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Background: Today, the internet has been emerged as a potentially effective medium for information exchange and in recent years, the use of web-based training programs has been steadily considered in the prevention and management of chronic diseases such as diabetes. This technology provides an opportunity to make health care more accessible for a large number of people and reduce costs. This review provides a descriptive discussion of web-based behavioural interventions for the management of type 2 diabetes mellitus. Methods: Systematic literature searches were performed using Medline, Embase, Psycinfo, Web of Science and Cochrane library to retrieve articles written in english and published between 2000 and 2012 which fulfilled all inclusion criteria. The search keywords were “diabetes” AND “intervention” AND (“internet OR web”). Only randomised controlled trials and quasi experimental studies were included in this review. Results: A total of 15 studies were reviewed. Goal-setting, personalised coaching, interactive feedback and online peer support groups were some of the successful approaches which were applied in e-interventions to manage type 2 diabetes mellitus. Strong theoretical background, use of other technologies and longer duration of intervention were proven to be successful strategies as well. Conclusion: The web-based interventions have demonstrated some level of favourable outcomes, provided they are further enhanced with proper e-research strategies.

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Background: Diabetes is a chronic disease with consequences affecting many aspects and dimensions of life. Patients experience relates to many aspects of their lives because the disease involves their whole life.
The present study aims at defining the role of life style in patient's life. Reviewing their lived-experience can provide basic solutions to reform the life style of patients with diabetes.
Method: in this phenomenology qualitative research, sampling was done among patients referred to Isfahan Diabetes Charity Center in a purposeful manner with the most possible variety. A number of 33 women with diabetes in the age range of 35 to 69 years with an experience of at least one year of living with diabetes and without a history of acute mental disease were chosen. Gradual sampling was conducted from January 2017 to March 2017. Patients took part in 45 to 50 minute semi-structured interviews. The interviews were recorded and then the Colaizzi method format was analyzed.
Results: analysis process of data gathered from these patients' lived-experiences, resulted in extracting four themes including physical health, psychologic health, spiritual health and social health.
Conclusion: In order to reform the life style of patient's' with diabetes, a general comprehensive attitude in way of living is needed. Understanding the lived-experience and analyzing the life style experiences results in the field of health among patients with diabetes can assist the health care staff in providing better services and prevent returns to the inappropriate life style in the future.

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Background: The mTORC1 pathway is one of the important pathways for protein synthesis in the heart, which can lead to physiological or pathological hypertrophy. Diabetes can lead to defects in this pathway. The aim of this study was to examine the effect of 4 weeks’ aerobic training on the content of mTORC1 signaling pathway proteins in heart tissue of type 1 diabetes rats.

Methods: In this experimental study, 16 Sprague-Dawley male rats (mean weight of 300 ± 20 gr) were selected and after induction of diabetes by STZ was randomly assigned into two groups: diabetic training and diabetic control. The experimental group performed HIIT training for 4 weeks’ accordance with the training program (each session 42 minutes, 10-20 m/m) for 4 weeks, while the control group did not have any training program. Dependent t-test and independent T-test were used to analyze the data
 

Results: Significant increase was observed in the content of AKT1 (p<0.015), mTOR (p<0.001), P70S6K1 (p<0.006), 4EBP1 (p<0.05) proteins in the aerobic training group compared to control group.
Conclusion: Aerobic training for 4 weeks enabled to activate the pathway AKT1/mTOR/P70S6K1 and AKT1/mTOR/4E-BP1 in mTORC1 pathway; therefore, due to cardiac complications in type 1 diabetic patients, aerobic training can lead to protein synthesis and physiological cardiac hypertrophy through mTORC1 pathway.
 

