Iranian Journal of

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Background: Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) which is characterized by menstrual irregularities (due to chronic anovulation) and hyperandrogenism is one of the most common endocrine disorders of women at reproductive age. The precise cause of PCOS is unknown, but it seems that several factors may have role in its pathogenesis. Insulin resistance and impaired insulin secretion are common findings in PCOS patients. Approximately 30 – 40 % of women with PCOS have impaired glucose tolerance or type 2 DM. According to my knowledge, there is no published study about prevalence of IGT and type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (type 2 DM) in Iranian women with PCOS. The aim of this prospective, controlled study was to determine the prevalence of abnormal glucose metabolism in women from north west part of the country.
Methods: 302 PCOS women and 116 normal women as a control group were prospectively studied. The diagnosis of PCOS was made based upon the presence of chronic anovulation and hyperandrogenemia. Other causes of hyperandrogenism were excluded by appropriate clinical and laboratory evaluations. None of the patients were known diabetics prior to study. In all patients with PCOS and control women appropriate medical history was taken and physical examination was done. Blood pressure, body weight, height, BMI, waist / hip ratio, score of hirsutism and other signs of androgen excess were determined. Serum concentrations of total testosterone and DHEA–S were measured by RIA methods in both patients and control group. Standard Oral Glucose Tolerance Test (OGTT) with 75 grams oral glucose was performed between 8 -9 AM after an overnight fast of 10 – 12 hours. Fasting and 2 – hour post - glucose plasma sugars were measured by glucose oxidase method. Results: Results of OGTT were interpreted according to WHO criteria. Mean age and mean BMI were similar in both patients and controls. Serum levels of total testosterone and DHEA – S were significantly higher in PCOS women in comparison with controls. 65% of patients and 68% of controls had BMI of ≥ 25 kg / m2. 55% of PCOS women and 51.6% of control women were obese (BMI ≥ 27kg/m2). 96 (31.7%) of PCOS women had impaired glucose tolerance (IGT) and 27 (8.9%) were diabetics. The prevalence of IGT and diabetes in controls were 14.6% and 5.1% respectively. In non-obese PCOS women the prevalence of IGT and DM were 17.2% and 3.6% respectively, while only 8.9% of control women had IGT and 1.7% were diabetics. Finally, 44.1% of obese PCOS women were glucose intolerant and 13.5% had diabetes mellitus in comparison with 20% and 10% of controls. Conclusion: It is concluded that the prevalence of IGT and DM in both obese and non–obese PCOS women were significantly higher than in control women. Screening of all PCOS women for IGT and DM is highly recommended.

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Background: Diabetes is a common endocrine disease in human kind. In most type II diabetic patients, obesity and overweight status account as the serious health problems worldwide and variety of endocrine factors well known that have regulatory role in weight balance and body composition including Leptin and IGF-I factor. The aim of this study was to examine the correlation between Leptin and IGF-I in type II diabetics and controls.
Methods: As a case- control study, 38 type 2 diabetics (20 males and 18 female with mean age 49.22) and 46 healthy controls (16 males and 30 females with mean age 49.52) are recruited. We measured the concentrations of FPG, IGF-I, HbA1C and IGFBP-3 in both groups. FPG was measured by enzymatic glucose oxidase method and Hb Gold analyzer HPLC was used to measure HbA1C. Determination of Leptin, IGF-I, IGFBP-3 and Insulin concentrations were carried out using ELIZA method. P< 0.05 was considered as statistically significant.
Results: The mean of BMI and age were not significantly different in both groups. The mean serum levels of IGF-I, Leptin, Insulin, FPG and HbA1c concentrations in type II diabetics were significantly higher than controls (P< 0.05). In males, the mean serum levels of Leptin were statistically lower than in females in both groups. There was a strong correlation between IGF-I and IGFBP-3, Leptin and insulin, IGF-I and age, and BMI with FPG in both patients and controls (P< 0.05). A reverse correlation was observed between IGF-I and HbA1c in patients and controls (P< 0.05).
Conclusion: It is speculated that based on this findings, Leptin and IGF-I system could have regulatory roles in body composition and fat content particularly in obese and overweight diabetic patients and have significant correlation with Insulin, glucose, BMI and age.

