Iranian Journal of

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Introduction: In this study, we compared the level of glycosylated haemoglobin in patients with essential hypertension and healthy controls.
Method: 70 non-diabetic patients with essential hypertension were recruited into the study along with 140 controls without any significant medical history. Persons with a history of metabolic disease, anaemia, renal disease, splenectomy, pregnancy, or on medication were excluded from the study. A blood sample was taken from each participant and immediately sent to the EEMRC laboratory, where fasting blood sugar and glycosylated haemoglobin levels were measured by the glucose oxidase and thiobarbituric acid (colorimetry) method, respectively. The unpaired t-test was used to compare means. A p-value of less than 0.05 was considered significant.
Results: Mean fasting blood glucose was 103.1±16.1mg/dl in the hypertensive group and 92±7mg/dl in controls (p<0.05). Mean glycosylated haemoglobin levels were 7.38±0.78% in the hypertensive group and 6.5±0.85% in controls (p<0.05). Conclusion: People with essential hypertension have a higher level of glycosylated haemoglobin than healthy controls.

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Introduction: In patients with type 2 diabetes, triglyceride (TG) is usually increased, HDL decreased, and LDL normal. This pattern is associated with an increased risk of coronary heart disease. More recently, dense-particle LDL has been identified as an important risk factor for coronary heart disease.
Methods: 298 patients with type 2 diabetes attending the diabetes clinic at Doctor Shariati University Hospital underwent anthropometric and biochemical assessment. Anthropometric measurements followed WHO criteria. Biochemical indices (apoB100, TG, cholesterol, LDL, LDL particle size, HDL, and apoA1) were measured using standard laboratory methods. One-way ANOVA was used to analyse data with SPSSv6 software.
Results: Mean patient age was 55±13.2 years. Mean duration of diabetes was 9.5±6.1 years. The majority of patients were moderate to severely overweight. 73.2% of patients had some form of hyperlipidaemia. 20.7% had isolated hypertriglyceridaemia, 21% isolated hypercholesterolaemia, and 31.5% mixed hyperlipidaemia. Mean apoA1 concentration was higher than normal in this group, and mean apoB100 concentration lower. LDL particle size generally followed a small and dense pattern.
Conclusion: This study shows that LDL particles in both men and women with type 2 diabetes undergo both qualitative and quantitative changes. 35.5% of patients had smaller, denser LDL particles than normal. It appears that dyslipidaemia and B-pattern LDL particles are important risk factors for atherosclerosis in this group.

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Background: The non-enzymatic glycosylation (NEG) of proteins in diabetes damages both the structure and function of these proteins. In vivo and in vitro studies have shown that NEG of proteins and advanced glycosylation end-products (AGE) contribute to the pathogenesis of both macrovascular, such as atherosclerosis, and microvascular complications, such as retinopathy and nephropathy, in diabetes.
Methods: We studied the electrophoretic mobility, fluorescence at isoelectric pH, and time-dependent AGE formation of glycosylated albumin. For the first time, we have used isoelectric focusing to study serum glycosylated albumin in diabetic patients and healthy controls. Results: After 10 weeks incubation with glucose, the electrophoretic mobility of glycosylated albumin increased 21.3% compared with normal albumin. The isoelectric pH of albumin decreased from 4.6 on day 1 to 4.1 on day 7. The increase in electrophoretic mobility was accompanied by the drop in pH during the first week of incubation. These changes correlated well with those observed by fluorescence. The glucose content of the albumin samples decreased during the first week of incubation, but gradually increased thereafter. Fluorescence readings agreed with these observations. Using isoelectric focusing, there was a significant difference between the serum albumin of diabetic and normal individuals (p<0.001).
Conclusion: Increased electrophoretic mobility during the first week with a simultaneous decline in isoelectric pH shows that AGE formation begins after the first week. The reduction in glucose concentration during the first week and its subsequent increase during the second week may be attributed to the formation and hydrolysis of AGE. This method may be used to determine the stability or progress of diabetes.