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Background: Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is the most common type of diabetes that was classically characterized by pancreatic β-cell dysfunction. Changes in circadian patterns is one of the reasons which can increase the occurrence of diabetes. Melatonin is one of the biological molecules which plays an important role in regulating the circadian clock and also an inhibitory effect on insulin secretion in β-cells. The aim of this study was to examine the association between MTNR1B (rs10830962) gene polymorphism and the risk of T2DM.
Methods: Genotyping was carried out in a total number of 208 subjects including 108 patients with T2DM and 100 normal controls using polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) which is confirmed by Sanger sequencing method.
Results: The frequencies of CC, GC and GG among cases were 54.63%, 1.85% and 43.52% and in control subjects were 81%, 0% and 19% respectively (P<0.001). Frequency of G allele among diabetic patients was significantly higher than non-diabetics (OR=3.34, CI=2.10-5.36, P<0.001).
Conclusion: Our study showed that rs10830962 polymorphism of the MTNR1B gene can be directly associated with T2DM risk.

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Background: The aim of this study was to estimate the prevalence of clinical hyperthyroidism at the national and sub-national levels using the claims data.
Methods: National anti-thyroid medications (methimazole and propylthiouracil) sales data in 2014 were extracted from pharmaceutical sales data that were reported by Iran's Food and Drug Administration (FDA). By using prescriptions data of Social Security Insurance Organization (SSIO) and Medical Services Insurance Organization (MSIO) in 2014, age-sex-province proportions of drug consumptions and Defined Daily Dose (DDD) of anti-thyroid medications were calculated. Moreover, by systematic review and meta-analysis of published literatures in hyperthyroidism in Iran, the prescription rate of anti-thyroid medications was calculated. Finally by using the whole data, the prevalence of clinical hyperthyroidism was estimated in each age and sex groups in national and provincial levels.
Results: : The prevalence (95% confidence interval) of clinical hyperthyroidism in Iran in 2014 is 0.32% (0.21-0.51%); 0.44% (0.29-0.68%) in females and 0.2% (0.12-0.33%) in males. Among provinces the least prevalence rate of clinical hyperthyroidism is 0.24% (0.16-0.38%) which belongs to Sistan and Baluchistan, and the highest prevalence rate is 0.38% (0.24-0.6%) which belongs to Gilan.
Conclusion: The prevalence rate that reported by this study is compatible with other surveys which performed in the world and Iran. As a result using claims data is a good source to predict prevalence of chronic diseases that have specific drugs.

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Background: Type 2 diabetes Mellitus (T2DM) is a multifactorial, polygenic disease caused by impaired insulin secretion, insulin resistance and beta-cell dysfunction. Melatonin is a circadian rhythm regulator and any imbalance in its levels can be related to various metabolic disorders. Melatonin and the genetic variants of MTNR1B gene are reported to be associated with T2DM susceptibility. We investigated the association between rs4753426 variant in the MTNR1B gene and the risk of T2DM in group of Iranian patients.
Methods: In this case-control study108 T2DM and 100 normal individuals were recruited to genotyping by PCR- RFLP.
Results: It was observed a significant difference in CC, CT, and TT genotypes distribution between T2DM and control groups (P<0.001). Frequency of C allele among cases was significantly lower than controls (8.3% vs. 42.5% respectively, P<0.001) and C allele carriers had a 88% lower risk of developing T2DM than T carriers.
Conclusion: Our results showed that the rs4753426 variant of MTNR1B gene could reduce the risk of T2DM developing.

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Background: AMPK and P53 proteins regulate the TOR protein in the TORC1 complex, which regulates many physiological processes. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of AMPK and P53 proteins on the TOR pathway following endurance training in the left ventricle of the heart of diabetic rats by streptozotocin and nicotinamide.
Methods: In this experimental study, 12 head two-month-old Sprague-Dawley rats with a mean weight of 270±20 g were selected. After diabetic induction with streptozotocin and Nicotinamide, rats were randomly assigned to two groups, training and control (6 heads in group each). The training group performed endurance training on a treadmill for rodents for 6 weeks and 4 sessions per week for 42 minutes with an intensity of about 50 to 70% of the maximum speed. SPSS software version 23 and independent t-test were used to analyze the data.
Results: Six weeks of endurance training led to significant increase in the protein content of AMPK (P=0.009) and TOR (P=0.005) between training and control groups in the left ventricular tissue of the heart muscle. In contrast, a significant decrease in P53 protein content was observed between the training and control groups in the left ventricular tissue of the heart muscle (P=0.0001).
Conclusion: The results showed that endurance training can with increase the content of AMPK and TOR proteins and decrease the content of P53 protein to regulate processes such as metabolism, mitochondrial biogenesis, cardiac hypertrophy, inhibition of autophagy in the hearts of diabetic subjects.
 

