Iranian Journal of

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Background:Obesity is a serious public health problem in developing countries due to its association with the cardiovascular risk factors. Childhood obesity is responsible for a number of different complications both during childhood and adulthood. The aim of the present study was to determine the cardiovascular risk factors in overweight and obese Iranian children.
Methods: We screened 13086 children aged 7-12 years by measuring waist circumference. Those with a waist circumference ≥61 cm were selected for further evaluation. Anthropometric measurements were done and blood samples were taken from 563 enrolled overweight/obese children (284 boys and 279 girls). We determined cardiovascular risk factors (including fasting total cholesterol, LDL-C, HDL-C, triglycerides, blood pressure). In addition we measured the fasting blood sugar, insulin, apo-A , apo-B and leptin levels.
Results: Only 2.7% of overweight or obese children had no risk factors. While, 20.6% had one and 70.85% had two or more risk factors. The prevalence of high total Cholestrol levels was 42.6%. HDL-C showed an acceptable level in 92.4%of children .There were strong correlations between BMI and serum apoB and leptin levels (p<0.005).
Conclusion: The high prevalence of cardiovascular risk factors in overweight and obese Iranian children emphasizes the need for prevention and control of childhood obesity from early childhood in our country.

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Background: Cardiovascular disease is one of the major leading cause of death in Iran. There is a strong association between parental history of cardiovascular disease clustering of risk factors in the offspring. Detection and treatment of cardiovascular risk factors since childhood is essential to reduce the incidence of disease in adulthood. This study was performed to identify major cardiovascular risk factors in middle school-aged children and their parents in high risk compared to control families.
Methods: The middle schools of the 6th of Tehran were divided randomly into two groups. A total of 169 high-risk children with their families were recruited from the first group while 105 control children with their families were recruited from the second group of schools. Coronary risk factor survey was performed in the participants.
Results: Prevalence of increased total- and LDL-cholesterol and high FBS were higher in high-risk parents and children. Prevalence of increased BMI was higher in fathers and children of high-risk families. More fathers in high-risk families were smoker. The means of waist circumference and WHR were significantly higher in high-risk fathers. The means of total- and LDL- cholesterol were significantly higher both in parents and children of high-risk group. The means of FBS were significantly higher in fathers and offspring of high-risk families. Conclusion: Cardiovascular risk factors are more prevalent and clustered in high-risk families. Screening of these families is essential to prevent progression of cardiovascular disease since childhood and reduce its burden in adulthood.

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Background: Polycystic ovary syndrome(PCOS) is the most endocrinopathy in women and the most common causes of anovulatory infertility. Women with this disorder moreover the common manifestations such as,irregular menses, hirsutism and infertility, are susceptible to serious consequences like increase risk of endometrial carcinoma, dyslipidemia, hypertention, glocose intolerance, diabetes, cardiovascular problems and probably breast cancer. This study was conducted to demostrate the demographic, clinical,metabolic and hormonal conditions of the PCOS patients. Methods: A case-control study was performed on females with PCOS age group 15-40 years referring to endocrine and gynecology clinics. A control healthy woman was selected for each patient. The diagnosis of PCOS was made based upon the prescence of chronic anovolation and hyperandrogenemia .Other causes of hyperandrogenism were excluded by appropriate clinical and laboratory evalution .In all patients with PCOS and control women, appropriate medical history was taken and physical examination was done.Blood pressure ,body weight, height ,BMI,waist/hip ratio,score of hirsotism,acne, and other signs of androgen excess were determined.A venous blood sample were obtained at morning after 12_14hours fasting for measuring FBS, TG, Chol., LDL, HDL and hormonal profile,souch as:PROL,17_OH Progestrone,Te,DHEA-S and TSH.Case of late onset adrenal hyperplasia ,hypotyroidism and pituitary prolactinoma were excluded.The diagnosis of dyslipidemia was made upon the base of NCEP guidelines.Data was analyzed with Mann_Whitney U,T tests and Fisher’s and Chi_Square Tests with SPSS-11. Results: Mean age were similar in both patients and controls.Mean of BMI and diastolic pressure were significantly higher in PCOS women in comparison with controls . Hirsutism and oligomenorrhea were the most frequent clinical features(72.7% and 69.1% respectively). SerumTG level was significantly higher in PCOS women in comparison with controls.There were no significant difference in FBS,Chol,LDL and HDL between patients and controls. The prevalence of high triglyceride ,high cholesterol and high LDL levels were significantly higher in PCOS women in comparison with controls,but there were no significant difference in the prevalence of IFG and low HDL levels. The prevalence of high TG and high Chol level were significantly higher in obese PCOS women in comparison with non obese patients.There was no significant difference in the prevalence of high LDL and low HDL levels between obese and nonobese patients. Serum level of total Testostrone was significantly higher in PCOS women in comparison with controls.There were no significant difference in serum levels of DHEA-S,17-OH Progestrone, Prolactine and TSH between patients and controls. Conclusion: The prevalence of obesity and dyslipidemia were higher in PCOS women in comparison with healthy women. For obese women with PCOS ,behevioral weight management is the main component of overall treatment strategy and these patients counseling about the importance of life style management ,diet and exercise shoud be emphasized. The patients should screened for dyslipidemia, diabetes and hypertension. In this study there was no significant difference in FBS between two groups and IGT and DM may be better detected by OGTT. In all PCOS women for detecting dyslipidemia a fasting lipid profile is indicated