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Background: Hyperhomocysteinemia may increase blood pressure by inducing endothelial cells dysfunction . The aim of this study was determining the relationship between plasma Homocysteine (Hcy) levels and blood pressure in new cases of type 2 diabetes mellitus.
Methods: As a cross sectional study, 46 new cases of type 2 diabetes mellitus referred to Isfahan Endocrine and Metabolism Research Center were selected by convenient sampling. Basal characteristics of patients were recorded. Systolic and diastolic blood pressure was measured two times with 30 minutes interval on two consequent days. After ten hours of overnight fasting, blood samples were taken to measure fasting plasma glucose, HbA1c, triglyceride, Total cholesterol, HDL-C and creatinine. All data were expressed as mean (SD). Relationship between plasma Homocysteine levels and both systolic and diastolic blood pressure was assessed by Pearson's correlation coefficient. Patients were divided into three groups according to their plasma Homocysteine levels, (Hcy<10mol/L, 10Hcy<15 mol/L and Hcy15mol/L).. Then mean of systolic and diastolic blood pressure between groups were compared by one – way ANOVA and Tuckey-HSD tests.
Results: Mean (SD) of plasma Homocysteine levels was 12.2 (6.8) mol/L and of systolic and diastolic blood pressure was 128.8 (18.1) and 82.3(9) mm/Hg, respectively. There was a significant correlation between plasma Homocysteine levels, and both systolic (r=0.39, P<0.01) and diastolic (r=0.46, P<0.01) blood pressures. Mean (SD) of systolic and diastolic blood pressure in patients with plasma Homocysteine level of 15mol/L was 152.5 (17.7) and 91.8 (7.3) mm/Hg, respectively, so blood pressure in those group with hyperhomocysteinemia was higher than other two groups (P<0.001). There was no correlation between Homocysteine levels and FPG, HbA1c and lipid profile.
Conclusion: There is a significant correlation between plasma Homocysteine levels and both systolic and diastolic blood pressure in newly diagnosed type 2 diabetics. Patients with hyperhomocyteinemia have higher blood pressure.

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Background: Diabetes mellitus is an insidious disease which can affect different organs. One of the problems is resistant vaginitis, which is related to factors such as high blood glucose levels, allergy and atopia. One of the most common pathogens associated with this condition is Candida Albicans. Thus most physicians begin anti-fungal therapy in first visit even without documented evidence of fungal origin.
Methods: This descriptive analytical cross-sectional study was performed on 160 non-pregnant diabetic women in diabetes clinic of Shariati Hospital during a period of three years (2002-2005). Fasting and 2 hours postprandial blood glucose levels and HbA1C were measured and culture of vaginal discharge was performed. Fisher's exact test was used for statistical analysis.
Results: 71% of women had clinical vaginitis (fungal or bacterial) and 12.5% were diagnosed with Candida vaginitis. Microscopic findings were positive in 1.3 % of patients who had Candida vaginitis (16.7% of all patients). Culture of vaginal discharge revealed that the Candida was responsible of 4.4% of Candida vaginitis. Overlay, the prevalence of Candida vaginitis based on positive culture was 8.8 % in this study. There was significant statistical relationship between mean FBS and infectious vaginal culture. However, the difference was not significant between positive culture of Candida and age, controlled blood glucose, history of allergy, genital hygiene, occupation, level of education, kind of treatment , and type or duration of diabetes.
Conclusion: We suggest in the patients with positive signs of vaginitis, especially Candida vaginitis (even with positive smear) culture of vaginal discharge be carried out.