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Background: FOXO family proteins are important factors in autophagy pathway. Protein kinase-B is an important regulator for this family that can be regulated through exercise training. Therefore, the aim of this study is to investigate the effect of protein kinase-B (PKB) on FOXO autophagy family proteins (FOXO1 and FOXO3a) following high intensity interval training (HIIT) in the left ventricle of the heart of diabetic rats by streptozotocin (STZ) and nicotinamide.
Methods: In this experimental study, 12 two-month-old Sprague-Dawley rats with a mean weight of 270±20 g were selected. After type 2 diabetes induction with STZ and Nicotinamide, rats were randomly assigned to two groups, diabetic training (6 heads) and diabetic control (6 heads). The training group trained for 4 days a week in accordance with the training program for 8 weeks. SPSS software version 23 and independent t-test were used to analyze the data. Significance level is considered p≤0.05.
Results: HIIT training resulted in a significant increase in PKB protein content between training and control groups (P=0.0001). In contrast, a significant decrease in protein content of FOXO1 (P=0.003) and FOXO3a (P=0.006) was observed between the training and control groups.
Conclusion: It seems based on the results HIIT with increasing and regulating PKB leads to a decrease and inactivation of FOXO1 and FOXO3a proteins in the hearts of diabetic subjects. Inhibition of these proteins can prevent excessive cardiac autophagy in diabetic subjects.

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Background: Exercise and the simultaneous use of progenitor cells is a new strategy aimed for reducing diabetic disorders. One of the known mechanisms is angiogenic disorders caused by diabetes. Therefore, the present study was performed to determine the simultaneous effect of resistance training with endothelial progenitor cell injection on the expression of angiogenic factors in the skeletal muscle of diabetic rats.
Methods: In this study, 30 rats were randomly divided into 5 groups: healthy, diabetic control (D) trained diabetic (DR), diabetic with endothelial progenitor cell injection (DI), diabetic trained with endothelial progenitor cell injection (DRI) were divided. VEGF protein expression was measured by Western blotting and insulin resistance index was measured by ELISA. The data were analyzed using two-factor analysis of variance test with SPSS software version 19 at a significance level of 5%.
Results: In this study, 6 weeks of resistance training or progenitor cell injection caused a significant increase in VEGF and a significant decrease in insulin resistance index in diabetic rats. In the group that used simultaneous exercise and injection compared to the group with exercise and injection and these changes were significant in the group of simultaneous use of exercise and injection compared to the group of exercise with injection.
Conclusion: Based on the results of this study, it can be stated that resistance training or injection of endothelial progenitor cells can stimulate angiogenesis in skeletal muscle, also the simultaneous use of these two factors is a better way to increase angiogenesis in rats

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Background: Because insulin therapy cannot properly control the progression of diabetes and its complications, other alternative therapies may be desirable. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of resistance training and endothelial stem cell injection on skeletal muscle oxidant and antioxidant status in STZ-induced diabetic male rats.
Method: In this experimental study, 36 male Wistar rats (age 6 weeks) were divided into six groups of control (healthy), basal diabetic control, diabetic control, diabetes + stem cell injection, diabetes + resistance training and diabetes + stem cell injection + resistance training. In this study, rats became diabetic intraperitoneally using streptozotocin as a single dose of 40 mg/kg. Resistance exercises including climbing a one-meter ladder with weights hanging from the tail were performed for 17 sessions. 500,000 bone-derived stem cells were injected by a cell counter. The levels of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and malondialdehyde (MDA) in skeletal muscle tissue of rat were measured by using the kit and ELISA method.
Results: The results showed that the SOD level of rats in the resistance training and endothelial stem cell injection group was significantly higher than the diabetic control group (P<0.001). Also, the level of MDA rats in the resistance training and endothelial stem cell injection group was significantly lower than the control group (P<0.001).
Conclusion: Resistance training and endothelial stem cell injections can be considered as a non-pharmacological treatment to reduce skeletal muscle complications in type 1 diabetes.
 