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Background: Type 2 diabetes mellitus is a common metabolic disorder witht increasing prevalence is increasing worldwide. C-Reactive Protein (CRP) is a marker of systemic inflammation and an independent risk factor for cardiovascular disease (CVD). The aim of this study was to elucidate the correlation between glycemic control and systemic inflammation by measuring serum CRP levels.

Methods: In this cross sectional study 136 patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (69 females, 67 males) were recruited. In addition to measurement of CRP levels by highly sensitive methods and measurement of hemoglobin A₁C effects of influencing factors on the CRP level was considered. Fasting plasma glucose was determined via the glucose oxidase method, HbA_1C via HPLC, serum lipid profile enzymatically and hs-CRP with sandwich immunoassay method.

Results: The mean concentrations of CRP levels in these patients (5.2 ± 4.8 mg/L) were higher than normal range and in women greater than men (6.4 ± 5.5 vs. 3.9 ± 3.6 mg/L). Before adjusting for influencing factors the association between hs-CRP levels and hemoglobin A_1C was negative but not statistically significant (r= -0.15, P=0.07). After adjusting, the association was negative and significant. (r= -0.22, P= 0.02). In this study the relation between hs-CRP and lipid profile was also determined.  There was no significant relationship between the levels of hs-CRP and total cholesterol, LDL-C and HDL-C. A positive correlation between hs-CRP with serum triglyceride and triglyceride / HDL ratio was observed. However, the correlation was not significant.

Conclusion: These results demonstrate that hs-CRP levels is influenced with multiple factors, and increased hs-CRP levels in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus can not be explained with hyperglycemia alone.

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Background: Glucose metabolism impairment may occur during some pregnancies especially of advanced age and history of previous gestational diabetes and may result in hazardous consequences both for mother and neonate.

Methods: The present study as a case-control was conducted on 420 referred pregnant women to Shiraz hospitals that involve 70 diabetic patients and 350 non-diabetic women. Data analyzed by analysis of variance and χ square for univariate and logistic regression for multivariate analysis.

Results: From 70 diabetic patients 22(31.4%) afflicted with overt diabetes as well as 48 (68.6%) gestational diabetes. Gestational diabetes history (OR=23.14), hydramnious (OR=13.26), glucosuria at 3^rd trimester (OR=11.49), family history of diabetes (OR=4.09) and age (OR=1.03) were the most important risk factors for gestational diabetes, respectively. History of macrosomia in previous pregnancies (OR=18.83) and history of previous cesarean section (OR=11.96) were the most important predictors for overt diabetes.

Conclusion: In view of several threatening consequences of diabetes during pregnancy, screening for diabetes especially in mothers with gestational diabetes history and family history of diabetes is essential in order to control and prevention of these outcomes in mother and neonate.

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Background: Adiponectin is an adipose tissue-derived hormone that low levels of this hormone are associated with obesity, insulin resistance, and type 2 diabetes. The aim of this study was to compare the serum levels of adiponectin in diabetic and non-diabetic obese individuals.

Methods: As a cross-sectional study 35 obese individuals with type 2 diabetes mellitus and 35 non-diabetic obese subjects were enrolled. Two groups were matched for age, gender and body mass index. Fasting lipid profile was measured via the enzymatic methods. The NycoCard HbA1c Kit was used to measure HbA1c.The Serum Adiponectin, insulin and glucose levels were measured via an enzyme immunoassay, using a commercially available kit and glucose oxidase methods, respectively. The HOMA and QUICKI indices were used to determine insulin resistance and insulin sensitivity, respectively.