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Background: Peroxisome Proliferators- Activated Receptor-Gamma2 (PPAR- γ2) is a nuclear receptor that regulates adipocyte differentiation, lipid metabolism and insulin sensitivity. The aim of this study was to evaluate the association of the Pro12Ala polymorphism at the PPAR- γ2 gene in Iranian population with obesity.
Methods: The genomic DNAs of the 156 subjects including obese and healthy isolated from EDTA whole blood. Pro12Ala polymorphism detected by Polymerase Chain Reaction – Restriction Fragment Length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP).
Results: In the obese group , one sample (1.3%) was as homozygote Ala/Ala genotype , 24 samples (30.8%) were Pro/Ala heterozygote and 53 samples (67.9%)as Pro/Pro genotype were identified . in the control group , one sample (1.3%) was as Ala/Ala genotype , 12 samples (15.4%) were Pro/Ala genotype and 65 samples (83.3%) were Pro/Pro genotype. allele frequencies of Ala in obese subjects (qAla=%16.7)were significantly different from those in control subjects (qAla=%8.9).
Conclusion: Our results revealed that Pro12Ala polymorphism in PPAR- γ2 gene associated with obesity in the Iranian population and presence Ala allele cause to significantly higher BMI and lower fasting blood sugar.

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Background: Sulfonylurea agents such as Glibenclamide (Glyburide) have been widely prescribe in treatment of type 2 diabetic patients for decades, but controversy remains about their precise mechanism of action. On the other hand, glucokinase serves as a glucose sensor in pancreatic β-cells and plays a key role in the regulation of insulin secretion and glucose homeostasis. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effect of Glibenclamide on insulin secretion and glucokinase activity in the rat isolated pancreatic islets of Langerhans.
Methods: The islets from normal and type 2 diabetic rats were isolated by collagenase digestion method. Glucokinase activity was measured via determination the rate of glucose-6-phosphate formation in the fluorometric assay. Insulin secretion from hand-picked islets was evaluated by static incubation technique. Insulin concentration was measured by rat insulin ELISA kit.
Results: Our findings obtained from incubation of Glybenclamide with pancreatic islets revealed that this agent increases basal insulin secretion (at 2.8 mM glucose) in both normal and diabetic rats as compared it with control islet (without drug). However, the increase of insulin secretion in response to 16.7 mM glucose was not significant. On the other hand, Glybenclamide had no activating and/or inhibiting effect on pancreatic glucokinase activity in both diabetic and normal Rats. But reduced activity of this enzyme in diabetic rats was significant in comparison with normal.
Conclusion: These data show that increasing effect of Glybenclamide on insulin secretion is through a mechanism other than affecting Glucose Mediated Insulin Release. Moreover, the regulation of pancreatic glucokinase does not depend on glybenclamid.

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Assessing of outcomes and risk factors in the form of qualitative variables is common in the most of medical studies and the research objectives are defined as the relationship between these variables. This paper introduces the concepts and basic and applied statistical tests to examine the relationship between these variables in these studies, including chi-square tests. Principles and method of calculating the statistics and hypothesis testing to assess the relationship between qualitative variables (or difference in proportions between groups), were presented taking into account relevant considerations. The method of reporting findings were introduced in the context of contingency tables, for all types of chi-square tests. To investigate the relationship between two binary or multi-category qualitative variables, Pearson chi-square test (in the case of establishing Cochran conditions), Yates continuity correction for small samples, in the case of not establishing Cochran conditions exact P-Value calculated on the basis of exact tests, trend chi-square test for ordinal qualitative variables and McNemar chi-square test for related samples should be used. In addition for tables larger than 2 × 2, when the overall relationship was significant, post hoc tests with appropriate correction is required. In each of these situations, examples based on research, calculations of tests were performed and their results were presented. To investigate the relationship between a set of risk factors and nominal or ordinal qualitative variables, the introduced analyses are recommended considering the situation and purpose of the proposed study.

