---

Background & Aim: Quality of health care services shows the degree of achievement of health outcomes. From ethical and legal perspectives, nurses should be responsible for quality of presented care. Retired nurses can help to elaborate real and valuable concepts related to effective factors on quality of nursing care due to their experiences. The aim of this study was to explore the perspectives of retired nurses on factors that affect quality of nursing care in Semnan.

Methods & Materials: In this qualitative content analysis method, 20 retired nurses were invited to the study using purposeful sampling. Data were collected mainly using semi-structured interviews. The analysis was carried out using content analysis.

Results: Findings of the study yielded to three significant themes including: 1) necessity of humanistic relationships 2) suitable selection and education (3) planning and organizing nursing cares related to quality of nursing cares.

Conclusion: Findings of this study explored perspectives of retired nurses on the effective factors on quality of nursing care. The three themes emerged in the study should be mentioned in planning programs.

---

Background & Aim: Motivated faculty promotes nursing students&apos educational level which leads to community health promotion. Attempts should be made to recognize and analyze motivating factors including expectations. This qualitative study attempted to clarify expectations of faculty of Tehran nursing schools on management system.

Methods & Materials: This was a qualitative study. The participants were 14 nursing faculty members of Tehran, Shahid Beheshti, Artesh, Shahed, and Baghiatallah Universities located in Tehran. Purposive sampling was used to recruit the participants. Data were collected using semi-structured interviews with the participants. Qualitative content analysis was used to analyze the data.

Results: Expectations of nursing faculty were explained in eight categories: empowerment of the faculty, organizational support, fairness, appropriate performance evaluation, providing appropriate working conditions, applying appropriate management strategies, attention to welfare and financial problems and promoting quality of education and research.

Conclusion: Understanding the expectations of the nursing faculty and trying to meet them can improve performance of the faculty. Meeting these expectations can enhance motivation and job satisfaction among the faculty.

---

Background & Objective: Parental participation in pediatric nursing is not ideally done due to several barriers. This qualitative study aimed to explore the barriers of parental participation in pediatric care during 2011-2012.

Methods & Materials: This qualitative study was carried out using content analysis approach. Data were gathered through face to face semi-structured interviews with a sample of pediatric nurses (n=11) who were recruited through purposeful sampling from a pediatric hospital in Tehran. After gaining data saturation, data were analyzed using content analysis method.

Results: Four main themes were emerged as barriers of parental participation in pediatric care including mutual motivation and interest in both parties (motivation and attitudes of nurses and interest in parents), management (lack of support for nurses, nursing shortage, nurses&apos workload, and poor teamwork between nurses and physicians), confidence in the nursing profession, and finally undefined role for mothers.

Conclusion: Findings revealed the barriers of parental participation in caring for their hospitalized children. Managers and nurses can take advantages of these findings to improve and strengthen parental participation in pediatric care units during hospitalization.

---

Background & Aim: Nurses are informed from patients needs using effective mutual communications. This study aimed to explore the communication strategies between nurses and patient.

Methods & Materials: This study had a qualitative approach with the content analysis method. Participants included 23 nurses, patients and their families in medical and surgical wards of Imam Khomeini hospital of Tehran University of Medical Sciences. Data were collected using interviews and observations. The first and second interviews were conducted unstructured. The semi-structured interviews were then conducted according to the derived concepts from the first and second interviews. We used observation in order to gain a deeper understanding and verifying data from interviews. The observations focused on the interactions between nurses and patients during mutual communications.

Results: A final theme was emerged through the data analysis: adaptation of nurses&apos attitudes and performances. This theme derived from three main categories: caring according to acute needs of patients, creating a professional realm, and participation. The caring according to acute needs of patients included subcategories such as identifying patients&apos acute needs and nurses&apos communication behavior. Creating the professional realm implicated on the clarifying roles and maintaining of privacy communication. Participation was defined as the audience and content.

Conclusion: The findings showed that nurses, in response to the underlying conditions of nursing care, assimilate their attitudes and performances to be able to meet their professional needs and their patients&apos needs. In fact, the main character of nurse-patient communication is nurses&apos active role and patients&apos passive role.

---

  Background & Aim: Children with cerebral palsy need permanent care and attention in various stages of growth and development. The parents experience problems in taking care of these children and making them independent. This study was conducted to explore these experiences.

  Methods & Materials : This qualitative study was conducted in 2011-2012 using content analysis. Purposeful sampling was used to recruit 19 parents of children with cerebral palsy referred to rehabilitation centers in Tehran. The data were gathered using in-depth and semi-structured interviews and were analyzed inductively.

