Iranian Journal of

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Introduction: The prevalence of type 2 diabetes is increasing daily all around the world and is a serious threat to the well-being of the community in terms of renal failure, cardiovascular disease, blindness, and neuropathy. The assessment of difference screening approaches is of great importance in this disease. We compared ADA and WHO criteria for the diagnosis of type 2 diabetes.
Methods: 982 individuals (age range: 30 to 64 years), residents of the city of Bushehr, were chosen by systematic random sampling for this study, each providing a fasting blood sample for a standard oral glucose tolerance test. Plasma glucose was measured by the glucose oxidase-peroxidase method, using a Technikon RA1000 autoanalyser. Data was analysed with the Chi-squared and Student’s t tests and, when required, Fisher’s Exact test.
Results: 354 (36%) men and 628 (64%) women took part in this study. 42.9% were in the 30-39 age group. 69 (20 men and 49 women) of the 982, that is 7% of the sample, had known diabetes before recruitment into the study. The crude prevalence of type 2 diabetes and impaired glucose tolerance using WHO criteria was 13.6 and 15.6 percent, respectively. The crude prevalence of type 2 diabetes using ADA criteria was 13.4 percent. 51% of patients were already aware of their disease. The sensitivity of fasting blood glucose testing for detecting diabetes was 45.8% using WHO and 62.5% using ADA criteria. Both sets of criteria were equally specific.
Conclusion: Given the overall prevalence of glucose intolerance (impaired glucose tolerance and type 2 diabetes) in Bushehr, it should be considered as a high-prevalence area for diabetes. Accordingly, we recommend screening with fasting plasma glucose and oral glucose tolerance testing.

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Introduction: In order to determine the relationship between serum lipid profile and diabetes mellitus as well as other cardiovascular risk factors, we carried out a cross-sectional study of 1255 oil industry workers at the Kharg Island oil terminal.
Methods: Increased levels of total cholesterol (TC≥200mg/dl), triglyceride (TG≥200mg/dl), and low-density lipoprotein (LDL≥130mg/dl) were seen in 32.7%, 39.5% and 18.5% of the workers, respectively. Decreased levels of high-density lipoprotein (HDL<40mg/dl) were seen in 13.1% of workers. 61.3% of the workers had a body mass index (BMI) ≥25kg/m2. Visceral obesity (waist circumference >100cm) was seen 32.4% of workers.
Results: There was a direct and significant relationship between TC levels and BMI (p<0.001), and between TG levels and BMI (p<0.0001). The same correlation existed between waist circumference and both TC (p<0.02) and TG (p<0.06). There was also a direct correlation between LDL levels and waist circumference (p<0.04). 10.6% of workers had some disorder of glucose metabolism. There was a direct correlation between diabetes and both TC and HDL levels (p<0.04 and p<0.05, respectively). 42.4% of workers smoked and 57.4% had a sedentary lifestyle. There was a trend toward lower blood glucose and cholesterol levels as the level of physical activity increased (p=0.1 and p=0.08, respectively). There was a significant difference between blue- and white-collar workers in the prevalence of excess weight, visceral obesity, diastolic hypertension, diabetes and cigarette smoking, but not serum lipid profile and level of physical activity.
Conclusion: The significant prevalence of dyslipidaemia and other cardiovascular risk factors in the oil workers of Kharg Island requires systematic preventive interventions to reduce cardiovascular mortality and morbidity in this population.

