the main character of nurse-patient communication is nurses&apos active role and patients&apos passive role.

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Background & Aim: Implementation of the motivational program by nurse managers can improve nurses&apos performance and behaviour, provide better care for patients, and promote patients&apos satisfaction. This study aimed to determine the effect of implementation of the motivational program designed using "Expectancy Theory" by head nurses on patients&apos satisfaction.

Methods & Materials: This was a quasi-experimental study conducted in medical and surgical units of two hospitals in Zanajn in 2011. Data were gathered using a patient satisfaction questionnaire. The reliability of the questionnaire was confirmed (α=0.72). Fourty participants were selected and allocated in two study groups. The groups were matched for some variables before the intervention. The motivational program was implemented in the intervention group for five months. The program had two designing and implementation phases including: 1) determining nurse managers&apos expectancies from nurses, assessing nurses&apos attitudes about valuable rewards, founding reward management committee and management improvement committee, and providing evaluation checklists for nurses&apos performance 2) implementing standards of nursing care and patient education by nurses, monthly evaluation of nurses by head nurses and collaborative members of the reward management committee, determining level of rewards based on the results of nurses&apos performance evaluation, and giving reward to nurses at the end of each month in a reward ceremony. Data were analyzed using the Paired t-test, Independent t-test, Mann-Whitney, and Chi-squared in the SPSS v.16.

Results: There were no significant differences between the two groups at baseline dealing with the demographic variables. The results showed that patients satisfaction was significantly higher in the intervention group after the intervention (P<0.05).

Conclusion: This motivational program designed based on the "expectancy theory" has clear steps to be implemented among nurses and can be used as a practical guide by nurse managers to improve patients&apos satisfaction.

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  Background & Aim: Access to quality care is important in delivering health services. Patients' safety and satisfaction are indicators of quality of care evaluation. Competent nurses may deliver quality care . This study aimed to investigate the impact of using competent nurses on patients’ safety and satisfaction .

  Methods & Materials: In t his interventional study with non-equivalent control group, we selected 120 patients admitted to the emergency department of Imam Khomeini hospital in 2012 using convenience sampling method . Nursing care for the experimental group (n=40 ) was provided by nurses who had high competency scores and in the control group ( n=80), nursing care was provided by usual emergency department nurses . Data were collected using the patient satisfaction with nursing care quality (PSNCQ), and patient safety inventory. Data were analyzed in the SPSS v.16 using descriptive and inferential statistics . The significance level for all statistical tests was considered at P<0.05 .

  Results: Mean age of the intervention and control groups were 48.1 ( ±12.5) and 40.5 ( ±16.7), respectively (P<0.018). There was a significant difference between the two groups in terms of employment (P<0.009). The two groups were similar in terms of other variables such as gender, marital status, level of education, having health insurance , and the reasons for seeking admission . The results showed that there were significant differences between the two groups in patients’ safety and satisfaction with nursing care (P<0.001). Regression test was used to eliminate the effects of age and job satisfaction the results showed effect of intervention on the patients’ safety and satisfaction with nursing care .

  Conclusion: These findings indicated that using competent nurses in providing nursing care promotes patients’ safety and satisfaction with nursing care. Training nurses focusing on the level of competency is required in scheduling, staffing, and implementing nursing care to enhance safety, patient satisfaction , and quality of care.

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  Background & Aim: Governing organizational culture in hospitals can affect patients’ safety through establishment of behavioral norms among nurses. This study aimed to determine the relationship between nurses’ perception of organizational culture and their performance about patients’ safety .

  Methods & Materials: In this cross sectional, descriptive-correlation study, we used stratified sampling method to recruit 250 nurses working in general wards and emergency departments of general hospitals in Babol, 2013. Data were collected through questionnaires and were analyzed using the descriptive and inferential statistic tests including the Pearson test, ANOVA test and T-test in the SPSS . 

  Results: Nurses' perception of organizational culture was "fairly desirable" (54.5%). Performance of the nurses in the field of patients' safety was "desirable" (88%). The Pearson test showed that there was a positive and statistically significant correlation between nurses’ perception of organizational culture and their performance in the field of patients’ safety (P<0.01) .

  Conclusion: It seems that improving organizational culture in hospitals can enhance nurses’ performance in the field of patients' safety .