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The P-Value cannot present a complete measure of association in medical studies considering the association between categorical variables. In such situations, measures are required to reveal the clinical importance of relation along with their statistical significance, as the effect size. This paper aims to introduce the measures of associations for categorical variables and inferences about them in these studies. Principles and method of calculating measures of associations and inference about them including confidence interval and hypothesis testing were presented to assess the relationship between qualitative variables for all types of medical studies taking into account relevant considerations. Additionaly, the method of reporting of findings were introduced in the context of contingency tables. To investigate the relationship between two binary qualitative variables, should be used the Odds Ratio in cross-sectional or case-control studies, the relative risk in cohort studies, and prevalence ratio in cross-sectional studies and risk difference in all type of studies along with their confidence intervals and/or their significance tests considering the independent or related groups of studies. Additionally, for bigger than 2 by 2 tables, the method of calculating of above mentioned measures considering a reference category and other measures such as Phi, Crammers V, contingency and uncertainty coefficients , Lambda, Gamma, Summers D, Kendals tau-b and tau-c would be recommended. In each of these situations, based on research based examples, calculations of tests were performed and their results were presented. To investigate the relationship between a set of risk factors and binary and multi-category qualitative variables, the introduced analyses are recommended considering the situation and purpose of the proposed study.

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Background: CoQ10 is a lipid-soluble and a powerful antioxidant. Decreased level of this antioxidant was reported in many conditions like vascular, diabetes, high blood pressure and coronary artery diseases. With regards to increased oxidative stress in diabetes and its role in the development of high blood pressure, this study aimed to examine the effect of Q10 supplementation on blood pressure level and its relation to nitric oxide metabolites (NOx) level in type 2 diabetic patients. Methods: In this 12-week randomized controlled trial, T2D subjects received either placebo or coenzyme Q10 (100 mg twice a day). Anthropometric measures, blood pressure, biochemical analysis including NOx level, fasting blood glucose, glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c) and lipid profile were evaluated at the beginning and after the intervention. Results: The intervention resulted in a significant improvement in systolic blood pressure (115.3±27.61 versus 118.2±12.6 mmHg), diastolic blood pressure (77.1±8.22 versus 80.3±12.11mmHg), NOx (Pvalue=0.014) and HbA1c. Moreover Q10 supplementation resulted a significant decrease in elevated levels of cholesterol. Conclusions: In conclusion, CoQ10 supplementation (200 mg/day) for 12 weeks, significantly decreased systolic and diastolic blood pressure, NOx, HbA1c, total cholesterol and LDL-C in type 2 diabetic patients.

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Background: Health staffs have different attitudes and beliefs toward elders that have effect on their behaviors in health service delivery to elders. This study was done for determination of Golestan province health centers general practitioners (GPs) attitude toward elders. Methods: In this cross sectional study, 152 general practitioners of Golestan province health centers were selected via random sampling. The Kogan's Attitudes toward Older People Scale (KAOPS) questionnaire was used as data gathering tools. Data analysis was done in SPSS 16 software using Pearson correlation coefficient, paired t-test, t-tests and one way ANOVA test. Results: Mean (standard deviation) of participants age was 34.73 (6.26) years. Mean (standard deviation) of total score of attitude toward elder scale was 115.48 (10.22) (score range in scale 34-204). 54.2 percent of GPs have lower score than mean. Negative attitude mean score were higher than positive attitude mean score which was statistically significant (P= 0.0001). Conclusion: According to our finding, only half of GPs had favorite attitude toward elder. Whereas negative attitudes were higher than positive attitude toward elder, designing some programs for change in attitude of heath care staffs is necessary.

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Background: Given diabetes mellitus has an adverse effect on spermatogenesis and male fertility, the aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of L-carnitine administration on spermatogenesis and testicular structure in diabetic rats induced with Stereptozotocin. Methods: In this experimental study, fifteen rats were randomly divided into 3 groups: control group was received citrate buffer. Case group was diabetic rats that received 40 mg/kg carnitine for 16 days. Third group was diabetic rats that did not receive carnitine. After sixteen days, morphometric study was performed. Besides, index of testicular weight was obtained. Then, data were analyzed using SPSS software and ANOVA. Results: In testicular sections of diabetic rats were observed a disruption and deformity in first layer of somniferous tubules. Statistical analysis showed a significant difference in carnitine group when compared to the control group (P<0.05). There was a significant difference between weight of diabetic rat compared to the control group (P<0.001). Besides, there was the most ratio of testis index in control group. Conclusion: Our finding showed that short-term L-carnitine administration was affective on the diameter and thickness of seminiferous tubules. Hence, L-carnitine treatment may cause an improvement in spermatogenesis of diabetic men.