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Background: Angiogenesis disorders are known mechanisms of diabetes. With the aim of reducing angiogenesis disorders, resistance training and its combination with endothelial progenitor cell injection are new strategies. Therefore, the present study was performed to determine the effect of resistance training with endothelial progenitor cell injection on the expression of angiogenic factors in the skeletal muscle of diabetic rats.
Methods: In this study, 30 rats were randomly divided into 5 groups: healthy, control (D) diabetic, trained diabetic (DR), endothelial progenitor cell (DI) diabetic, trained endothelial progenitor cell (DRI) diabetic) Were divided. Ang1 and Tie2 protein expression changes were measured by Western blotting. Data were analyzed using two-factor analysis of variance with SPSS software version 19 at a significance level of 5% α≤.
Results: In this study, 6 weeks of resistance training led to a significant increase in Ang1 and Tie2 proteins. But injection of endothelial progenitor cells was significant only on the amount of Tie2 protein. The interactive effect of resistance training and endothelial progenitor cell injection was significant only on the amount of Tie 2 protein. In other words, the combination of resistance training and endothelial progenitor cell injection was superior to Tie2 protein expression than training or injection alone.
Conclusion: It can be said that resistance training improves angiogenesis in diabetics. Combining resistance training with endothelial progenitor cell injections could possibly stimulate angiogenesis in skeletal muscle and be a new strategy in the treatment of diabetic disorders.

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Background: MAFbx and MuRF1 proteins are important factors in the ubiquitin pathway and are responsible for muscle atrophy. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of long-term high-intensity interval training (HIIT) on the intracellular content of MAFbx and MuRF1 proteins in the left ventricular of the heart of rats with type 2 diabetes.
Methods: In this experimental study, 18 rats 2-month-old male Sprague-Dawley rats with a mean weight of 270±20 g were selected. 12 rats became diabetic by intraperitoneal injection of Streptozotocin and nicotinamide solutions. These rats were randomly divided into 2 groups: diabetic training and diabetic control; A healthy control group was also considered. The training group practiced HIIT 4 days a week for 8 weeks. Data were analyzed using SPSS software version 23 and one-way ANOVA and Tukey post hoc tests.
Results: MAFbx protein content showed a significant decrease after 8 weeks of HIIT (P=0.0001); Tukey post hoc test showed that this change was significant between pairs groups of diabetic training and diabetic control and also between pairs groups of diabetic control and healthy control (P=0.0001). MuRF1 protein content showed a significant decrease (P=0.0001); This was a significant difference between the pairs groups of diabetic training and diabetic control, diabetic training and healthy control groups, as well as diabetic control and healthy control groups (P=0.0001).
Conclusion: HIIT seems to can inhibit the process of atrophy and autophagy of cardiomyocytes by reducing the content of MAFbx and MuRF1 proteins in the hearts of diabetic subjects.

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Background: Unc-51 Like Autophagy Activating Kinase-1 (ULK1) and FAK Family Kinase-Interacting Protein of 200 kDa (FIP200) play an essential role in controlling autophagy and muscle volume. The aim of this research is to investigate the effect of endurance training on the intracellular content of ULK1 and FIP200 proteins in the left ventricular of rats with type 1 diabetes.
Methods: In this experimental study, 18 rats 2-month-old male Sprague-Dawley rats with a mean weight of 300±20g were selected. 12 rats became diabetic by intraperitoneal injection of Streptozotocin solutions. These rats were randomly divided into 2 groups: diabetic training and diabetic control (6 heads per group); A healthy control group (6 heads)was also considered. The training group practiced endurance training 4 days a week for 6 weeks. Data were analyzed using SPSS software version 23 and one-way ANOVA and Tukey post hoc tests.
Results: The content of ULK1 (increase) and FIP200 (decrease) after endurance training showed a significant change among the research groups in the left ventricular (P=0.0001). Tukey's post hoc test showed that this change is significant between the pair of diabetic training groups to diabetic control, diabetic training to healthy groups, and also diabetic control to healthy groups (P≤0.05).
Conclusion: Endurance training showed that it can have a dual nature to control autophagy in diabetic subjects by increasing ULK1 and decreasing FIP200. There is a need for more investigations in the field of exercise physiology on the proteins responsible for autophagy, especially in type 1 diabetes subjects.