Results: The mean of insulin resistance index (HOMA-IR), HbA1c, diastolic blood pressure, triglyceride and fasting glucose in diabetes were significantly higher than non-diabetics (P<0.05). The serum Adiponectin levels was significantly lower in diabetes than non-diabetics (15.74±6.70 vs. 21.52 ± 9.35) and was significantly higher in women than men (19.38 ± 7.33 vs. 12.68 ± 4.28) among diabetic and (24.63 ± 10.52 vs. 17.83 ± 6.21) among non-diabetics groups.

Conclusion: type 2 diabetes mellitus is associated with low serum adiponectin concentrations and probably adiponectin involved in the pathophysiology linking obesity to type 2 diabetes.

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Background: Overcoming barriers associated with diabetes is considered a logical infrastructure to empower diabetic patients in management of living with diabetes and identify factors which affect these barriers. This study aimed to determine the effect of an educational intervention based on the BASNEF model on barriers to awareness, lifestyle, adaptation, and support in living with diabetes in patients with type 2 diabetes and it's related factors.
Methods: This was a quasi-experimental study which. Performed among 168 patients with type 2 diabetes referred to health centers of Beheshti University of Medical Sciences from August to September 2014. Before the educational intervention, questionnaires of life barriers and the BASNEF structures were completed. After pre-test, the patients were randomly allocated to the case and control groups based on randomizing four block design. Only in the intervention group patients received six education sessions of 45 to 60 minutes that fifth education session with their families, and related staff. The educational program was designed based on the BASNEF constructs (Knowledge, attitude, subjective norm, enabling factors and behavioral intention), and educational content was developed based on the barriers to living with diabetes (awareness, lifestyle, adaptation, and protection). Data analyzed Spss stafware version 20 utelized to data analysis using statistical tests such as independent sample t-test, paired t test, Wilcoxon, McNemar test, and Mann-Whitney U
Results: Our findings showed that there was a significant difference between a score received on components of barriers to of living with diabetes (awareness, lifestyle, adaptation, and protection) and variable of the BASNEF model (knowledge, attitude, subjective norm, enabling factors and behavioral intention) before and after the educational intervention the significant level was set less than 0.05 (P<0.05).
Conclusion: Education in type 2 diabetic patients based on BASNEF, as a model for effective education, can lead to dimensions barriers reduction in (awareness, lifestyle, adaptation, and protection).

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Background: Improving self-care behaviors happened by self-efficacy which result in better quality of life. Current study aimed at assessing the perceived coping self-efficacy predictors among patients with type 2 diabetes referees to health centers affiliated to Tehran University of Medical Sciences.
Methods: In this cross sectional study which was descriptive and analytical one, perceived coping self-efficacy and its effective factors assessed among 536 type 2 diabetic patients referee to Tehran University of medical Sciences using random sampling based on 11-likert scale questionnaire. This questionnaire included 11 items in demographic variables and 24 items in perceived coping self-efficacy. Collected data analyzed by SPSS version 23 using MANCOVA.
Results: Study findings revealed that age (P=0.013), level of education (P<0.036), and HbA1c (P=0.004) had significant relation with total score of perceived coping self-efficacy. But, variables such as gender, occupation, disease duration, marital status, family history and history of chronic disease had no relation with scales of perceived coping self-efficacy.
Conclusion: Planning theory based intervention programs to improve coping self-efficacy among diabetic patients in low socioeconomic status population and poor diabetes control is recommended.
 
 

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Background: In recent years, dietary supplements play an important role in maintaining a healthy diet in most chronic diseases such as diabetes. Spirulina platensis as a food supplement has been raised and regulator effects on cholesterol and antioxidant and immune regulating effects of this supplement are also considered. It contains vitamin B, beta-carotene, vitamin E, high value proteins, minerals, gamma linolenic acid and antioxidants.
Methods: In this study 50 patients with type II diabetes were randomly selected and after taking patient's history they were divided into two equal groups including control. 8 grams of spirulina that was prepared in tablet (each 1 gram) form was administered daily to patient group for three months. Fasting blood sugar levels monthly and hemoglobin A1C levels at the beginning and end of the projects were measured in both groups and their results were compared with each other.
Results: Fasting plasma glucose in patient group after 3 months of treatment with spirulina powder gave a significant reduction from the 158.1± 44.2 mg/dl at the beginning of study to 127.8 ± 36.7 mg/dl but was not significant in the control group. Glycosylated hemoglobin in the both groups decreased but this decrease was not statistically significant.
Conclusion: Spirulina platensis as a supplement can be administered in type II diabetic patients that used oral anti-diabetic drugs. It is effective in reducing fasting blood glucose in the short term but its effect on hemoglobin A1C need to prescribe longer.