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In medical studies, measures are required to reveal the effect of exposures and interventions and also the precision of measurements. This paper aimed to introduce the measures of effect and agreement and inferences about them in these studies. Principles and method of calculating measures of effect and agreement and inference about them were presented for all types of medical studies taking into account the relevant considerations. To assess the effect of risk factors on outcomes in case-control and cohort studies, and to determine the relevant effect, the attributable risk and fraction in the exposed group and population were used along with their confidence intervals. Also the relative risk reduction, absolute risk reduction and number needed to treat were applied as the measures of effect of intervention in the interventional studies especially in trails. The sensitivity, specificity and related measures along with their confidence intervals were computed for diagnostic accuracy and screening studies. In addition it is needed to evaluate the precision of measurements using standard error of measurements, ICC, Altman and Bland’s limits of agreement and Lin’s concordance correlation coefficient for quantitative variables and using kappa and weighted kappa for nominal and ordinal variables. In each of these situations the results of research based examples were presented along with the methods of their calculations.To assess the measures of effect and agreement, the mentioned analyses are recommended considering the situation and purpose of the study.

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There are situations in medical studies, wherein it is impossible to use the methods based on normal distribution (parametric methods). This paper objects to introduce common nonparametric methods and the inferences based on the methods in medical studies. Principles and method of calculations along with the software codes for common nonparametric methods and inference based on them were presented taking into account the considerations relevant to choose the nonparametric methods and their relative efficiency with examples in medical studies. In the situation where the assumptions are not satisfied, the nonparametric methods should be used without caution to lose the efficiency or even with higher efficiency of these methods. To compare a non-normal or ordinal variable between two groups Mann-Whitney test, to compare a non-normal or ordinal variable among more than two groups Kruskal-Wallis test, to compare a non-normal variable between two related situations or matched groups Wilcoxon test and to compare an ordinal variable between two related situations or matched groups Sign test should be used. In each of these tests the results of research based examples were presented along with the methods of their calculations. To assess the relation or difference in all types of medical studies, these tests are recommended considering the situation and purpose of study.

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Background: Type 2 diabetes is a major metabolic disorder. This study was aimed to evaluate the effect of probiotic soymilk fermented with Bifidobacterium lactis and containing omega-3 on hematologic, oxidative stress, anti-oxidant and inflammatory parameters in type 2 diabetic rats.

Methods: In this experimental manipulation study 65 rats were divided into five groups. Type 2 diabetes was induced by a single injection of streptozotocin and nicotinamide. Normal control (NC) and diabetic control (DC) rats received 1 mL/day of distilled water, and three groups of diabetic rats were administered 1 mL/day of soymilk (SM), fermented soymilk (FSM) and fermented soymilk fortified with omega-3 (FSM+omega-3) products by oral gavage for 28 days. Hematologic, oxidative stress, anti-oxidant and inflammatory parameters were measured at the end of experiment.

Results: At the end of experiment, in all treated diabetic rats compared with the DC group, red blood cell (RBC), hemoglobin (Hb), hematocrit and superoxide dismutase (SOD) concentrations increased significantly (p<0.05), and malondialdehyde (MDA) concentrations reduced significantly (p<0.05). The reduction of MDA and increasing in Hb, RBC, hematocrit and SOD concentrations in the FSM+omega-3 group was more than two other groups. In the FSM+omega-3 group, high sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP) concentrations compared with the DC and FSM groups were significantly lower (p<0.05).

Conclusion: The experiments suggest that combining soymilk, probiotics and omega-3 may be beneficial for the reducing oxidative-stress in type 2 diabetes.