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Introduction: In patients with type 2 diabetes, triglyceride (TG) is usually increased, HDL decreased, and LDL normal. This pattern is associated with an increased risk of coronary heart disease. More recently, dense-particle LDL has been identified as an important risk factor for coronary heart disease.
Methods: 298 patients with type 2 diabetes attending the diabetes clinic at Doctor Shariati University Hospital underwent anthropometric and biochemical assessment. Anthropometric measurements followed WHO criteria. Biochemical indices (apoB100, TG, cholesterol, LDL, LDL particle size, HDL, and apoA1) were measured using standard laboratory methods. One-way ANOVA was used to analyse data with SPSSv6 software.
Results: Mean patient age was 55±13.2 years. Mean duration of diabetes was 9.5±6.1 years. The majority of patients were moderate to severely overweight. 73.2% of patients had some form of hyperlipidaemia. 20.7% had isolated hypertriglyceridaemia, 21% isolated hypercholesterolaemia, and 31.5% mixed hyperlipidaemia. Mean apoA1 concentration was higher than normal in this group, and mean apoB100 concentration lower. LDL particle size generally followed a small and dense pattern.
Conclusion: This study shows that LDL particles in both men and women with type 2 diabetes undergo both qualitative and quantitative changes. 35.5% of patients had smaller, denser LDL particles than normal. It appears that dyslipidaemia and B-pattern LDL particles are important risk factors for atherosclerosis in this group.

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Background: Cardiac X Syndrome is the occurrence of angina pectoris in spite of a normal coronary angiogram, probably due to a disorder of the cardiac sensory nervous system (pain perception). The insulin resistance (metabolic X) syndrome is an important determinant of coronary artery disease. There is a dearth of research on the association between insulin resistance and cardiac X syndrome. We compared the hormonal status of three groups of postmenopausal women: those with cardiac X syndrome, those with coronary artery disease, and healthy controls.
Methods: 149 postmenopausal women (age range 48-58 years), matched for duration of menopause, were recruited for this study. Gonadotrophin and fasting insulin levels as well as blood pressure and body mass index were measured in all three groups.
Results: LH, FSH, oestradiol and progesterone levels were similar in all three groups. Women in the first two groups (that is, those with angina pectoris regardless of the result of coronary angiography) had a significantly higher BMI than controls. Fasting insulin levels were significantly higher in the first two groups compared with controls (p<0.01). There was no difference in fasting insulin level between the normal and abnormal angiography groups. There was no significant correlation between fasting insulin and any of the other variables, even though the association between fasting insulin and BMI in the abnormal angiography-confirmed CAD group very nearly approached statistical significance (p=0.059).
Conclusion: Women with angina pectoris, regardless of the outcome of coronary angiography, have hyperinsulinism and a higher BMI than controls. It seems that hyperinsulinism is the fundamental mechanism by which both the cardiac X and metabolic X syndromes occur. Further research is needed to elucidate this matter.

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Background: Diabetes is a hidden epidemic and the most common metabolic disorder in the world. Immune dysfunction (cellular and humoural) is one of the consequences of diabetes, including defects of phagocyte function, notably in chemotaxis, phagocytosis, and killing. Results of studies on phagocyte respiratory burst activity, however, have been contradictory. We studied the respiratory burst of peripheral blood neutrophils and monocytes separately in response to formyl-met-leu-phe (fmlp) and phorbol-12,13-myristate acetate (PMA).
Methods: 36 patients with type 2 diabetes (mean age 53±7 years) and 20 healthy controls (mean age 50±5 years) each provided a 15ml blood sample. Peripheral blood neutrophils and monocytes were separated and purified (>95%) using specific density gradients and short-term culture. We then separately assessed respiratory burst activity in response to fmlp and PMA by the semi-quantitative nitroblue tetrazolium (NBT) test.
Results: Following stimulation with PMA, diabetic neutrophils showed reduced respiratory burst activity compared with normal neutrophils (p=0.097). Following stimulation with fmlp, too, diabetic neutrophils showed reduced respiratory burst activity compared with normal neutrophils, which this time was statistically significant (p=0.027). There was no difference between diabetic and normal subjects with regards to monocyte response to either fmlp or PMA.
Conclusion: It appears that the diminished response and reduced effectiveness of the phagocyte system in people with diabetes can facilitate the onset, exacerbation, and persistence of infection.