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Background: Patient’s adherence to treatment regimen can predict treatment plan and decrease intensity and symptoms of sickness. This study aimed at determining the effect of educational intervention based on AIM (Ability, Information, Motivation) model on improving adherence of patients with type 2 diabetes.
Methods: This semi experimental interventional study was performed on 180 patients with type 2 diabetes as intervention and control groups. The patients selected using simple random sampling. Study instrument was a questionnaire including demographics (14 items) and AIM model questionnaire (10 items about information, 9items about motivation, 6 items for ability). After baseline, educational intervention was performed in intervention group and post test conducted after six months for both groups. Collected data was analyzed with SPSS software version 23using Mann–Whitney U, Wilcoxon and chi-squared tests. The significant level was considered less than 0.05.
Results: There was no significant difference in demographics and AIM model constructs between two groups (p>0.05). After educational intervention, intervention group revealed a significant difference with control group in terms of information (P<0.001), motivation (P<0.001), ability (P<0.001) and level of HbA1C (P<0.001).
Conclusion: study results revealed AIM model based educational intervention has an important role on treatment adherence among type2 diabetic patients.  With increasing patient information and belief regarding disease patient’s motivation will be improved.
 

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Background: Adherence to diet is one of the basis of diabetes management in patients with diabetes. Regarding to diabetes control, healthy lifestyle including nutritional behaviors, play an important role in preventing and managing diabetes. However, compliance with a diabetic diet is one of the most important challenges in diabetes control. This study aimed at determining the effect of educational intervention on promoting nutrition adherence among patients with type 2 diabetes referee to south health center of Tehran University of Medical Sciences based on Health Belief Model.
Methods: This interventional study was performed with216 type 2 diabetes patients as population study who referred to health centers in south of Tehran. Participants were randomly allocated to intervention and control groups.
Questionnaires were completed by both groups at baseline, three and six months after intervention. Intervention group received intervention including during the month, six training sessions for 45 to 60 minutes for group training and Q & A With the package held at meetings to assess the diabetes-related complications. SPSS software version 22 utilized to data analysis using t-test and repeated measure analysis. Significance level was set less than 0.05.
Results: Before the intervention, demographics and HBM constructs model were not significantly different in two groups. In intervention group, there were statistically significant differences between all parts of HBM after educational intervention (perceived susceptibility (p <0.001), perceived severity (p <0.001), perceived benefits (p <0.001), perceived barriers (p <0.001), cues to action (p <0.001)), also nutrition adherence (p <0.001) and HbA1c. there was no significant differences in control group after intervention.
Conclusion: According to study results, it can be concluded that education through Health Belief Model can be effective to follow in terms of improved nutrition among patients with type 2 diabetes.
 

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Background: Diabetes type 2 is a metabolic disorder that it caused by insulin resistance. The aim of this research was to study the effect of eight weeks of aerobic exercise with ginger supplement on FGF21, Irisin and insulin resistance in women with type 2 diabetes.
Methods: In a quasi-experimental study with pretest posttest design, 24 women with type 2 diabetes were selected available and purposely as sample. The subjects divided randomly into two groups of control (placebo and exercise) and experimental (supplement and exercise). The experimental group take part in an exercise with moderate intensity 65-70 percent of target heart rate and three session per week. Ginger supplementation was performed at the same time for training with daily consumption of 1 g of ginger extract (250 g capsules) and four servings daily. The control group (placebo) also used similar capsules containing roasted flour. To evaluate serum levels of variables, blood sampling was taken from all subjects 24 hr before and after exercise and supplement intervention at 10hr fasting state.
Results: Data were analyzed by using covariance test (p<0.05). The results showed that eight weeks of aerobic training and ginger supplementation lead to increase in Irisin levels (p=0.0001), FGF21 (p=0.0001) and decrease in insulin resistance index (p=0.0001).
Conclusion: Results indicated that using aerobic exercise and ginger supplement versus aerobic exercise could have positive effects on regulatory factors of energy in people with type 2 diabetes.

