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Introduction: Cesarean section (CS) is more dangerous than normal delivery for mothers and neonates. Rates of CS in our country are very high, especially in Guilan province (57.6% in urban areas). The claim that a major reason for these high rates is maternal request, hidden behind of the routine medical diagnoses, was the basis of present study.

Materials and Methods: A total of 210 pregnant women in Rasht who were at 36-40 weeks of pregnancy and had chosen CS as their delivery method without previous history of CS or any medical reason were included in this study. Cluster sampling was performed at health-treatment centers of Rasht. Data were collected by interview and a questionnaire was completed by the investigators. Statistical analyzing was performed by descriptive and analytic methods (Chi square and Fisher exact test).

Results: The majority of participants (68.6%) had moderate knowledge about benefits and harms of CS and most had taken their information from relatives and friends. The majority of women (71.4%) had moderate attitude toward CS. More than 50% of the mothers had chosen CS for following reasons, in decreasing order of frequency: child&aposs health, fear of pain, stress and anxiety, prevention of genital tears, fear of vaginal exams, prevention of deformity and relaxation of genitalia and shortening of delivery time. There was a significant relation between some of the demographic factors or obstetrical history, level of knowledge and kind of attitude with some of the reasons of choosing CS for example, age, level of knowledge (both p<0.05) and kind of attitude (p=0) with fear of pain.

Conclusion: Reasons for choosing CS by the medically low risk mothers are not medically acceptable and midwives and the other health workers can successfully explain this to mothers. They can also support pregnant women informationally, emotionally and socially in different ways such as holding childbirth preparation classes. In this way they can influence women&aposs decision about method of delivery and promote mothers&apos and neonates&apos health by decreasing CS rates.

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Background & Aim: Falling is a serious problem in the elderly population, with many physical, psychological, social and economic consequences. The fear of falling has been considered an activity limiting condition, which can lead to a reduction in the quality of life of the elderly people. The study aimed to determine effect of fall care behaviors training on fear of falling among the elderly people referred to health centers.
Methods & Materials: This double-blind randomized clinical trial was carried out on 110 elderly people referred to health centers in Ardabil in 2017. Participants were selected by the multi-stage random sampling and divided into intervention and control groups by random allocation. The data collection tools were consisted of demographic questionnaire, Mini-Mental State Examination: MMSE, Abbreviated Mental Test Score: AMTS and Fall efficacy scale international: FES-I. Data were analyzed using statistical tests on the SPSS software version 22.
Results: The mean and standard deviation of fear of falling in the intervention and control groups before the intervention were 33.91±12.03 and 31.22±14.76, respectively (P=0.29). Three months after the intervention, the mean and standard deviation of fear of falling were 22.32±4.45 and 30.85±15.03 (P<0.001). Also, ANCOVA was used for controlling pre-test scores and level of education compared to the post-test scores in the two groups (P<0.001).
Conclusion: The results showed that education on fall care behaviors reduces the fear of falling in the elderly people. Therefore, this education is suggested to be considered in the self-care program for elderly people.
Clinical trial registry: IRCT20180205038618N1