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Background: Diabetes type 1 is characterized by autoimmune destruction or primary dysfunction of pancreatic  cells. The more common form is the autoimmune type, which can be associated with other endocrine malfunction such as adrenal insufficiency and Hashimoto’s thyroiditis. Autoimmune thyroiditis is characterized by presence of anti TG, anti TPO and anti TSH antibodies in the plasma. This study has investigated the prevalence of autoimmune thyroid disorders in type 1 diabetic patients.
Methods: 200 type 1 diabetics and 200 age/sex matched non-diabetic controls were recruited. Blood samples were taken to determine serum levels of thyroid hormones (T3RU, T3, T4, and TSH) and antithyroid antibodies.
Results: TG-Ab and TPO-Ab levels were significantly higher (P<0.001) in diabetics compared to controls (mean TG-Ab: 955.7±495.5 in diabetics and 451.0±189.5 in controls mean TPO-Ab: 463.2±182.3 in diabetics and 112.4±38.3 in controls). Clinical and subclinical hyperthyroidism was four times more common in diabetics. Conclusion: It seems reasonable that type 1 diabetic patients, especially those at younger ages, be screened for thyroid hormones and anti-thyroid antibodies

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Background: LDL oxidation plays a significant role in atherosclerosis process. Change in LDL type, occurring with physical activity, and the resulting decrease in LDL sensitivity to the oxidative process can protect the subject against atherosclerosis. This study has compared LDL sensitivity to oxidation in athletes and non athletes.
Methods: 14 male athletes (aged 482) and 14 male non athletes (aged 444) were recruited. 10 ml venous fasting blood was obtained from each subject. According to the PUHL guidelines, LDL sensitivity to oxidation was evaluated using conjugated diene method. Cholesterol and triglyceride were measured by enzymatic immunoassay. HDL-c was measured by precipitation method. LDL was calculated by Fried-Wald formula.
Results: LDLs from athletes’ sera were less vulnerable to oxidation than non-athletes’ sera. To say, mean lag time in athletes was 60.35 10 compared to 5610 in non athletes. This difference, however, was not statistically significant. A significant difference existed between the two groups with regard to HD L-c level (46.28 vs. 388.5 P 

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Cardiovascular disorders are responsible of nearly fifty percent of deaths in industrial and developing countries. However numerous studies have revealed considerable differences in distribution of cardiovascular risk factors at the national, regional and ethnic levels. There is a necessity to elucidate the status of all recognized risk factors in any population to attribute these differences in the incidence of cardiovascular events to the changes in some risk factors or natural history of the disease in that society. The study of cardiovascular risk factors in the 17th zone of Tehran is performed according to the model of MONICA project of WHO. In this project the trend of cardiovascular events and their association with changes in risk factors is monitored in more than twenty countries and 35 centers. In this article we describe some aspects of the statistical design and sampling procedure of our aformentioned study such as sampling framework, sampling methods and its rationale, best size of clusters, sample size and sample selection in each cluster.

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Introduction: Urbanization, establishment of sedentary life style and unhealthy diet in association with environmental stress has led the cardiovascular risk factors to prevail in the metropolitan city of Tehran. Survey of lifestyle related cardiovascular risk factors is one of the priorities of Tehran university population laboratory in the 17th zone of Tehran.
Methods:1573 inhabitants of 17th zone of Tehran were recruited by one stage cluster random sampling according to the model of WHO MONICA project.
Results: 58.6% of men and 64% of women had BMI ≥ 25 kg/m2. 41.7% of men and 37.6% of women had hypertension. 8.9% of men and 12.2% of women had diabetes. 34.4% of men and 44.6% of women had total cholesterol ≥ 200 mg/dl. 34.1% of men and 32.6% of women had triglyceride ≥ 200 mg/dl. 34.7% of men and 4.2% of women were regular smokers. 21% of participants had positive family history of cardiovascular disorders.
Conclusion: The prevalence of hypertension in this region is high, that of dyslipidemia relatively lower than the other studies performed in Iran. The prevalence of Diabetes and overweight /obesity is high and comparable to other Iranian studies. It seems that the population of this zone is at high risk for stroke and then coronary heart disease. This fact must be considered in the future interventional programs to control cardiovascular risk factors in the region.