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Background: Imbalanced production of adipokines as leptin and adiponectin in diabetic patients may lead to the development of metabolic complications. Therefore, the aim of this study was to determine the effects of 2-month of caffeine ingestion along with aerobic training on changes in serum leptin and adiponectin levels and leptin/adiponectin ratio (LAR) in type 2 diabetic men.
Methods: Thirty-two diabetic men participated in a quasi-experimental designs in the four groups for two-months period of a aerobic training (treadmill walking 3 times/week, 1.5 hour/session, 65-85% HRR) with and without caffeine ingestion (3 mg.kg^-1.day). Serum changes in leptin and adiponectin were measured during two phases (baseline and 24-hours after completing of the training program). Data were analyzed by one-way ANOVA and bonferroni's post-hoc test at level P≤0.05.
Results: Administration of two-months caffeine (CA) alone and combination with aerobic training (AT) were significantly could reduced and increased in leptin and adiponectin level, respectively (P=0.001). Thus, the combined group (AT+CA) effect were far more appropriate intervention in changing the studied indices (P=0.001). Also, the LAR method was notable reduced in all study groups, although these effects were more significantly in the combined group (AT+CA) (P=0.001).
Conclusion: It seems administration of caffeine supplementation and aerobic training for two-months have a positive effects on the improved relative of leptin and adiponectin levels as well as their ratio in diabetics, although the combination of these two variables has been shown to have far more dual effects.

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Background: The objective of this experimental study was to determine the effect of 6 weeks of high intensity interval training (HIIT) on G6Pase expression in liver tissue, serum insulin and glucose and insulin resistance in obese rats with type 2 diabetic and compared with non-diabetic obese group.
Methods: 28 male Wistar rats aged 10 weeks (220 ± 10 g) were obesed by 6 weeks of high-fat diet (HFD). Then type 2 diabetes induced in 14 rats by intraperitoneal injection of STZ (30 mg/kg). Finally, the studied rats were divided into 4 same groups: 1) control obese, 2) interval obese, 3) control diabetic, 4) interval diabetic. Interval groups participated in an interval exercise program of 5 sessions per week for 6 weeks consists of 10 repetitions of a 40-second run on the treadmill with 2-minute rest (active rest) between repetitions. 48 hours after the lasting session, fasting levels of glucose, serum insulin and G6Pase expression in liver tissue in all 4 groups were measured and compared with 2 way ANOVA.
Results: Compared with diabetic control groups, HIIT in diabetic group resulted in significant decrease fasting glucose (p= 0.001). HIIT also led to an increase in serum insulin (p= 0.006) without change in G6Pase expression (p= 0.102) compared to the diabetic control group.
Conclusion: Improved glucose response to interval training in type 2 diabetic rats may be rooted in increase insulin without changes in hepatic G6Pase expression. Measurement of activity or expression of other liver enzymes is suggested for general conclusion.