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Background: Diabetes can cause serious cardiovascular complications by disrupting the autophagy pathway. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the effect of high-intensity interval training (HIIT) on the intracellular levels of autophagy proteins in the left ventricular tissue of rats with type 1 diabetes.
Methods: In this experimental study, 18 2-month-old male Sprague-Dawley rats with an average weight of 300±20 grams were selected. Twelve rats had type 1 diabetes after intraperitoneal injection of STZ (with a dose of 50 mg/kg of body weight) solution. Rats were randomly divided into two groups: diabetic training and diabetic control (each group, six heads). A healthy control group (six heads) was also considered. The training group underwent HIIT four days a week for six weeks. GraphPad Prism version 9.5 software and one-way ANOVA, and Tukey's post hoc tests were used to analyze the data. The significance level was considered P≤ 0.05.
Results: ULK1 and FIP200 levels showed a significant increase in the left ventricle after 6 weeks of HIIT training compared to the healthy control group and the diabetic control group (P= 0.0001).
Conclusion: Considering the increase in ULK1 and FIP200 proteins, it can be concluded that HIIT training can activate the autophagy pathway; Therefore, in prescribing this type of exercise for diabetic subjects, the intensity and duration of the exercise should be considered.

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Background: There is a two-way relationship between diabetes. The purpose of the current research was to compare health control beliefs, emotion regulation strategies, and marital conflicts between diabetic and non-diabetic women.
Methods: The present study is a comparative causal research type. The statistical population of the present study is all diabetic and non-diabetic women in the city of Tehran who visited the Tehran clinic in the first half of 2022, out of which 43 were diabetic women which were selected by screening and available sampling method. The control group consists of 43 non-diabetic women were selected by matching demographic variables. The multidimensional health locus of control (MHLC) scales, emotional regulation strategies and marital conflicts scale quaternaries were used to collect data. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and inferential statistics including multivariate analysis of variance.
Results: The results showed that compared to non-diabetic women, women with diabetes had a higher level of emotional suppression regulation, the source of control of effective people, the source of control of chance and marital conflict. Also, they had a lower level of reappraisal emotion regulation and internal locus of control, and all these differences were significant.
Conclusion: The research results showed ineffective emotion regulation, faulty control source beliefs and marital conflict in women with diabetes, which reveals the need to pay attention to the above factors in the form of providing treatment and educational programs to diabetic women, families and centers related to diabetic women.

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Background: Vitamin D (vitD) deficiency is common in Iran. Although there are several studies on therapeutic doses of vitD, the optimal dose is to be evolved. we compared the effects of high dose supplemental vitamin D versus its recommended dose on the serum level of 25(OH)D.
Methods: This clinical trial was performed at Endocrine & Metabolism Research Institute in Shariati Hospital, Tehran, Iran within 2008-2009. The subjects were osteopenic women older than 50 years who had been referred to Bone Densitometry laboratory. They were received either (group P) 50000u vitD3 weekly for 3 months then monthly for another 9 months, or (group M) 800u vitD3 daily for one year. 1000 mg calcium carbonate was given to both groups. Serum 25(OH)D, calcium, phosphorus, and PTH was checked at base, 3rd, 6th and 12th month. 24h Urine for calcium was collected before and at the end of trial.
Result: Serum 25(OH)D level was significantly higher in group P at 3rd month (P< 0.05), but it gradually declined and there was not statistically difference to group M. PTH decreased in both groups. Urine calcium to creatinine ratio did not rise in both groups.
Conclusion: vitD supplement at doses of 50000u weekly for 3 months then monthly for another 9 months as compare to 800u vitD3 daily for one year increases serum 25(OH)D at higher level without causing hypercalcemia and hypercalciuria, but it seems that more frequent doses in monthly period would be required to maintain the optimal 25(OH)D level.