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Introduction: Hypertension is the most important modifiable cardiovascular risk factor. Hypertension is the leading global risk factor for mortality and as the third leading risk factor for cardiovascular disease burden. This survey has been conducted to determine the prevalence of hypertension among the inhabitants of 25-64 aged in 17th zone of Tehran, selected as Population Lab Region.
Methods: In a population-based cross-sectional survey conducted based on MONICA/WHO project, blood pressure measured with standard sphygmomanometer in sitting position after 10 minutes of resting in 1573 people. Blood samples collected in Venoject tubes for laboratory evaluation. Analysis was performed using the more conservative threshold of SBP ≥ 160 mm Hg and/or DBP≥ 95 mm Hg according to the criteria of the World Health Organization (WHO).
Results: A total of 1573 persons (615 men and 958 women) were evaluated. Hypertension prevalence (SBP≥160 or DBP≥95 or using antihypertensive drugs) was 29% in men and 34.8 in women. There was a significant correlation between systolic and diastolic blood pressure and BMI (p<0/0001). 58% of men and 55.8% of women with hypertension were obese (35>BMI>27).The mean of systolic and diastolic blood pressure had meaningful correlation with cholesterol, LDL, HDL, TG and homocysteine.
Conclusion: These results revealed that the prevalence of hypertension among this population was greater than supposed. The hypertension trend from 1992 is rising. Obesity is one of the most important associated risk factors of hypertension. High prevalence of other cardiovascular risk factors is a matter of concern to this population.

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Introduction: Hyperlipidemia is a major cardiovascular risk factor. This survey has been performed to determine the prevalence of hyperlipidemia in the 17th zone of Tehran.
Methods: 1573 individuals 25-64 aged were recruited from the inhabitants of the 17th zone of Tehran through one stage cluster sampling. Standard questionnaires were filled out for all of the participants. Lipid profile was categorized according to the NCEP:ATP III criteria.
Results: 59% had ideal cholesterol levels, 27.1% borderline and 13.9% had high cholesterol levels. Hypercholesterolemia was more prevalent in women than men. 55% had ideal LDL-cholesterol level. Prevalence of hyper-LDL (>160mg/dl) was 2.3%. Hyper LDL was more prevalent in women than men (p<0.001). Prevalence of hypo-HDL was 13.8% and it was more common in men than women (p<0.001). 33.4% had high triglyceride levels.
Conclusion: Prevalence of dyslipidemia in this area of Tehran is not as high as that obtained from other urban studies. This fact should be considered in the future interventional programs which focus on noncommunicable disease management.

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Background: Obesity and overweight, as the most common metabolic disorders, are great health problem during recent decades. Obesity takes a role as independent or concordant risk factor for many diseases. So, it has a considerable share in burden of morbidities and mortalities. Urbanization and its consequences in increasing of incomes and per capita energy uptake, besides the notable reduction in physical activities are the main causes of increased rates of obesity in developing countries. This survey has been conducted to evaluate the obesity and overweight status and their pattern among the inhabitants of 25-64 aged in 17th zone of Tehran, selected as Population Lab region.
Methods: This study is a part of the Cardiovascular Risk Factors Survey in the Population Lab region. This survey has been designed and conducted based on MONICA/WHO project. A total of 1573 people have been recruited and assessed on age, weight, height, waist and hip circumferences. Body mass index (BMI), waist circumference (WC) and waist-to-hip ratio (WHR) were determined for comparing between groups.
Results: There was a significant difference in mean BMI between two sexes (26.13 kg/m2 in men vs. 28.86 kg/m2 in women). As well, WC and WHR were diverse between men and women (WC: 91.70 cm vs. 89.15 cm WHR: 0.91 vs. 0.85, respectively). Obesity prevalence was 18.6% among men and 38.3% among women. Prevalence of high WC and abnormal WHR were higher among women than men.
Conclusion: These results revealed that prevalence of obesity among adults was very high. The prevalence in women was more than two times than in men. This finding may be in part because of little physical activity and high proportions of carbohydrates intake instead of protein in daily energy uptake and also because of physiological differences among women. Proper and effective planning to achieve applied strategies for improving the social knowledge and awareness and also improving the life style and nutrition status of the people is highly necessiated.