  

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  Background & Aim: Patients often build their perceptions about the quality of health services on the care provided for them in hospitals by nurses. The present study aimed to assess the relationship between the job satisfaction and burnout among nurses with patients' satisfaction in Shiraz hospitals in 2012 .

  Methods & Materials: In this cross-sectional study, participants were selected through a multi-stage sampling . A total of 280 nurses and 560 patients were recruited to the study. Data were collected using the Spector's job satisfaction and the Maslach Burnout questionnaire s. The structural equation modeling and the confirmatory factor analysis were used to analyze the data in the SPSS and AMOS . 

  Results: There were significant relationships between the nurses' job satisfaction and burnout with the patients' satisfaction. Also , there was a negative and significant relationship between the job satisfaction with burnout among nurses (P<0.001) .

  Conclusion: T he factors affecting job satisfaction and burnout among nurses should be considered in promoting health care provided by nurses .

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Background & Aim: Because of the importance of empathy and positive impact on the relationship between patients and health care providers, as well as the lack of valid instrument to assess student's empathy in health domain, this study aimed to examine the factor structure and reliability of the Persian version of JSE-HPS in the students of the School of Nursing and Midwifery, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences in Iran.

Methods & Materials: In this cross-sectional study, 398 nursing and midwifery students of Mashhad University of Medical Sciences were selected using stratified random sampling. The data collection instrument was JSE-HP. The confirmatory factor analysis was used to investigate the factor structure of the instrument, and the Cronbach's alpha coefficient was applied to examine its reliability. The data analysis was done using LISREL version 8.8 and SPSS version 20.

Results: The results of the confirmatory factor analysis model showed given that fitness model parameters, including CFI, GFI, AGFI and NFI were approximately 1 and RMSEA index was less than 0.1, the fitness of three-factor model is appropriate. The Cronbach's alpha coefficient for the total instrument was 0.63.

Conclusion: The current study confirmed the three-factor structure of the Persian version of JSE-HPS (20 items), included perspective taking, compassionate care and standing in patient’s shoes. Thus, this instrument is appropriate to measure empathy for patient in the health service provider students.

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Background & Aim: Patient falling is one of the most important indicator of patient safety. Nurses have an important role in the prevention of patient falls and the improvement of patient safety standards. The current study aimed to determine the relationship between the incidence of patient falls and nurses’ professional commitment.

Methods & Materials: In this cross-sectional study,300 nurses employed in hospitals affiliated to Tehran University of Medical Sciences, were selected through a proportional stratified sampling method. Data were collected by a three-part questionnaire consisted of the demographic data, the Nurses’ Professional Commitment Scale and the reports on the number of patient falls in the past three months. Data were analyzed on SPSS software using statistical tests including Pearson's correlation coefficient, Kruskal-wallis and independent-t test.

Results: The mean score of patient falls in the past 3 months was 6±1.61(moderate) for each nurse and the mean score of nurses' professional commitment was 86±8.61 (committed).A significant and reverse relationship was observed between the incidence of patient falls and nurses’ professional commitment (R= -0.51; p<0.018).There is no relationship between nurses’ demographic characteristics and patient falls.

Conclusion: Despite the lower incidence of falls in the patient under the supervision of the committed nurses, its prevention entails taking into account all factors that influence this phenomenon besides improving professional commitment.

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Background & Aim: Error always occurs in the health system and it can lead to irreparable consequences. Therefore, error prevention must be taken into account by the health systems. Detection of factors contributing to error is a key factor for the prevention of error. Hence, the aim of this study was to explore factors contributing to nursing error in emergency department.

Methods & Materials: This study was conducted using a qualitative approach. 17 emergency nurses participated in this study. Semi-structured interview was used to collect the data. Sampling was started as the purposive sampling and continued until the saturation of data was reached. Data were analyzed using the Elo & Kyngas (2008) qualitative content analysis approach. To achieve trustworthiness, participants were selected with maximum variation in terms of age, gender, work experience, and educational background.

Results: The analysis of data led to the emergence of 500 open codes and four categories including the predisposing factors of nurse-related error, predisposing factors of organization-related error, predisposing factors of error related to the culture of emergency department and predisposing factors of patient-related error.

Conclusion: Factors contributing to nursing errors in emergency department were very wide and multifactorial. Identifying the factors contributing to error is a first step to prevent errors. For reducing nursing error, nursing managers should pay special attention to the contributing factors of error identified by this study and implement interventions to reduce and mitigate these factors.

