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This study was conducted to determine the effect of energy therapy Method on anxiety and incidence ofcardiacdysrhythmiainpatientsundercatheterization.Thenvestigated units consisted of 68 patients that were randomly assigned into 3 groups: 26 patients in case group, 21 patients in placebo group and 21 patients in control group . The case group underwent the course of study through energy therapy method for 10-15 minutes ,one hour before catheterization. Furthemore, placebo group received mimic energy therapy within the same period of time, i. e (the method was the same as energy therapy except in this method no energy was transferred, and the procedure was unreal and mimicking). Moreover the control group received no treatment.For collection of data, the questionare and observation checklist were used. The anxiety of the patients was measured through speilberger anxiety -test, an hour before and during catheterization.The cardiac dysrhythmia and dysrhythmia during catheterization were recorded on an observation checklist.The results showed that energy therapy had a significant effect on the situational anxiety of the investigated units in case group and through energy therapy, their anxiety were reduced, (p=000)however, it had no considerable effect on the anxiety related to the characteristic of the individuals. In addition to the above, energy therapy could be effective in reducing the incidence of cardiac dysrhythmia such as: sinus tachycardia, (p=0.00005),V.T (p=0.005), PAC(p=0.001)and PVC.(p=0.01) The results also showed that energy therapy is a method reducing the anxiety of the patients in catheterization room, it could also be effective in reducing the complications such as cardiac dysrhythmia regarding to catheterization. Therefore, the investigation hypothesis was approved.

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This is a double - blind clinical trial to evaluate the safety and efficacy of topical nitroglycerin ointment on venous catheterization in patients referred to emergency ward of Baghiyatollah hospital in 1997.The units under investigation consisting of 70 patients, 40 women and 30 men ranging in age from 20 to 69.The samples were randomly assigned into two equal groups, 35 patients in case group and 35 patients in experimental group. The experimental group received 2% nitroglycerin ointment and the case group received the placebo ointment that was applied prior to venus catheterization on the skin of the dorsum of the hand, wrist or front part of forearm.To collect data, an observational checklist was used in which demographic characteristics, and efficacy and immunity of the ointment were recorded.The findings revealed that the vein diameter in case group was not increased after applying the ointment, while it was considerably increased in experimental group from 4 mm to 6.6 mm. Although the method of catheterization in two groups was the same, catheterization in case group was more difficult than experimental group. Using T.test, the findings revealed that there was statistically significant relationship between vein diameter before and after applying the ointment in experimental group and after applying it in case and experimental groups (PO.001). Moreover, tachycardia and hypotension was not observed in both groups during 15, 30, 45 minutes and one and two hours immediately after applying the ointment, however in both groups, a sort of mild headache was observed. The findings also showed that there was significant relationship in observing the vein after catheterization in two groups (P<0.2). However, before applying the ointment, there was significant relationship in observing the vein in the experimental group. Furthermore, after applying the ointment, arhythmia appeared, but it was not significant.The results showed that applying nitroglycerin ointment was a useful method in expanding the peripheral veins, therefore, it resulted in easy venous catheterization.

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Background & Aim: Peripherally intravenous catheters (PIVs) are an important part of therapy for hospitalized children. Although such catheters provide necessary vascular access, their use puts patients at risk for local and systemic infectious complications with serious morbidity. Migration of skin organisms at the insertion site into the coetaneous catheter tract with colonization of the catheter tip is the most common rout of infection for peripherally inserted catheters in adults but in children this is controversial. The objective of this study is to find any relationship between colonization and catheter-related consequences.

Methods & Materials: In a descriptive cross-sectional study, 108 catheters of children and neonates hospitalized in NICU and infectious ward of Markaz Tebby Kodakan were cultured at a 2-month period. For all cases, a questionnaire of demographic characteristics and information about catheterization including location, dwell time, drugs and total parental nutrition was filled. The condition of catheterization for all cases was the same. Presence of only one colony was considered as positive colonization. Finally the data were analyzed by SPSS software.

Results: Excluding one case because of positive blood culture, from 107 catheters, 36 were colonized (33.6% of cases). Coagulate negative staphylococcus was the most common pathogen seen in 50% of total positive cases. Although there was a clinically significance between the dwell time of catheter and colonization but there was not any statistical significant association between colonization and any other variables including sex, age, hospitalization time, ward, location of catheter, dwell time, infusion of parental nutrition, and the administered drug.

