Iranian Journal of

---

 Background: Microalbominuria (MA) is early presentation of renal damage which acts as an independent factor of cardiovascular events in these patients. There are various methods for sampling and also different laboratory tests to measuring albominuria. The aim of this study was to compare of different urine collection methods for measuring albominuria using immunoturbidometry assay which has acceptable accuracy and sensitivity after HPLC (High Performance Lipid Chromathography).

Methods: Forty seven diabetic patients were selected for a cross-sectional study in 2006. For all patients 24-h urine sample were collected, also an overnight urine sample (8 hour long) and spot urine sample (morning time) was provided in the next day. The level of albumin in all samples were measured via immunoturbidometry assay. Then the results of agreement coefficient were accounted and comprised with each others.

Results: In this study 47 patients were selected which 46 of them were type 2 and one of them type 1 diabetic. Our results revealed significant correlation between all methods. In addition agreement coefficient (kappa) was accounted for all methods, time 24-h urine in comparison with 8 hours overnight urine, timed 24-h urine in comparison with spot urine and overnight urine samples in comparison with spot urine which were 0.876, 0.936 and 0.807 respectively.

Conclusion: Regarding significant agreement for screening of microalbominuria between different collecting methods, we suggest 8-h overnight or spot urine sampling carry out instead of 24-h urine collection.

---

Background: Leptin is a peptide strongly correlated with adiposity and is a potential determinant of obesity and its complications. The aim of this study was to evaluate the correlation between serum leptin levels and different anthropometric indices among obese women.

Methods: This analytical descriptive study consisted of 106 women with different grade of obesity (BMI ³ 25 kg/m²) and 38 women with normal weight (BMI ≤ 25 kg/m²).serum leptin and glucose levels were measured via enzyme immunoassay and glucose oxidase methods respectively.

Results: The mean (± SE) serum leptin concentrations  in apparently healthy women with normal weight ,overweight, obese grade I, and obese grade II were 6.88 ± 0.56, 39.30 ± 1.73, 46.60 ±1.04, and 48.22± 3.31 ng/ml respectively. There was a dramatic increase in serum Leptin concentration when the BMI was increased. There was statistically significant differences between all groups in serum leptin concentration (P<0.001). There was a direct and significant correlation between serum leptin concentration and BMI in obese subjects (r= 0.736, P< 0.001). There was no significant correlation between leptin with age, and leptin with WHR neither in normal weight group nor in different grades of obesity groups.

 Conclusion: Our findings showed that the serum leptin levels continuously raised with increasing degree of obesity and among different anthropometric indices serum leptin concentration has significant correlation with BMI. 

---

Background: Resistin, an adipocyte secreted factor, has been suggested to link obesity with type 2 diabetes and insulin resistance in rodent models but its relevance to human diabetes remains uncertain. The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between serum resistin concentrations with insulin resistance and obesity indices in type 2 diabetes and non-diabetic obese subjects.

Methods: As a case- control study 35 obese subjects with type 2 diabetes (age, 44.60 ± 6.39yr BMI, 34.23±3.92 kg/m2) and 35 obese non-diabetics (age, 43.14±9.13yr BMI, 35.54 ± 4.07 kg/m2) are recruited. Fasting lipid profile was measured by enzymatic methods. NycoCard HbA1c Kit was used to measure HbA1c.The Serum resistin, insulin and glucose levels were measured by an enzyme immunoassay using a commercially available kit and glucose oxidase methods respectively. The insulin resistance index was calculated from fasting glucose and insulin by the homeostasis model assessment (HOMA-IR) formula.

Results: The mean of insulin resistance index (HOMA-IR), HbA1c, diastolic blood pressure, triglyceride and fasting glucose in diabetics were significantly higher than non-diabetics subjects (P<0.05). Serum resistin concentrations were not different between diabetics and non-diabetics obese subjects but were significantly higher in women as compared to men (8.15±4.40 vs. 5.97±2.31 in non-diabetic) and (7.46±3.98 vs. 5.51±3.98 in diabetic) in both groups. Serum resistin was not significantly related to variables measured in both groups. In control group only, we observed a significant and negative correlation between diastolic blood pressure and resistin (r = -0.381 P = 0.024).

Conclusion: Serum resistin concentrations were not significantly different between type 2 diabetes and non-diabetic obese subjects and resistin is unlikely to be a major link between obesity and diabetes in humans.

---

Background: Adiponectin is an adipose tissue-derived hormone that low levels of this hormone are associated with obesity, insulin resistance, and type 2 diabetes. The aim of this study was to compare the serum levels of adiponectin in diabetic and non-diabetic obese individuals.

Methods: As a cross-sectional study 35 obese individuals with type 2 diabetes mellitus and 35 non-diabetic obese subjects were enrolled. Two groups were matched for age, gender and body mass index. Fasting lipid profile was measured via the enzymatic methods. The NycoCard HbA1c Kit was used to measure HbA1c.The Serum Adiponectin, insulin and glucose levels were measured via an enzyme immunoassay, using a commercially available kit and glucose oxidase methods, respectively. The HOMA and QUICKI indices were used to determine insulin resistance and insulin sensitivity, respectively.

Results: The mean of insulin resistance index (HOMA-IR), HbA1c, diastolic blood pressure, triglyceride and fasting glucose in diabetes were significantly higher than non-diabetics (P<0.05). The serum Adiponectin levels was significantly lower in diabetes than non-diabetics (15.74±6.70 vs. 21.52 ± 9.35) and was significantly higher in women than men (19.38 ± 7.33 vs. 12.68 ± 4.28) among diabetic and (24.63 ± 10.52 vs. 17.83 ± 6.21) among non-diabetics groups.

Conclusion: type 2 diabetes mellitus is associated with low serum adiponectin concentrations and probably adiponectin involved in the pathophysiology linking obesity to type 2 diabetes.

---

Background: According to the World Health Organization, cardiovascular diseases are the leading cause of death. Behavior modification to improve lifestyle habits can reduce the risk of cardiovascular disease. The aim of this study was to investigate the health promoting lifestyle in Patients with cardiovascular disease in 2014.
Methods: After approval of the study, 352 patients with cardiovascular disease in Gonabad city were enrolled 2014. Data were collected using Health Promoting Lifestyle Promoting (HPLP2) questionnaire. Then analyzed using SPSS software and the Mann-Whitney and Kruskal-Wallis tests. The significance level of P value was considered to be less than 0.05.
Results: Three hundred and fifty-two patients (232 females and 120 males) were recruited, with a mean age of 61.89 ± 1.34 years. The highest mean score of lifestyle was 24.45 ± 8.05 in personal relationships and the lowest was 12.65 ± 5.60 in the area of stress management. All structures had the direct impact on the lifestyle that the most direct impact was social relations (R2= 0.329) and the least direct impact was stress management (R2= 0.164) and the strongest predictor of lifestyle in the mechanisms related to physical activity with the overall effect 14.38 was based on the pattern walker.
Conclusion: Considering, life style has a significant effect on cardiovascular disease. It is possible to improve the lifestyle of patients by providing steps to prevent and control this disease.