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Introduction: Metabolic syndrome includes obesity, hypertriglyceridemia, glucose intolerance, hypertension and lipid profile abnormalities. The risk of cardiovascular diseases with this syndrome is higher than every components alone. In view of its burden and high mortality rate, this syndrome should be noted.
Methods: The 25-64 aged individuals in 17th zone of Tehran were studied. It was designed according to the WHO MONICA (Multinational Monitoring of Trends and Determinants in Cardiovascular Disease) project using the ATP III criteria. The parameters have been used for the risk analysis were Waist Circumference (WC), fasting serum triglycerides (TG), high density lipoprotein-cholesterol (HDL-C), blood pressure (BP) and fasting plasma glucose (FPG).
Results: The crude prevalence rate of the metabolic syndrome was 29.9% and the age-adjusted prevalence was 27.5%. The prevalence increased with age. The highest prevalence among different age-groups was seen in women aged 55-64 years. In the whole population, the most metabolic abnormalities were hypertriglyceridemia and hypertension that were present in more than half of the population. The people with metabolic syndrome had higher BMI than rest.
Conclusion: Results demonstrate high metabolic syndrome rate among target population specially in women. In view. of correlation between metabolic syndrome and cardiovascular disease, it must be the priority of interventional preventive measures. Improving the diet, changing the lifestyle and increasing physical activity can be helpful.

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Introduction: Nutrition plays an important role in the protection and promotion of health. To plan and implement programs aiming at improving community nutritional status, a knowledge of the existing situation is essential. The aim of this cross-sectional study was to determine food and nutrient intakes of the inhabitants in Tehran University of Medical Sciences population laboratory.
Methods: In a sample of 310 women and 185 men, selected by clustered random sampling, food intake was determined using the 24-hour dietary recall (on two non-consecutive days). Weights and heights were also measured on the first visit. For analysis of data, Dorosti Food Processor, Diet Analysis plus and SPSS software were used.
Results: The average (mean ± SD) intakes of energy, protein, carbohydrate, total fat, saturated fat, cholesterol, vitamin A, B2 ,B6 ,B12, folic acid, zinc, iron, and calcium were 2902±336cal, 88±15gr, 461±69gr, 80±19gr, 27±7gr, 272±112mg, 943±319µgr RE, 1.2±.35mgr, 1.2± .37mg, 2.9±2.67µgr, 294±73.7µgr, 10.48± 2.25mg, 28.90±5.81mg, and 537±123mg in men, and 2226±234cal , 66±11gr, 344±41gr, 70±14gr, 22±6gr , 205±85mgr ,882±291µgr RE, .88±.22mg, 1.14± .24mg, 2.2±2.07µgr, 270±60.7µgr, 8.65±1.62mg, 22.66±4.27mg, and 433±113mg in women, respectively. The average (mean +SD) daily numbers of servings of the food guide pyramid main groups, namely, grains, fruits, vegetables, dairy, and meat were 12.74±3.80 ,1.52±1.44, 4.30±2.74, .97±.72 , and .9±.98 in men, and 9.8±3.3, 2.87±2.06, 2.88±2.40, .82±.60, and .86±.84 in women, respectively. Most of these intakes are under current recommendations. Thirty eight percent of the men and 23% of the women had a daily cholesterol intake of at least 300 mg. In addition, the proportions of the men and women with a daily total fat intake of at least 75 gram was 43% and 35%, respectively.
Conclusion: The findings show that while the intake of most micronutrients is lower than respective RDAs, the intake of fat and cholesterol are higher than the current recommendations. This indicates that the community is undergoing nutrition transition. It is recommended that further studies be conducted to identify more comprehensively nutritional problems of the community in question, so that appropriate programs can be prepared and implemented.