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Background: The present study was conducted with the aim of comparing lifestyle education based on the Bezenf model and the World Health Organization model on FBS, 2HPPBS, HbA1c in patients with type II diabetes.
Methods: The research method was a semi-experimental and multi-group expanded type with pre-test-post-test designs and a control group with a follow-up period. The statistical population of this research included all patients with type II diabetes referred to the endocrinology department of Imam-Khomeini Hospital in 1400. In this research, from a list of 100 people with diabetes, 60 diabetic patients who met the entry criteria were identified. Then 45 people were randomly selected and replaced by random replacement in two experimental groups and one control group. Each experimental group received group psychological interventions separately, and at the end, both groups were subjected to a post-test. The obtained data were analyzed using mixed analysis with repeated measurements.
Results: The results indicate the effect of lifestyle education based on the Bezenf model and the World Health Organization model on FBS (P=0/001), 2HPPBS (P=0/001) and HbA1c (P=0/006) and the stability of this effect was in the follow-up phase. Also, compared to lifestyle education based on the World Health Organization model, lifestyle education based on the Bezenf model was a more effective method to reduce HbA1c in type 2 diabetes patients but the difference in the effect of the two groups on FBS and 2HPPBS was not significant.
Conclusion: The results indicated the effectiveness of both educational models and the superiority of the BAZENF educational model. Therefore, Lifestyle education based on the Bezenf model and the World Health Organization model can be used by therapists as adjunctive treatments in interventions for people with type 2 diabetes.

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Background: Interval exercises with high intensity and consumption of plant extracts probably have beneficial effects on inflammatory indicators. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of eight weeks of High-Intensity Interval Training (HIIT) and the consumption of Loquat leaf extract on the serum levels of TNF-α and interleukin-18 in obese men with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease.
Methods: In this semi-experimental study, forty men with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease with body mass index (33.92 ± 1.82) with informed written consent were randomly selected and assigned into four groups: control, training, Extract, Extract + training (Each group of 10 people). Exercises were performed for eight weeks and three sessions per week for 60 minutes with intensity between 80-95% of the reserve heart rate. Two capsules of 250 mg of Loquat leaf extract were also prescribed daily. Paired t-test and analysis of covariance were used.
Results: A significant decrease in the levels of TNF-α (15.3%) and interleukin 18 (14.9%) was observed in the training + extract group (P<0.05). A significant difference was observed in the levels of TNF-α (P=0.001) and interlock 18 (P=0.001) between the groups, and these changes were more significant in the Extract + training group than in the training and extract groups.
Conclusions: It is concluded that performing intense intermittent training along with Loquat leaf extract will be able to improve TNF-α and interleukin 18 indices related to fatty liver in people with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. However, confirmation of this hypothesis requires more research.

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Background: The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of eight weeks of circuit resistance training and saffron supplement on visfatin serum levels and insulin resistance in overweight men.
Methods: In this semi-experimental study, 40 obese and overweight students were randomly divided into 4 groups: exercise, exercise+supplement, supplement and control (10 people in each group). The exercise groups performed circular resistance exercises for eight weeks and three sessions each week for 90 minutes in the evening. The supplement and exercise+supplement groups used saffron tablets with a dose of 30 mg per day as a supplement. Blood samples were collected in two phases of the pre-test and 48 hours after the last training session. The data were analyzed using covariance and paired t test at a significant level of P≤0.05.
Results: Correlated t results showed a significant decrease in visfatin and insulin resistance in the post-test of the training, training+supplement and supplement groups compared to the pre-test (P<0.05). The results of the analysis of covariance showed that visfatin increased and the insulin resistance index decreased significantly in the exercise, exercise+supplement and supplement groups compared to the control group (P<0.05).
Conclusion: It seems that eight weeks of circuit resistance training and the addition of saffron help on visfatin serum levels and insulin resistance can lead to the reduction of these two variables in overweight men. The saffron plant can play a protective role due to the presence of flavonoids and by stimulating the secretion of Visfatin.