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Background: The importance of feed controlling has been proved in metabolic control of diabetic patients. An appropriate metabolic control prevents later complications. Patients with diabetes mellitus are deprived from eating sweat foods. Considering the effect of different carbohydrates on blood sugar, physicians and patients confront a lot of questions about eating these foods. The aim of this study was to compare the effect of sugar cube and Date consumption on blood sugar in patients with type 1 diabetes.
Methods: As a clinical-trial, we selected 20 patients with type I diabetes mellitus sequentially. They were divided into two groups with 10 subjects in each group. The patient’s blood sugar was measured in 2 days with one week interval, before and after eating a Date (10gr) and a sugar cube (5gr). We measured blood sugar at 30, 60, 90 and 120 minutes after consumption. Data analysis was performed by SPSS software version 11, and the results were compared by paired t test.
Results: There was no significant difference between the blood sugar after eating Date and sugar cube. We also compared the surface under the curve of blood sugar after eating date and sugar cube in 2 hours, which was 1619.4 ± 614 mg.min/dL and 1572 ± 967 mg.min/dL for sugar cube and Date respectively, which the difference was not significant.
Conclusion: Rising in blood sugar after Date consumption has not significant difference in comparison with sugar cube consumption in patients with type I diabetes. So, eating Date in diabetic patients is not preferable to eating sugar cube.

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Background: Homocysteine is one of the novel cardiovascular risk factors. We know most of the cardiovascular and diabetes risk factors are accompanied. The aim of this study was to determine the role of homocysteine in diabetes.
Methods: The study was performed in 25-64 year old individuals of the 17th district of Tehran according to WHO MONICA project. Homocysteine levels higher than 15 µmol/l was considered as abnormal. According to ADA 2004 criteria, fasting glucose levels of 100 to 125 mg/dl were considered as impaired glucose tolerance (IGT), while levels higher than 125 mg/dl included diabetes.
Results: Prevalence of hyperhomocysteinemia was 54.5% in the whole population. Prevalence of IGT and diabetes were 3.5% and 10.1%, respectively. There was no difference between prevalence of IGT and diabetes in both hyperhomocysteinemic and normal group (P= 0.365). The difference was also not significant in each genders, but mean glucose levels were significantly lower in people with hyperhomocysteinemia (P= 0.003).
Conclusion: This study emphasizes that an inverse relation between glucose and homocysteine levels. Some studies indicate an opposite result and there is controversy on it. More researches may determine the exact role of homocysteine in diabetes.

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Background: It is well recognized that an increased body weight is often associated with increased blood pressure. Moreover, leptin an adipocyte-derived hormone is strongly suggested to have an important role in pathogenesis of the obesity. We aimed to evaluate the levels of serum leptin in association with obesity and hypertension in a sample of Iranian obese children.
Methods: Children from all the primary schools of a distinct of Tehran were screened for obesity. Children with a waist circumference equal to or above 90th percentile for their age and height were invited for the study. Anthropometric measurements were done and blood samples for fasting serum leptin levels were collected from 563 enrolled obese children. Multivariate linear regression analysis was used to evaluate relationship of various factors with obesity.
Results: Mean Serum leptin levels were 8.65 ±2.18 (ng/ml). Serum Leptin levels were higher in girls than boys (P=0.009). There were significant correlations between body mass index (BMI) and serum Leptin levels, child age, systolic and diastolic blood pressure. Systolic blood pressure and diastolic blood pressure lost their association with serum Leptin level in multivariate linear regression analysis.
Conclusion: BMI is independently associated with Leptin levels among obese children. This may affirm a role for this hormone in the pathogenesis of childhood obesity. It seems unlikely that plasma Leptin be a major mediator of association between obesity and hypertension. However, severe hyperleptinemia may act as a risk factor for increased blood pressure.

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Background: Adiponectin is one of the most well-known adipokines with anti-inflammatory effects that plays an important role in regulating the whole-body metabolism. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of high-intensity interval training (HIIT) versus moderate intensity continuous training (MICT) on the circulating levels of adiponectin in individuals with and without metabolic disorders.
Methods: A systematic search was conducted in the databases of PubMed, Web of Science, Academic Jihad Center and Magiran using the keywords "HIIT" and "adiponectin" to identify Persian and English languages published articles until October 2022. Effect size (SMD) and 95% confidence interval were calculated using CMA2 software. I² test for calculation of the heterogeneity and visual interpretation of funnel plot test and Egger test for assessment of the publication bias were used.
Results: Data analysis of 28 interventions (24 studies) showed that HIIT resulted in a significant increase in adiponectin [0.40 CI: 0.12 to 0.68), P=0.004]. Also, the data analysis of eight interventions showed that HIIT led to a non-significant increase in adiponectin compared to the MICT [0.41 CI: -0.04 to 0.86), P=0.07].
Conclusions: The findings of the present study showed that HIIT is a suitable and efficient training method to increase adiponectin, especially in people with metabolic disorders.