  Results: Data analysis results revealed three original categories including "life with hardness" ، "being in ambiguity" ، and "need to be supported" ، and several subcategories including "physical strain" ، "psycho-emotional strain" ، financial burden" ، "restriction in social activities" "facing with anonymous" ، "lack of having an advisor" ، "need to get help from professionals and specialists" ، "need to have emotional- spiritual support" ، and "need to have help in caring the child".

  Conclusion : Parents in permanent care of children with cerebral palsy face with new and various situations consistently and experience difficulty and bewilderment because of insufficient family and social support. Further studies are needed to explore the support process of caregiver parents of these children.

---

  Background & Aim: With regard to the i ncreasing trends of information and complexities of health organizations , using of a dvanced tools and computers is necessary . Hospital staff is key members to develop health information systems, because they play not only a major role in the management of system, but also in the development, implementation and evaluation of the system. Since the evaluation of information systems is not possible without analyzing of the experiences and users ' views, thus the aim of this study was to explore nurses' experiences of the hospital information systems .

  Methods & Materials: In this qualitative study, we investigated the nurses' experiences of the application of hospital information systems for the rich and deep understanding of the phenomenon . The c onventional content analysis was used to collect and analyze the data . Face- to-face and semi- structured interviews were conducted with participants to achieve full saturated information. Saturation was achieved with 18 interviews . 

  Results: The emerging themes were gradual system evolution, , audit and responsibility, security, effectiveness and accessibility .

  Conclusion: Nurses' experiences were positive with the applying of the Health Information Systems. The negative experiences of the nurses were related with the application of the system and redundant work, not the system itself. Regarding to participants need, it is recommended that the system should be extended to other duties such as reporting so that more effective use of the system in order to improve the quality.

  

---

  Background & Aim: Medication errors are known as the most common preventable and life threatening medical errors. This study aimed to explore perceptions of nurses on medication errors .

  Methods & Materials: This was a qualitative study with content analysis approach. Seventeen nurses were selected purposefully from the intensive care units of Shohada hospital in khoramabad in 2012. Data were gathered using semi structural interviews with the nurses. Data were analyzed using the Lundman and Graneheim method. We used the Linclon and Gouba method to ensure a ccuracy and trustworthiness of the data . 

  Results: Four main categories and six subcategories were recognized including: 1) Management factors (inefficiency in recruitment of human power, poor physical condition and workload) 2) Inefficiency in professionalism (lack of commitment among nurses, insufficient knowledge and inefficiency in the inter professional relationship) 3) Failure in the process of drug prescription by physicians and 4) Failure in production and packaging drugs by drug companies .

  Conclusion: Training and recruiting professional and committed nurses, using electronic medical files, supervision on pharmacy companies to produce and package proper medication can reduce medication errors .

  

---

Background & Aim: Females’ quality of sexual life is one of the key issues of sexual and reproductive health. This is a subjective concept and defined as individual’s perception of sexual aspect of life. The aim of this study was to explore the factors affecting Iranian women’s quality of sexual life.

Methods & Materials: This qualitative study was conducted by conventional content analysis. Data were collected by 17 in-depth, unstructured interviews and 14 sexual life narratives through purposeful sampling among married and reproductive aged women from five university-affiliated health centers in Tehran and Shiraz. Constant comparative method was used to analyze data.

Results: According to the participants’ experiences, 3 themes emerged as direct factors affecting the quality of sexual life including ‘preparation before sexual relationship’, ‘couple’s interaction and harmony in sexual relationship’ and ‘previous sexual relationship outcomes’. ‘Marital life status’ and ‘passive sexual socialization’ were explored as the factors which can conceptualize the context of females’ quality of sexual life.

Conclusion: In this study, factors affecting females’ quality of sexual life were identified. Attention to these factors is suggested to design appropriate interventions by health care system in Iran.

---

Background & Aim: Self-care plays an important role in the management of care for patients with chronic renal failure. In order to provide effective education, it is necessary to identify problems, concerns and challenges in this group of patients. The aim of this study was to explore the challenges of self-care in the patients undergoing hemodialysis.
Methods & Materials: This study is part of a research project on adherence to treatment regimen in hemodialysis patients referred to hospitals affiliated to Tehran University of Medical Sciences in 2019. Patients with the highest and lowest mean (SD) scores of self-care were selected by the purposeful sampling method and finally, 22 in-depth semi-structured interviews were performed with 18 interviewees. All data were recorded, transcribed and analyzed using the conventional content analysis approach proposed by Graneheim and Lundman.
Results: Findings from the data analysis included four categories: "the mismatch between the view of patient and the view of nurse", "missing loop training", "culture: a double sword ", and "dual role of religious beliefs".
Conclusion: The results of the present study showed that patients undergoing hemodialysis faced many challenges in self-care. They had difficulty in understanding the meaning of self-care and its implications. There is a need to plan for educating these patients and also changing their religious and cultural beliefs.