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Introduction: Cigarette smoking is a major modifiable risk factor for cardiovascular disease and it has been identified as the single most important cause of cardiovascular accident related deaths in most countries.
Methods: 1573 people who lives in 17th zone of Tehran (Population Research Center of Tehran University of Medical Sciences) were investigated by a cross- sectional study. A group of trained persons collected data by the standard questionnaire that contained demographic and smoking status characteristics. Furthermore the fasting blood samples were taken for more evaluation. Data were analyzed with SPSS software.
Results: According to this study 37/4% of men and 4/2% of women were smoker. There were relationship between cigarette smoking and serum level of homocysteine, Folic Acid, cholesterol, LDL, HDL, Uric Acid, hypertension and BMI (P<0/05). But it was no significant with vitamin B12 and TG statistically.
Conclusion: There were relationship between cigarette smoking and male gender, age, unmarried status and the level of education. So public education should be accomplished in society specially among families for prevention of cardiovascular risk factors.

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Introduction: Elevated plasma total homocysteine is an independent risk factor for cardiovascular disease and a sensitive marker of vitamin B12 and folate insufficiency. Folate and vitamin B12 have a protective effect on cardiovascular disease. This effect may be partly explained by mechanisms independent of homocysteine. This survey is the first population based study to evaluate the plasma total homocysteine, folic acid and vitamin B12 in 1214 healthy Iranian persons.
Methods: This study which was a part of the Cardiovascular Risk Factors Survey in the Population Lab region, has been designed and conducted based on MONICA/WHO project. A total of 1214 people have been recruited and assessed on serum homocysteine, folic acid and vitamin B12 with interview, questionnaires, examination and blood sampling. Blood samples were gathered in Venoject tubes and analyzed according to standard methods.
Results: The variables were assessed in 1214 participants include 428 men (35.3%) and 786 women (64.7%). Prevalence of hyperhomocysteinemia was 96.4% in men and 83.3% in women (p<0.0001). Geometric mean of serum homocysteine was 19.02 ± 1.46 µmol/l in men and 14.05± 1.45 µmol/l in women (p<0.004) and increased with age. Folic acid deficiency was seen in 527 (98.9% )men and 833 women (98.0%). 161 (30.1%)men and 232(27.2%) women had vitamin B12 deficiency.
Conclusion: These results revealed that the prevalence of hyperhomocysteinemia, folic acid and vitamin B12 deficiency was higher than other communities considerably. Preventive interventions as food fortification with folic acid is necessary.

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Background: Diabetes is one of the most common chronic diseases worldwide. The number of diabetic patients in Iran is estimated 1.5 million. This survey has been conducted to evaluate diabetes and impaired fasting glucose status among 25-64 aged inhabitants of 17th zone of Tehran, selected as Population Lab region.
Methods: This study is a part of the Cardiovascular Risk Factors Survey in the Population Lab region. This survey has been designed and conducted based on MONICA/WHO project. A total of 1573 people have been recruited and assessed on age, weight, height, waist and hip circumferences. Body mass index (BMI), waist circumference (WC) and waist-to-hip ratio (WHR) were determined for comparing between groups. The known diabetic cases were found as history of taking antihyperglycemic agents or report of their family physician and new cases were diagnosed as FPG≥126mg/dl according to the ADA 2004criteria.IFG was determined by 100≤FPG≤126.Adjusted prevalences are calculated according to the 1375 census data.
Results: type 2 diabetes prevalence was 10.9% and the prevalence of IFG was 5% in this population. The age adjusted prevalences were 9.3% and 4.5% respectively. prevalences were higher in women than men in all age groups. people with diabetes had higher body mass index, waist, waist to hip ratio, mean systolic and diastolic blood pressure(p<0.05).9/8% of diabetic patients were unaware of their disease.
Conclusion: These results revealed that the prevalence of diabetes among women was higher than men. This finding may be in part because of little physical activity .Proper and effective planning to achieve the applied strategies for improving the social knowledge and awareness and also improving the life style of the people is highly necessiated.

