Iranian Journal of

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Background: Diabetic foot wound considered as cause of disability in diabetic's patients. And despite the progress made in the diagnosis and treatment of diabetes, since diabetic foot problem has not been resolved. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of endurance training and cold plasma on wound healing in diabetic rats.
Methods: 25 male Wistar rats were divided randomly into 5 groups (n=5). The once injected intraperitoneally with a concentration of 40mg/kg of body weight was taken. 4mm punch biopsy wounds were used to create skin wound. The exercise protocol, consists of 60minutes of running on a treadmill at a speed of 25m/min, 5days a week for 4times in a week. The whole process of plasma irradiation on wound took over 8times at each of the plasma samples for 10 minutes under direct radiation at a distance of 20 mm from the tip, respectively. The wound picture was taken with the camera Dino-Lite. Given the normal distribution of data to test hypotheses of parametric tests one-way ANOVA and repeated measure ANOVA were used to determine differences (P≤ 0.05).
Results: The findings showed that the difference between exercise+diabetes group and Ctrl+diabetes group wasn’t significant. In addition, the difference between plasma+diabetes group and Ctrl+diabetes group wasn’t significant. However, the significant difference was between plasma+training+diabetes group and Ctrl+diabetes group.
Conclusion: This is the first time that the combination of exercise and cold plasma used for wound healing in diabetes and have significantly accelerated wound healing in diabetic mice.

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Background: Interleukin-6(IL-6) and Tumor Necroes Factor-alpha (TNF-α) are secreted by adipose tissue and are potential regulators of low grade inflammation and metabolic disorders in Obesity Type 2 Diabetes (OT2D). hence, present study examined the effects of interval training with different diet on low grade inflammation and some of metabolic indexes in OT2D.
Methods: forty-five  OT2D men were randomly assigned into a High intensity interval training(HIIT) plus  normal diet group (ND+H), low carbohydrate diet plus   HIIT group(LC+H)   or  HIIT plus   low fat diet group(LF+H) that involved adherence to a 1200-1500 kcal/day(ND+H: 28% fat, 54% carb and 18% protein; LC+H: 42% fat, 40% carb and 18% protein; LF+H: 20% fat, 62% carb and 18% protein) while participating in a supervised HIIT (3 d/week for 12 weeks). Anthropometrics, physiologic features and fasting blood samples were obtained at 0, 8(8 weeks diet only), 16, 20(12 weeks HIIT plus diet) and 24(4 weeks diet only) weeks.
Results: Maximum Oxygen Consumption (VO2max) after 24 weeks of intervention, the LC + H group (P = 0.001, F = 2.195) and LF + H group (P = 0.014, F = 3.548) showed a significant decrease Compared to the pre-test, this decrease was not observed in the ND + H group. The decrease in IL-6 index with other variables (except for maximum oxygen consumption) showed a significant relationship, but the VO2max index had a significant reverse relationship [for LC + H group (p = 0.001, r = -0.54); For LF + H group (p = 0.019, r = -0.41 =), they showed IL-6. In line with changes in IL6, there was a significant difference in TNF-α index in all stages of the study. After 24 weeks of intervention, the LC + H group (P = 0.001, F = 5.541) and LF + H group (p = 0.001, F = 9.654) had a significant reduction compared to the pre-test , But this decrease was not observed in the ND + H group. Significant increase in VO2peak with significant decreases in insulin, HOMA-IR and HbA1c was observed in all groups. Also, there was a significant decrease in IL-6 and TNF-α in LC + H and LF + H groups. Changes in IL-6 and TNF-α showed an inverse association with peak oxygen consumption. Pearson's analysis revealed meaningful relationships between changes in lipid profiles with peak oxygen consumption. VO2peak significant increases in all groups with significant decreases in insulin, HOMA-IR and HbA1c in all groups. Also, IL-6 and TNFα significant decreases in LC+H and LF+H groups. Changes in IL-6 and TNFα significantly Inverse correlated with VO2peak.  Pearson analysis revealed significant correlations between changes in lipid profile to VO2peak.
Conclusion: Results support contentions that diet and exercise affects low grade inflammatory and fitness, lipid and glycemic profiles that changes in IL-6 and TNF-α be correlated with some of these changes.
 