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Statistics show that brain death constitutes 1-4% of hospital deaths and 10% of the deaths occurred at the intensive care units (1). In the United States, brain death accounts for less than 1% of all deaths (about 15000 to 20000) (2). According to Iranian statistics, more than 15000 brain deaths occur every year in Iran, and driving accidents are one of its main causes (3-6). Then, these patients are taken to the ICUs to be cared for by nurses (7).

Considering the great number of brain deaths in Iran, and also the great number of patients needing transplant who die due to lack of obtaining an appropriate transplant organ, the Ministry of Health has notified to the universities of medical sciences the regulation number 54/100 dated 23.01.1394. In the 4^th clause of this regulation, accurate and specialized medical care in accordance with the instructions, preserving the vital organs of brain death patient (maintaining electrolytes, kidneys, liver, heart, lungs, and stabilizing vital signs) are emphasized which shows the necessity and importance of accurate training for all staffs specially nurses involved in caring for the brain death patients.

Given the high rate of brain death, most patients that ICU nurses face are the brain death patients (8). The caring process of brain death patients has different challenging and undiscovered dimensions due to its difficult and complicated nature which has attracted attention of researchers from all over the world to study its different dimensions. Some of the most important challenges which ICU nurses referred to in the caring process of brain death patients in studies are as follows: understanding the concept of brain death by the ICU nurses is one of the most challenging dimensions of this process (9). Although the meaning of brain death and caring for these patients is one of the vital components of nursing practice at the ICUs (10), understanding the concept of brain death is very difficult for most nurses and challenges all their previous beliefs about death and dying (11) because the concepts and implications for understanding brain death are beyond the understanding of the normal death of a person. This phrase is translated as actual death which means there is no hope for improvement, while the physical appearance of brain death patients, the presence of family members and nurses’ caring activities at the bedside of patients give the impression that they are alive, and all of these contribute to this ambiguity. But this conflict is naturally emotional and experimental for nurses (12). Ronayne in their study found that despite the knowledge about the physiology of brain death, its experience is stressful for nurses even long after facing these patients (8).

One of the other challenges is the announcement of brain death to the patient’s family. Although this is one of the physician’s responsibilities, nurses are also involved in because of their constant presence at the hospital and easy access of patients’ family members to them. This announcement is very stressful and challenging for nurses and is one of the most important parts of caring process (13) because nursing care is not only limited to the patient but also includes facing the specific needs of patient’s family members who are in crisis and experiencing an acute, complex and stressful clinical situation (14). Other nurses’ challenges in the caring process of brain death patients are ethical and legal aspects especially in the field of brain death and organ donation (4). Studies in Iran show that only half of physicians and medical staffs have sufficient awareness about organ donation and its laws, but they do not attempt to encourage organ donation for the fear of increasing mental pressure on patient’s family members (4). However, training is considered an effective factor in facilitating organ donation process (15).

Caring for a brain death patient and possible potential members to donate is another nurses’ challenge in caring process. Caring for a brain dead patient has been always a big challenge for the ICU nurses (14). According to different studies, most nurses believe that they are not ready enough to care for a patient who is a candidate for organ donation (16). So, one of the most difficult responsibilities of ICU nurses is caring for a brain dead patient who is a candidate for organ donation after her/his family’s consent (12). Studies showed that nurses feel hopelessness, inadequacy and depression after caring for a brain dead patient. These feelings may interfere in the quality of patient care and lead the nurse to be burnout (17). Ronayne found that because of the stress of caring for the brain dead patients, some nurses experience cognitive dissonance (8). One of the most important and controversial aspects of caring process is to give the request form of organ donation to the patient’s family. Given that caring process at the ICU involves both the patient and her/his whole family (18), the attitude of staffs especially nurses towards organ donation is very important since their positive attitude leads them to try more to prepare families for organ donation consent (13).

Some research has shown that providing opportunities for training nurses in this area, promotes organ donation and transplant rates since potential donors are timely identified and introduced to the organ bank (19). Nurses found that they need training and support on all aspects of caring for a brain death patient, organ donation and supporting her/his family (15). So, accurate and comprehensive understanding of the caring process of brain death patients especially from the nurses’ perspectives is very important for high quality and comprehensive caring. Due to the shortage of organ donation and the importance of organ health for transplantation, accurate and high quality caring for patient is necessary to make sure that organs remain healthy. Therefore, it is necessary to consider the caring process of the brain dead patient in order to develop an appropriate caring program for these patients.