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Background: Cardiomyopathy is a side effect caused by diabetes. Prolonged hyperglycemia gives rise to an increase in the expression of the receiver gene RAGE subsequently triggering pathogenesis cardiac signaling pathways in the heart of rats with type II diabetes. The present paper aims to examine how a 12 week Resistance training on gene expressions RAGE, ICAM, VCAM in the heart of diabetic rats with STZ.
Methods: 16 male Wistar rats with weight mean ranging from 200 ± 20 g were randomly assigned to two groups of Resistance diabetes (n = 8) and control diabetes (n = 8) and were kept under lab circumstances. A 12 week Resistance training was administered with the experimental group and 48 hours after the end of the last training session the rats were made unconscious and examined. Their hearts were, afterwards, cut out and the extent of gene expressions RAGE, ICAM, VCAM in the left ventricular heart was measured using Real time-PCR method.
Results: The results indicated there was a significant difference between left ventricular heart of the Resistance diabetes and that of control diabetes in terms of gene expression RAGE, yet no significant difference was detected between the two groups in terms of gene expressions ICAM, VCAM.
Conclusion: According to the results, in seems that Resistance trainings effectively reduce gene expressions RAGE and reduction pattern but non-significant in the Gene ICAM, VCAM in left ventricular heart of diabetic rats and therefore can be considered an effective way in reducing pathogenesis cardiac signaling pathways in the heart of rats with type II diabetes.

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Background: According to the World Health Organization, cardiovascular diseases are the leading cause of death. Behavior modification to improve lifestyle habits can reduce the risk of cardiovascular disease. The aim of this study was to investigate the health promoting lifestyle in Patients with cardiovascular disease in 2014.
Methods: After approval of the study, 352 patients with cardiovascular disease in Gonabad city were enrolled 2014. Data were collected using Health Promoting Lifestyle Promoting (HPLP2) questionnaire. Then analyzed using SPSS software and the Mann-Whitney and Kruskal-Wallis tests. The significance level of P value was considered to be less than 0.05.
Results: Three hundred and fifty-two patients (232 females and 120 males) were recruited, with a mean age of 61.89 ± 1.34 years. The highest mean score of lifestyle was 24.45 ± 8.05 in personal relationships and the lowest was 12.65 ± 5.60 in the area of stress management. All structures had the direct impact on the lifestyle that the most direct impact was social relations (R2= 0.329) and the least direct impact was stress management (R2= 0.164) and the strongest predictor of lifestyle in the mechanisms related to physical activity with the overall effect 14.38 was based on the pattern walker.
Conclusion: Considering, life style has a significant effect on cardiovascular disease. It is possible to improve the lifestyle of patients by providing steps to prevent and control this disease.

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Background: Interleukin-6(IL-6) and Tumor Necroes Factor-alpha (TNF-α) are secreted by adipose tissue and are potential regulators of low grade inflammation and metabolic disorders in Obesity Type 2 Diabetes (OT2D). hence, present study examined the effects of interval training with different diet on low grade inflammation and some of metabolic indexes in OT2D.
Methods: forty-five  OT2D men were randomly assigned into a High intensity interval training(HIIT) plus  normal diet group (ND+H), low carbohydrate diet plus   HIIT group(LC+H)   or  HIIT plus   low fat diet group(LF+H) that involved adherence to a 1200-1500 kcal/day(ND+H: 28% fat, 54% carb and 18% protein; LC+H: 42% fat, 40% carb and 18% protein; LF+H: 20% fat, 62% carb and 18% protein) while participating in a supervised HIIT (3 d/week for 12 weeks). Anthropometrics, physiologic features and fasting blood samples were obtained at 0, 8(8 weeks diet only), 16, 20(12 weeks HIIT plus diet) and 24(4 weeks diet only) weeks.
Results: Maximum Oxygen Consumption (VO2max) after 24 weeks of intervention, the LC + H group (P = 0.001, F = 2.195) and LF + H group (P = 0.014, F = 3.548) showed a significant decrease Compared to the pre-test, this decrease was not observed in the ND + H group. The decrease in IL-6 index with other variables (except for maximum oxygen consumption) showed a significant relationship, but the VO2max index had a significant reverse relationship [for LC + H group (p = 0.001, r = -0.54); For LF + H group (p = 0.019, r = -0.41 =), they showed IL-6. In line with changes in IL6, there was a significant difference in TNF-α index in all stages of the study. After 24 weeks of intervention, the LC + H group (P = 0.001, F = 5.541) and LF + H group (p = 0.001, F = 9.654) had a significant reduction compared to the pre-test , But this decrease was not observed in the ND + H group. Significant increase in VO2peak with significant decreases in insulin, HOMA-IR and HbA1c was observed in all groups. Also, there was a significant decrease in IL-6 and TNF-α in LC + H and LF + H groups. Changes in IL-6 and TNF-α showed an inverse association with peak oxygen consumption. Pearson's analysis revealed meaningful relationships between changes in lipid profiles with peak oxygen consumption. VO2peak significant increases in all groups with significant decreases in insulin, HOMA-IR and HbA1c in all groups. Also, IL-6 and TNFα significant decreases in LC+H and LF+H groups. Changes in IL-6 and TNFα significantly Inverse correlated with VO2peak.  Pearson analysis revealed significant correlations between changes in lipid profile to VO2peak.
Conclusion: Results support contentions that diet and exercise affects low grade inflammatory and fitness, lipid and glycemic profiles that changes in IL-6 and TNF-α be correlated with some of these changes.
 