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Background: Inflammation plays an important role in the incidence and development of metabolic disorders and exercises along with dietary restrictions for weight loss. It has beneficial effects on reducing inflammatory markers, especially in type 2 diabetes. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of combined exercise (resistance-aerobic) with and without diet restriction on weight loss on some inflammatory markers (CRP, TNF-α and ICAM-1) in elderly men with type 2 diabetes.
Methods: 42 elderly men with type 2 diabetes (age: 67.6 ± 2.2, weight: 85.2 ± 7.4, BMI: 28.2 ± 0.2) after homogenization based on serum levels Glucose and mass index were randomly assigned to one of 3 groups: Combined exercise (15), combined exercise with weight loss diet (14), and weight loss diet alone (n = 13). The combined exercise program included aerobic training with 50-70 percent of reserved heartrate and resistance training included chest press, cable pull-down, machine leg extention and machine lying leg curl on 3 sessions per week for 12 weeks.

Results: After 12 weeks of intervention, there was a significant decrease in serum inflammatory markers levels (CRP, ICAM-1 and TNF-α) in the post-test compared to the pre-test in all three groups (P<0.001). However, bonferroni post-hoc analysis showed that combined exercise with diet compared to combined exercise and dietary restriction alone had more effects on reducing CRP, ICAM-1 and TNF-α (P<0.001). In addition, reduction of ICAM-1 (P<0.001) and TNF-α (P<0.001) after combined exercise compared to dietary restriction and CRP reduction after dietary restriction than combined exercise was significantly higher (P<0.001).

Conclusion: It suggested that in elderly type 2 diabetic patients, caloric restriction-induced weight loss with combine exercise is more appropriate for modulating of endothelial biomarkers and Inflammation dysfunctional levels than resisted exercise training or aerobic training alone.

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Background: Adrenomodoline (ADM) is a multifunctional peptide involved in a wide range of physiological processes and cardiovascular function. The purpose of the present study was to compare the effect of physical activity on ADM and nitric oxide (NO) levels and insulin resistance in athletes and non-athletes.
Material and
Methods: 12 athletes and 11 non-athletes participated in this quasi-experimental study. Study participants were selected by convenience sampling.  Both groups performed the Bruce protocol. Blood samples were collected before and after the training session to study the variables. Data were analyzed using one-way analysis of covariance, paired t-test, independent t-test and Pearson correlation.
Results: The results showed that after one session of submaximal exercise activity, HOMA-IR index decreased in non-athlete group (P = 0.034) and NO values increased in both athlete and non-athlete groups (P = 0.001, P = 0.002) and this increase was greater in the athlete group. Also, serum ADM levels were increased in the non-athlete group (P = 0.001) after the training session.
Conclusion: The single session of physical activity with increasing ADM and NO levels, can lead to better vasodilation and improved endothelial function as well as improved insulin resistance in inactive individuals. Since in athletes, only NO levels increased after the end of the activity, it seems that PA has a greater effect on improving the endothelial function of inactive people.

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Background: Aging and consuming a high-fat diet lead to increased oxidative damage to various tissues, oxidative stress is a critical factor in the aging process that can cause direct damage to cellular structure. This study aimed to investigate the Effects of 8 Weeks of HIIT Training on the Nrf2 Gene Expression, lipid peroxidation and Insulin resistance in the pancreas tissue of Aged rats fed a high-fat diet.
Methods: In this experimental study, 20 aged male Wistar rats (age: 18 months and mean weight: 500±100 gr) were randomly divided into four groups including normal food control G1 (n=5), normal food + training G2 (n=5), high-fat food G3 (n=5) and high-fat food +training G4 (n=5). The high intensity interval training program was performed on a treadmill, three days a week for eight weeks. Nrf2 gene expression was performed using real-time PCR and malondialdehyde levels, glucose and insulin were measured using a kit and ELISA method. Data were analyzed by MANOVA test at the P<0.05.
Results: The results of the MANOVA statistical test on the interactive effect of training and diet indicated a significant difference in the insulin resistance index (P = 0.017 and F = 7.17). However, no significant effect was observed for the insulin factor (P = 0.30 and F = 1.13), glucose (P = 0.116 and F = 2.75), MDA (P = 0.87 and F = 0.028), and Nrf2 (P = 0.816 and F = 0.056).
Conclusion: In general, it can be stated that HIIT training in this research can improve insulin resistance by affecting the expression of the Nrf2 transcription factor gene by reducing the oxidant activity in aged rats.