Conclusion: This study is consistent with guidelines of CDC about avoiding unnecessarily routine replacement of catheters in neonates and children. As the risk of infection did not increase in association with dwell time of peripheral venous catheters, it seems it is better to leave catheters in place until there is a sign of local infection or infiltration.

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Background & Aim: The prevalence of cardiovascular diseases is high in most of the countries. Cardiac catheterization is a routine diagnostic test for coronary heart diseases. In order to minimize the post-procedure complications, patients are restricted to bed for 8-24 hours in flat position. The aim of this study was to assess the effect of changing position and early ambulation on back pain and the amount of bleeding after cardiac catheterization.
Methods & Materials: In this quasi-experimental study, 90 patients undergoing diagnostic angiography were selected using convenience sampling method in Shariati hospital. The patients were allocated in two intervention and control groups. The control group remained in supine position for 8-24 hours and the sandbag remained for eight hours. The patients&apos position in the intervention group was intermittently changed during the first hour after catheterization. The head of bed was set at 15 degree angle. In the second hour, the position changed to flat and the head of bed raised to 30 degree. In the third hour, the head of bed angle was set in 45 degree. In the first three hours sandbag was placed in catheter insertion site. After the third hour, patients could rest in any position (15-30 degree). Patients were ambulated in the sixth hour. Back pain intensity and level of bleeding were assessed immediately after admission, in the sixth, 24^th hour and after the seventh day of catheterization.
Results: The results indicated that there was no statistically significant difference in age, gender, education level, back pain intensity, and the level of bleeding immediately after the catheterization. Back pain intensity was lower in the intervention group than the control one after 6 and 24 hours of catheterization (P<0.001). There was no statistically significant difference between the intervention and control groups in the level of bleeding after 6 hours, 24 hours, and seven days of catheterization (P>0.05).
Conclusion: Patients should be allowed to change their positions in bed cardiac catheterization. Patients can be ambulated earlier (in the sixth hour) after cardiac diagnostic catheterization.

 

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Background & Aim: Anxiety is a common experience which is felt as uneasiness, non-specific threat, and activation of autonomic nervous system. The aim of this study was to assess the effect of muscular relaxation on anxiety level of patients underwent cardiac catheterization.

Methods & Materials: In this clinical trial, 118 patients who were expected to have a cardiac catheterization were recruited from an educational hospital at Tehran University of Medical Science. The participants were allocated to two groups, including muscular relaxation group (50 patients), and control group (68 patients). Data were collected using a questionnaire, and a self-report paper for recording anxiety level. Anxiety level was recorded one hour before cardiac catheterization in two groups. Then, the intervention group was asked to listen to the Benson muscle relaxation guide direction tape for 20 minutes through headphone. After using muscle relaxation in the intervention group and immediately before cardiac catheterization, the anxiety level of the respondents was recorded once more. Control group received standard nursing cares. Data were analyzed using χ², Fisher&aposs exact test, Kruscalwallis, Man-Whitney and Wilcoxon statistical tests in the SPSS.

Results: There were no significant difference between two groups in demographic characteristics and anxiety level before the intervention and one hour before cardiac catheterization. After the intervention, the anxiety level was significantly reduced in the intervention group (P<0.001) while it increased in the control group.

Conclusion: Based on the results of this study, Benson muscle relaxation significantly decreased anxiety level in patients who were expected to go for cardiac catheterization.

 

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Background & Aim: Physiologic signs of anxiety usually change hemodynamic variables in patients undergoing heart catheterization. This study carried out to determine the effect of Orientation Program on hemodynamic variables in patient undergoing heart catheterization.

Methods & Materials: In this experimental study, 60 patients undergoing heart catheterization were randomly assigned to either the test or control group. Data were collected using the demographic checklist and a hemodynamic variables checklist for recording hemodynamic variables. The collected data were analyzed using the Chi-square, repeated measurement, and independent t test in the SPSS.

Results: According to the results, there were significant reductions in the systolic and diastolic blood pressures, pulse rate, respiratory rate and systolic left ventricle pressure in the intervention group after the intervention (P<0.05). There were no significant statistical difference between the two groups in systolic aorta pressure (P=0.173), diastolic aorta pressure (P=0.104), and end diastolic left ventricle pressure (P=0.886).

Conclusion: Orientation program had positive effects on most of the hemodynamic variables in the intervention group. The Orientation program is recommended to be used during invasive diagnostic procedures in order to prohibit anxiety&aposs physiologic complications.