Iranian Journal of

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There are controversies on the effects of diabetes and lifestyle of affected patients on their bone mineral densities (BMDs). This study has investigated the effects of lifestyle of type 2 diabetics on BMD at the lumbar spine and proximal femur in pre and postmenopausal women.
Methods: In a historical cohort study, 20 pre-menopausal type 2 diabetics and 57 non-diabetics and 126 type 2 Diabetics and 315 non-diabetics postmenopausal women, were recruited. BMD measurements were also made to the spine and proximal femur (Neck, Wards, and Shaft) by dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) technique. Exclusion criteria were endocrine, rheumatologic or chronic diseases. Type 2 diabetic cases and non-diabetics were matched for age and body mass index (BMI) in both pre menopausal or postmenopausal groups.
Results: A total of 146 type 2 Diabetic patients without any other endocrine disorder and 372 non-diabetic women, aged 40-81 years were enrolled. No significant differences were found between diabetics and healthy controls in terms of BMD values of spine and femur regions in the pre‌menopausal women. Postmenopausal diabetics, however, had higher BMD at the lumbar spine compared with the healthy postmenopausal controls. An age-related decrease in BMD values (lumbar and femur) was observable in all groups and a significant correlation between BMI and BMD was found. Adjusting for age and BMI, the effect of lifestyle on BMD at all sites was investigated. Occupation was associated with BMD in postmenopausal, but not in premenopausal women. Among the investigated dietary items, milk, yogurt and cheese were all associated with increased BMD in at least one region in diabetic patients. Smoking was not associated with BMD.
Conclusion: Type 2 Diabetes does not seem to be complicated by bone loss and osteoporosis. Physical activity and milk consumption in postmenopausal diabetic women can be a protective factor against bone loss.

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Background: Atherosclerosis is the leading cause of death necessitates more research to find better solutions to this general concern. Due to the side effects of chemical compounds, more attention has been paid to herbal remedies. This study was designed to investigate the effects of Nigella sativa, on atherosclerosis and its risk factors in hypercholesterolemic rabbits.

Methods: Fifteen rabbits were randomly distributed into three groups of five each.( Normal diet group, hypercholesterolemic diet group (1% cholesterol) and group that received hypercholesterolemic diet supplemented with 5% nigella sativa). Animal groups received their own diets and water for a period of 8 weeks. At the beginning of the treatment period, blood samples were taken from all animals to measure biochemical factors. Same procedure was performed at the end of the period then the left and right coronary arteries and the aorta of each animal were dissected to study fatty streak formation (FSF).

Results: Dietary use of Nigella sativa significantly decreased cardiovascular FSF as well as blood cholesterol and LDL in hypercholesterolemic animals. Though not significant but blood HDL was increased and reduction in C-reactive protein (CRP), triglyceride (TG) and oxidized LDL was observed in the same animals.

Conclusion: The results indicate that Nigella sativa inhibits the development of atherosclerosis. This may be related to the effect of Nigella sativa on plasma lipoproteins in addition to its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties.

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Background: One of the most important criteria for the allocation of resources and efficient management of resources in the health system is cost analysis and calculate the real price of services. This study aimed to calculate the cost of services provided at diabetes clinics using activity-based costing techniques.

Methods: The study is a kind of applied and descriptive – analytical. The information of this study is relates to 1392 and these has been collected from diabetes clinic and Endocrine Research Center. Cost of all services was evaluated based on activity-based costing techniques using the human capital approach. Data was calculated using EXCEL accounting software.

Results: The findings show that, personnel costs are the largest in clinical studies were included. It costs diabetes clinic 1 was 6199240835 (56%) and in diabetes 2 was, 6320109004 (52%). The energy costs were the lowest amount of costs with 179258250 in diabetes clinic 1 (2%) and 229,606,800 (2%) diabetes clinic 2. The standard price and the actual price calculation and comparison with the tariff of 92 found that actual prices for some of services in both clinics in 1392 were more than the standard and tariffs price. This difference in the some services was 30 times.