Thus, considering that nurses are responsible for one of the most stressful caring processes including both caring for a brain dead patient and facing her/his family members (who may not be able to accept their patient’s brain death), and given the necessity of increasing the organ donation rate, and as well as the lack of targeted education on caring for the brain dead patients and insufficient nurses’ knowledge in this area, there is a need for accurate training on this caring process more than before.

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Background & Aim: Anxiety is one of the most common psychiatric disorders in the family of patients with traumatic brain injury. This study aimed to determine the effect of providing information about the patient’s condition on the anxiety level of the family members of hospitalized patients with traumatic brain injury.
Methods & Materials: This quasi-experimental study was conducted on 90 family members of traumatic brain injury patients admitted to Shahid Bahonar hospital in Kerman in 2016. The participants were selected by the consecutive sampling method and were assigned to intervention and control groups. In the intervention, the participants were informed by the nurse about changes in the patient’s condition during the first three days of admission to intensive care unit. During this period, the control received routine care. Data collection tool was the Spielberger anxiety inventory. Independent and paired t-test were used to compare the mean scores of anxiety using the SPSS software version 16.
Results: There was no statistically significant difference in the mean scores of overt, covert and general anxiety between the two groups before the intervention (P>0.05). However, after the intervention in the experimental group, the mean scores of overt anxiety (45.51±7.26), covert anxiety (45.42±6.51) and general anxiety (90.93±12.72) decreased (P<0.05) compared to the mean scores of overt anxiety (49.22±9.42), covert anxiety (49.02±9.15) and general anxiety (98.24±17.67) in the control group.
Conclusion: Providing planned information on changes in the condition of hospitalized patients with traumatic brain injury can reduce the anxiety of family members of these patients.
Clinical trial registry: IRCT20180206038642N2
 

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Background & Aim: Cancer as one of the most common illnesses in the world is associated with mental, physical, social and financial problems, which affects not only the patients, but also the family caregivers and creates a burden of care. Some studies have shown that spiritual well-being is effective in reducing the burden of care. Therefore, this research was conducted to determine the correlation between spiritual well-being and burden of care in family caregivers of cancer patients.
Methods & Materials: In this cross-sectional correlational study, 150 family caregivers of cancer patients referred to Taleghani, Shohadaye Tajrish, Masih Daneshvari and Imam Hossein hospitals in Tehran were selected by the convenience sampling method from August to November 2017. The data gathering tool was a questionnaire, and data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, Pearson and Spearman correlation coefficients, independent t-test, analysis of variance and multiple regression analysis at a significance level of 0.05.
Results: The mean and standard deviation of spiritual well-being score and burden of care were 90.36±17.70 and 25.54±11.79, respectively. There was a significant relationship between spiritual well-being (and its components including religious well-being and existential well-being) and burden of care (r=-0.421, P˂0.001). The result of regression test showed that spiritual well-being significantly predicted the burden of care.
Conclusion: The burden of care is experienced by family caregivers during caring for cancer patients, which is related to their spiritual well-being. Therefore, paying attention to the spiritual well-being of these caregivers is emphasized.
 

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Background & Aim: The success of the surgical safety checklist in reducing surgical mortality and morbidity largely depends on the degree of compliance with the checklist and correct implementation of its components by the staff. The aim of this review is to determine the challenges of effective implementation of the surgical safety checklist and to provide solutions for its more effective implementation.
Methods & Materials: In the present systematic review, all the relevant qualitative papers published from 2010 to October 2018, were examined. A  literature search was done in databases SID, Iran Medex, Iran doc, Magiran, Science Direct, Medline/PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus, ProQuest, Google Scholar, Cochran Library with keywords patient safety, surgical procedures, operative, checklist, World Health Organization, implementation science, qualitative research and their equivalent terms in Persian. Inclusion criteria were articles written in English or Persian, qualitative studies and relevant to the objectives of the study. Exclusion criteria were review articles, posters, presentations, letters to editor and quantitative studies.
Results: The findings of the review of 14 qualitative studies showed that the most important challenges in effective implementation of the surgical safety checklist were unpredictable priorities, lack of collaboration and coordination of the surgical team members, mismatch between the checklist and hospital setting, lack of patient’s cooperation and lack of a planned approach towards implementing the checklist. The strategies to improve the implementation of the surgical safety checklist included checklist localization, improving the collaboration and coordination of all the team members, training and practicing, patient participation, and active organizational leadership.
Conclusion: The introduction of the surgical safety checklist to the health care setting is a permanent challenge and requires ongoing evaluations and its integration into the workflow in the hospital, active and effective leadership, explanation of why and how to use it by managers and receiving support from the organization. Continuous education, performance evaluation and the participation of all the surgical team members in the implementation of the checklist are key factors for effective implementation of the surgical safety checklist.
 