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Celiac disease and typel diabetes mellirus have been linked to the same HLA markers and chromosomal loci, which may account for the concurrence of the two disorders in a significant number of patients. This study was designed to investigate the frequency of anti-gliadin antibodies, a marker for celiac disease, in diabetic patients.
Methods: In this study, 182 diabetic patients (52 with typel and 130 with type2 diabetes) were screened for anti-gliadin IgG by indirect immunofluorescence. Age range was 3-29.5 and 42-65 years for type 1 and type 2 diabetes groups.
Results: Anti-gliadin IgG was found in 1.9% and 1.5% of patients with type land type 2 diabetes. In Tehran, 0.02% of healthy blood donors have been reported to be seropositivitive for anti-gliadin IgG.
Conclusion: The prevalence of anti-gliadin seropositivity in type 1 and type 2 diabetics, was respectively 30 and 24 times higher than the general population of Tehran. This concurs with other reports indicating higher occurrence of celiac disease in diabetic populations. The rather low sensitivity and specificity (both around 80%) of the antigliadin antibody test has made it a suboptimal diagnostic test. However, it is quick and inexpensive and can be suitable for screening programs. We recommend the test in all at-risk populations including diabetics.

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Background:Obesity is a serious public health problem in developing countries due to its association with the cardiovascular risk factors. Childhood obesity is responsible for a number of different complications both during childhood and adulthood. The aim of the present study was to determine the cardiovascular risk factors in overweight and obese Iranian children.
Methods: We screened 13086 children aged 7-12 years by measuring waist circumference. Those with a waist circumference ≥61 cm were selected for further evaluation. Anthropometric measurements were done and blood samples were taken from 563 enrolled overweight/obese children (284 boys and 279 girls). We determined cardiovascular risk factors (including fasting total cholesterol, LDL-C, HDL-C, triglycerides, blood pressure). In addition we measured the fasting blood sugar, insulin, apo-A , apo-B and leptin levels.
Results: Only 2.7% of overweight or obese children had no risk factors. While, 20.6% had one and 70.85% had two or more risk factors. The prevalence of high total Cholestrol levels was 42.6%. HDL-C showed an acceptable level in 92.4%of children .There were strong correlations between BMI and serum apoB and leptin levels (p<0.005).
Conclusion: The high prevalence of cardiovascular risk factors in overweight and obese Iranian children emphasizes the need for prevention and control of childhood obesity from early childhood in our country.

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Background: Cardiovascular disease is one of the major leading cause of death in Iran. There is a strong association between parental history of cardiovascular disease clustering of risk factors in the offspring. Detection and treatment of cardiovascular risk factors since childhood is essential to reduce the incidence of disease in adulthood. This study was performed to identify major cardiovascular risk factors in middle school-aged children and their parents in high risk compared to control families.
Methods: The middle schools of the 6th of Tehran were divided randomly into two groups. A total of 169 high-risk children with their families were recruited from the first group while 105 control children with their families were recruited from the second group of schools. Coronary risk factor survey was performed in the participants.
Results: Prevalence of increased total- and LDL-cholesterol and high FBS were higher in high-risk parents and children. Prevalence of increased BMI was higher in fathers and children of high-risk families. More fathers in high-risk families were smoker. The means of waist circumference and WHR were significantly higher in high-risk fathers. The means of total- and LDL- cholesterol were significantly higher both in parents and children of high-risk group. The means of FBS were significantly higher in fathers and offspring of high-risk families. Conclusion: Cardiovascular risk factors are more prevalent and clustered in high-risk families. Screening of these families is essential to prevent progression of cardiovascular disease since childhood and reduce its burden in adulthood.