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Background: The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of sports rehabilitation exercises with vitamin D consumption on fatigue, sleep quality and depression level of people with osteosarcoma cancer after bone marrow stem cell transplantation.
Methods: In this study, 27 women with osteosarcoma cancer with body mass index above 30 kg/m2, age 24.90±4.03 years, height 163.85±3.62 cm and weight 82.17±4.5 kg were randomly divided into four groups. (patient-exercise), (patient-exercise-vitamin D), (patient-exercise-placebo) and (control) were divided. The training protocol includes ten weeks of Pilates exercise. The supplement group took 500 IU of vitamin D three days a week for 10 weeks. Data were analyzed using dependent t-test and one-way analysis of variance.
Results: The results of the covariance analysis of the research of three exercise groups showed that after ten weeks of sports rehabilitation with vitamin D consumption, the indicators of fatigue and the level of depression decreased significantly (P≤ 0.05). Also, the results of covariance analysis of the three training groups showed that the overall sleep quality of people with osteosarcoma cancer increased significantly (P≤ 0.05). Conclusion: Based on the obtained results, it is suggested that the consumption of vitamin D along with exercise rehabilitation can be an effective treatment method for fatigue, sleep quality and depression in people with osteosarcoma cancer.
Conclusion: Based on the obtained results, it is suggested that the consumption of vitamin D along with sports rehabilitation can be an effective treatment method for fatigue, sleep quality and depression in people with osteosarcoma cancer.

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Background: Considering the negative effects of inactivity and increasing fat mass in inactive people, the aim of this study was to investigate the effect of six weeks of aerobic exercise along with the consumption of fenugreek seeds supplementation on C-reactive protein and some blood parameters in inactive women.
Methods: 40 subjects were randomly assigned to 4 groups: exercise and fenugreek (n=10), exercise and placebo (n=10), fenugreek (n=10), placebo (n=10). Two exercise groups participated in the aerobic exercise program for 6 weeks, 3 sessions per week, and each session lasted from 20 to 30 minutes. Subjects consumed 500 mg of fenugreek seeds or placebo (starch) daily after breakfast. The blood samples of the subjects were collected from the vein of the right hand of the subjects in a sitting position. In order to analyze the data, Shapiro-Wilk test, correlated t-test, and Benferroni's post hoc analysis of covariance test were used for natural data at the significance level of p<0.05.
Result: The results showed that aerobic exercise combined with fenugreek seeds supplementation had a decreasing effect (p=0.001) on the response of C-reactive protein (CRP) in inactive women, and an increasing effect on the amount of platelets in inactive women (p=0.003). It had an increasing effect on the amount of red blood cells in inactive women (p=0.003) and a decreasing effect on the amount of white blood cells (p=0.03).
Conclusion: Aerobic training with fenugreek seeds leads to a decrease in C-reactive protein and a decrease in white blood cells and an increase in platelets and red blood cells. These changes reduce the inflammatory condition and increase the immune system and better oxygen supply to the tissues and optimal metabolism of inactive women.
 

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Background: Obesity is a multifactorial disease whose incidence and burden on societies around the world is increasing. Sexual performance in these patients is an important aspect that is often ignored. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of a period of endurance training along with electrical stimulation on the gene expression of some sex markers in testicular tissue of fasted obese rats.
Methods: In this experimental study, with a control group of 40 male Wistar rats (8 weeks old, weighing 200±19 grams), after induction of obesity and weight gain, randomly divided into 5 groups of 8: control, fasting-obese, fasting-endurance exercise, fasting-electrical stimulation and Fasting-endurance training-electrical stimulation were divided. Intervention groups for a period of 4 weeks under endurance sports activity (with a speed of 10 to 20 m/min and duration of 20 to 40 minutes), electrical stimulation (foot shock device for 0.5 mA and 20 minutes) and fasting (8 to 16 hours) were placed. After exercise and anesthesia, tissue sampling was done and after molecular processes, gene expression was measured using Real time-PCR machine. For data analysis, two-way analysis of variance test was used at a significance level of P< 0.05 and GraphPad software.
Results: The results showed that endurance training led to a significant increase in the expression of 5αR and aromatase genes in fasting obese rats compared to the obese group (P= 0.0001). Also, electrical stimulation and its combination with endurance training led to a significant increase in the expression of 5αR gene (P= 0.0001), but this increase was not significant in Aromatase gene (P= 0.377).
Conclusion: It seems that endurance training and electrical stimulation during fasting by increasing the expression of 5-alpha reductase and aromatase genes in obese samples is effective in their sexual health and leads to its improvement. Also, a combination of electrical stimulation and exercise can have positive effects on this process, but more studies are needed.