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Background & Aim: Patient participation is an important component of the patient-centered care approach and part of patients’ rights, with positive outcomes for the health care system. The aim of this study was to explore the nurses' experiences of patient participation in nursing care and its related factors.
Methods & Materials: This qualitative study was carried out with the participation of 18 nurses working in educational hospitals of Tabriz in 2019. The purposeful sampling through semi-structured interviews and focus group sessions was used to collect the data. Data analysis was performed using conventional content analysis. To achieve the accuracy of the data, the Lincoln and Guba criteria were used.
Results: Analysis of the data resulted in four main categories "giving information, decision-making, collaboration and respect". The patient’s participation from the nurses’ perspectives was: an interactive process of decision-making and collaboration between the nurse and the patient with the exchange of information, respect, and permission from the patient. The results also included the prerequisites, domains, outcomes, barriers, and solutions for patient participation in nursing care.
Conclusion: Patient participation today is considered the legal right of the patient and also the gold standard of international health care systems. So nurses, health system policy makers, patients and academic centers can use these results to improve patient participation in the care.
 

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Background & Aim: Cardiovascular diseases, especially coronary artery disease, are one of the most common causes of death worldwide. Recently, coronary intervention through the skin has been used for treatment, which has significantly reduced mortality rates. Nursing care behavior is of special importance in reducing the complications of angioplasty. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of primary nursing care on the patients’ perception of nursing care behavior after coronary angioplasty.
Methods & Materials: In this randomized controlled clinical trial, 60 patients admitted from February 2018 to April 2018, to the CCU of Razi hospital in Birjand were selected by the convenience sampling method and assigned into two groups of 30, using a simple random allocation method. For the patients in the control group, routine care was delivered case by case, and for the patients in the primary nursing care group, care was provided based on the nursing process. At the time of discharge, the Caring Behaviors Inventory (CBI) was completed for the patients via interviews. Data were analyzed using the independent t-test and the significance levels of 0.05.
Results: The results showed that the mean scores of perception of care behavior and dimensions "respect" and "assurance of humanistic presence" in the intervention group were significantly higher than those of in the control group (P<0.05). However, no significant differences were observed between the two groups in the dimensions "positive attitude and relationship", "knowledge and professional skill" and "attention to other experiences" (P>0.05).
Conclusion: Provision of primary nursing care leads to improving the patient’s perception of nursing care behavior, increasing sense of respect, and assurance of humanistic presence of the nurse. Therefore, it is recommended to use this caring method in the cardiac intensive care unit.
 

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Background & Aim: Changes in hemodynamic parameters can indicate the health status of individuals, and treatment measures cause changes in hemodynamic parameters, and affect the treatment process of patients. Different ways of distraction can have different effects. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of music distraction and movie-watching on hemodynamic parameters of patients undergoing extracorporeal lithotripsy.
Methods & Materials: A quasi-experimental study with a three-group, before and after design was performed on 90 patients undergoing extracorporeal lithotripsy in the lithotripsy unit of Ayatollah Kashani hospital affiliated to Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences in 2018. Patients were selected using the convenience sampling method and randomly allocated into three groups. The intervention included visual and auditory distraction. Data was collected before and after the intervention using demographic characteristics questionnaire, calibrated mercury blood pressure monitor, and pulse oximeter. Descriptive statistical tests (mean and standard deviation, percentage, frequency) and inferential tests (paired t-test, Pearson correlation coefficient and analysis of variance) through the SPSS software version 16 were used to analyze the data.
Results: Analysis of variance showed that the mean scores of systolic and diastolic blood pressure, pulse rate and oxygen saturation in the auditory, visual and control groups were not significantly different before the intervention (P>0.05). Also, the mean scores of these variables in auditory, visual and control groups were not significantly different after the intervention (P>0.05). Paired t-test also showed the mean scores of pulse rate (P=0.133), systolic (P=0.159) and diastolic blood pressure (P=0.413), and oxygen saturation (P=0.083) did not have significant differences after the intervention compared to before the intervention between the groups.
Conclusion: According to the results, music and movie-watching did not have a significant effect on hemodynamic parameters of patients undergoing lithotripsy. Due to the lack of confirmatory studies, further research is needed on lithotripsy patients.
 