Conclusion: Based on results of clinical studies on diabetes cost category, personal cost, materials, equipment, buildings and energy were the most important costs, in both of clinics, the highest cost were  personnel and energy costs have the lowest cost. The average time served by the medicines was below the standard that is calculated to be less than the actual price of services. The improved performance in the field of human resource management and focus some of services in a clinic can lead to lower cost.

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Background: Type 2 diabetes is the most common type of diabetes, and a complex endocrine metabolic disorder that one of its main complications is diabetic foot ulcers. Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) are one of the key enzymes in the reconstruction of extracellular matrix which have proteolytic activity. The aim of this research is based on evaluating relationship between -1562 C>T allele at MMP-9 gene promoter with diabetic foot ulcer in type II diabetic patients. If such correlation proves, it can be used as a prognostic biomarker in patients with high-risk.
 Methods: This is a case-control study. The single nucleotide polymorphism of -1562C>T allele of MMP9 gene promoter was genotyped by hit Tetra ARMS PCR technique in 100 diabetic patients with foot ulcer grade 1 or 2 as the case group according Wagner classification and in 100 diabetic patients without foot ulcer as the control group. Results: The Chi-square test revealed significant difference in genotype frequency of CC, CT and TT alleles of -1562C>T allele of MMP9 gene promoter between case and control groups (P=0.000).
Conclusion: According to this study, there is a relationship between -1562C>T allele of MMP9 gene promoter with diabetic foot ulcer in type2 diabetes patients. Thus we can introduce this biomarker for evaluation of risk and prognosis of diabetic foot ulcers.
 

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Background: The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of concurrent training on pre-inflammatory (IL-1β, TNF-α) and anti-inflammatory (IL-10) cytokines gene expression in women with type2 diabetes.
Methods: 18-patients (age30-38, >130 glycemic index) were selected, randomly, and divided into control (n=6) the concurrent training(diabetes, n=6) and the concurrent training (healthy, n=6)  groups. The concurrent training protocol consisted of 3 sessions resistance training per week, 8sets with 80% one maximum repetition( and the endurance training preformed with 30- minutes running (3sets×10 minutes) on a treadmill with 70-80 maximum heart rate(70-80 MHR), immediately. The leukocyte^’s IL-1β, TNF-α and IL-10 genes expression determined by the Real time-PCR technique. The quantitative expression of the cytokines gene was calculated using the 2^{-ΔΔ CT} method. The between- groups differences in variables were determined by independent t-test (permutation test) through REST software and independent one-way ANOVA.
Results: The results showed that IL-1β, TNF-α mRNA genes expression reduced significantly after the concurrent training in both the training groups in comparison to the control group (P<0.05). In addition, the results also showed that IL-10 mRNA gene expression was not expressed in leukocytes after the concurrent training in both training groups in comparison to the control group (P>0.05).
Conclusion: In conclusion, the results suggest that the concurrent training modulate IL-1β and TNF-α mRNA genes expression significantly in diabetic women but could not change IL-10 genes expression. This type of exercise training seems to be more effective in reducing the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines than in enhancing anti-inflammatory cytokines.

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Background: Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Institute (EMRI) is one of the largest research institutes in Iran, which has been established to develop research strategies and manage endocrine and metabolic diseases such as diabetes. The purpose of this report is to review and summarize research activities related to diabetes over a quarter of a century at EMRI.
Methods: A comprehensive search of PubMed, Scopus and EMBASE was conducted to find diabetes-related studies in EMRI. After extracting the data, the articles were classified according to the type of article, the level of evidence, the types of diabetes and their subject.
Results: After eliminating duplicates and screening, finally 228 articles were classified. Most diabetes research conducted at the Diabetes Research Center (DRC) was on type 2 diabetes (37%). By article type, most of the articles were original. In addition, clinical studies provided the most evidence in the obtained documents. By topic, most of the articles were related to the basic sciences and factors related to diabetes, followed by studies on the management and prevention of diabetes.
Conclusion: Most of the research conducted in the Diabetes Research Center in the past quarter of a century is of original studies in the field of basic sciences in the field of type 2 diabetes and most of the evidence produced is related to observational studies.