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Background: The aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of 8 weeks of HIIT training and supplementation of black grape seed extract on Wnt and Β-catenin gene expression in pancreatic tissue in male rats with type 2 diabetes.
Methods: In this experimental study, 40 male Wistar rats, with average weight of 250 ± 20 gr, after induction of diabetes by STZ, were randomly divided into 5 groups: training- supplement, training-placebo, supplement and diabetic-control and base control. After becoming diabetic, rats were familiarized with protocol for one week and then trained for eight weeks, five days a week. They ran on treadmill with 90% of VO2 max. Intragastric injection of GSPE extracted from black grape seed (Cabernet sauvignon) once a day for 8 weeks (250 mg/kg, proanthocyanidin content >96%). 24 hours after the last session of training, pancreas tissue was extracted, and the level of gene expression was measured by Real Time-PCR. In all statistical analyzes, the statistical significance level was considered to be 0.05.
Results: Eight weeks and supplement significantly increased the mean expression of Wnt and Β-catenin genes in pancreatic tissue of type 2 diabetic rats but the effect of exercise with black grape seed extract on the expression of Wnt genes in the pancreas of diabetic rats was not significant.
Conclusion: It seems that regulating the expression of Wnt and Β-catenin genes through exercise and consumption of black grape seed extract is likely to improve and maintain the function of pancreatic beta cells, especially in diabetic samples.

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Background: Diabetes and its oxidative stress increase the effects of this disease on heart tissue. On the other hand, exercise improves the antioxidant status of heart tissue. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of 8 weeks of increased endurance training on superoxide dismutase activity and malondialdehyde levels in the heart tissue of mice with type 2 diabetes.
Methods: In this experimental study, 24 male Wistar rats (256 ±11.8 g, 10 weeks old) were divided into 4 groups of 6. Exercise program for 8 weeks of increasing endurance training. 48 h after completion of the protocol, the activity of superoxide dismutase enzyme and malondialdehyde levels in rat heart tissue were measured. One-way analysis of variance was used for group comparisons and Pearson test was used to examine the relationship between indicators.
Results: There were significant difference between the four groups in superoxide dismutase (P= 0.001) and malondialdehyde (P= 0.001) indices. As a result of post-hoc test, there were significant increase in superoxide dismutase index in healthy exercise (P= 0.016) and control groups (P= 0.029) compared to diabetic control group and significant decrease in malondialdehyde index in control (P= 0.003), diabetic exercise (P= 0.050) and healthy exercise groups (P= 0.001) compared to diabetic control group. Significant correlation was observed between superoxide dismutase and malondialdehyde indices (r= 0.018, P= 0.274).
Conclusion: According to the results of this study, it seems that incremental endurance training reduces lipid peroxidation and improves antioxidant status and consequently reduces oxidative stress in cardiac tissue of diabetic rats.