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Background & Aim: Comfort is the ultimate goal in all the nursing processes. The aim of the study is to examine the comfort status of the hospitalized patients with mental disorders.
Methods & Materials: This study is a descriptive, cross-sectional study that was conducted on 275 patients hospitalized in the psychiatric wards of Lavasani hospital in Tehran in 2020. The study subjects were selected using the convenience sampling method. The patients completed a demographic form and the comfort questionnaire of psychiatric patients. Data were analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics, independent t-test, analysis of variance, and the Scheffe test through the SPSS software version 24 at a significance level of 0.05.
Results: A total of 184 patients (66.9%) were male. The overall comfort score was 128.76, which was more than median based on the score from 38 to 190.
The highest scores in the dimensions of comfort, were respectively sociocultural domain (65.20±91.55), psychospiritual domain (64.19±31.50), physical domain (58.22±37.06), and environmental domain (49.19±22.39). The Scheffe test showed that the comfort score for the patients with sufficient income was significantly higher (P<0.001). Also, the patients who were employees had a higher comfort score compared to others (P=0.017).
Conclusion: The patients gained the least comfort score in the environmental domain, and the most comfort score in the sociocultural domain. Therefore, devising and implementing all nursing interventions are recommended with the aim of maintaining and improving comfort in the environment of psychiatric departments.

 

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Background & Aim: Accreditation of hospitals plays an important role in promoting the quality, safety and effectiveness of medical services, and increasing the efficiency of hospitals. The effectiveness of the accreditation system depends on the quality of the accreditation standards, the comprehensiveness of the accreditation method, and the quantity and quality of the accreditation appraiser. There is a need for appropriate metrics to review and evaluate the implementation of the charter of patients’ rights in the accreditation of hospitals. The aim of this study was to explain the challenges of patients’ rights in the Iranian hospitals accreditation system.
Methods & Materials: This qualitative study was conducted using a conventional content analysis approach with the participation of 13 key informants. In parallel with the interviews, with the aim of assessing the comprehensiveness, the coverage of the patients’ rights components was assessed by accreditation metrics in four sessions. Data analysis was conducted using the Graneheim and Lundman method.
Results: The challenges of the accreditation system were explained by two categories "Content deficiencies of hospitals accreditation standards", "Managerial challenges of accreditation system".
Conclusion: Accreditation has an effective and serious role in the improvement of hospital services and can be a good monitor for observing the rights of service recipients and the charter of patients’ rights. This study provides useful information on the content deficiencies of the country's accreditation standards in terms of service recipients’ rights and its implementation challenges that can be used by policy makers.

 

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Background & Aim: Health-related behaviors of patients with myocardial infarction (MI) are highly affected by their illness perceptions, and education is one of the ways to enhance illness perception. Accordingly, the aim of this study was to compare the effect of multimedia and telephone education on illness perception in patients with MI after discharge.
Methods & Materials: A randomized clinical trial was conducted on 32 patients with MI who were discharged in 2019-2020 in Gonabad and Mashhad. The samples were selected by the convenience sampling method and randomly assigned to the multimedia or telephone groups. The educational content was similar for both groups, and was provided as a conversation for the telephone group, and as video, audio, and image for the multimedia group. The Brief Illness Perception Questionnaire (Brief. IPQ) was completed by the patients on the first day and the sixth week after discharge. Data were analyzed through the SPSS software version 20 using Kolmogorov-Smirnov test, chi-square test, Fisher's exact test, independent t-test, Paired t-test and Levene's test, at a significance level of P<0.05.
Results: The results showed that the average score for the components of illness perception after the intervention compared to before the intervention in the both groups had a significant increase (P<0.05), but no significant difference was observed in the comparison between the two groups (P>0.05).
Conclusion: Both multimedia and telephone training methods improve illness perception in the patients. Therefore, the trainer is suggested to choose the type of training according to individual differences and facilities of the recipient, and health managers should apply appropriate policies for patients with MI to benefit from telenursing care after discharge.
Clinical trial registry: IRCT20190607043834N1