Iranian Journal of

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Background: Diabetic Neuropathy is the most common and troublesome complication of Diabetes Mellitus, leading to the greatest morbidity and mortality and resulting in a huge economic burden for diabetes care. Early diagnosis of distal symmetric sensorimotor polyneuropathy, a common complication of diabetes, may decrease morbidity by allowing potential therapeutic interventions.
Methods: In 68 diabetic patients after neuropathy screening by U.K and Michigan scores, Bilateral sural nerve conduction parameters as nerve conduction velocity, latency and amplitude were determined and analysed.
Results: 54.4% of patients had Rt sural abnormal response, 50% had abnormality in left side and 39.7% had bilateral abnormality. There was significant statistical correlation between Michigan physical score and electrophysiologic finding (P-value < 0.003) but no correlation with U.K score (P-value > 0.3). The most prevalent abnormal electrophysiologic finding was amplitude decrement of sural response.
Conclusion: Sural nerve response is one of the simplest and most sensitive peripheral sensory nerves for electrophysiologic study of diabetic neuropathy and its evaluation is recommended in all diabetic patients in spite of normal physical examination and history for detection of subclinical neuropathic cases. For increment of sensitivity, amplitude measurement of sensory response is highly recommended.

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Background: During extrinsic coagulation pathway, a complex is developed between factor VII, calcium and tissue factor (a cell membrane lipoprotein that is exposed after cell injury). Factor VII needs calcium and vitamin K for its biologic activation. Coronary artery disease can be induced by increased level and activity of the coagulation factors VII, VIII and IX. In postmenopausal period, estrogen can decrease blood lipids and thereby decreases risk of coronary artery disease. However, the exact effects of the estrogen on the other predisposing factors of the coronary artery diseases are unknown. Our objective in this study was to evaluate the effects of oral hormone therapy regimen on fibrinogen and other coagulation factors.
Methods: 60 menopause women with history of hysterectomy were randomly allocated in 2 groups. One group was treated with conjugated estrogen 0.625mg/day and the other group was treated with conjugated estrogen 0.625mg/day and medroxy progesterone 2.5mg/day. Serum fibrinogen level and activity of coagulation factors VII, VIII and IX and blood lipids level were checked before and 3 months after treatment.
Results: In the estrogen alone treated group, mean of factor VII activity showed significant elevation 3 months after treatment as compared with prior to hormone therapy(p<0.05). There were no significant changes in means of coagulation factors VIII, IX activities and serum fibrinogen level in estrogen  medroxy progesterone treated patients before and after treatment (p>0.05). In both groups, honi1one therapy significantly decreased serum cholesterol level and LDL-C and increased HDL-C (p>0.00) but the serum triglyceride level was increased in the estrogen alone treated group.
Conclusion: Significant elevation of coagulation factors VII with significant elevation of serum triglyceride in estrogen treated patients is explainable. This study confirms that hormone therapy with this protocol does not change serum fibrinogen mean and activity of coagulation factor VIII and IX. This finding may be real or may be related to inadequacy of samples regarding the wide normal range of coagulation factors and serum fibrinogen. Studies with more prolonged follow-up or more samples are suggested.

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Background: The goal of dietary recommendations in children with type 1 diabetes mellitus is to achieve moderate to good control of blood glucose regarding to decrease in diabetic long-term complications. Although educational programs on appropriate dietary habits are offered in Isfahan Endocrine and Metabolism Research Center for diabetic patients, there is no information about their dietary habits . This study has been performed to investigate dietary intake in children with diabetes mellitus type1 and to compare the results with that of non-diabetic ones.
Methods: A cross-sectional study was performed in two groups of healthy and diabetic children. Data were collected by questionnaire and interview. The validity and reliability of the questionnaire were determined by content validity and pilot study. Data were described and analyzed by t-student and Pearson correlation tests in four age groups, using SPSS software.
Results: Findings showed that in “A” age group the intake of total calorie and fiber, in “B” age group the intake of fiber, fat, protein, carbohydrate, sugar and SFA, also fat, protein, carbohydrate, sugar and SFA-derived calorie consumption, in “C” age group the intake of sugar and fiber, also PUFA and sugar-derived calorie consumption and in “D” age group the intake of fiber, total calorie, protein, carbohydrate and sugar were higher in diabetic children as compared with the control group.
Conclusion: In all subjects, the intake of carbohydrate and total fat was the same as standard recommendations, while protein intake was a little higher which increases the risk of diabetic nephropathy. In all study groups, fiber intake has been decreased with increasing the age, so it is suggested to have dietary educational programs for general population with the goal of changing the life style of people, which itself can result in less social isolation in school-aged diabetic children.

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Background: Nowadays, many progresses have been occurred in medical science and transplantation process. Transplantation is now a life- saving standard treatment for some end stage diseases. Although the organs from brain death donors, are the best resource for cadaverous transplantation, there are many controversies among physicians about it's definition. The other important issue in transplantation is disparity between the supply and demand of organs. Because of the increasing demand for cadaverous organs it is necessary to use some new methods to fascilitate the availability of these resources. What is noteworthy is that each of these methods has some essential ethical issues that should be observed. Surely regarding these issues would prevent the future harms to human being and society.
Methods: For compiling the article, we searched in pubmed and ovid databases for keywords of cadaverous transplantation, brain death, medical ethics, informed consent.
Results: In this article, after a review of transplantation statistics in Iran and other countries we presented a definition for brain death and some methods to expand donor pools. Then ethical views in brain death and informed consent process for cadaverous organs transplantation was discussed.
Conclusion: In using cadaverous organs for transplantation, informed consent and respect to autonomy are very important. All people in the society are authorized to accept or refuse organ donation after their death and , physicians can only encourage and support them.

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Background: Diabetes is one of the chronic diseases need continual medical care and self care education, and nutritional therapy account as an integral part of dietary management. This study carried out to investigate the effect of diabetes dietary counseling on quality of life in type II diabetic patients.
Methods: As a Randomized Clinical Trial, 144 patients with type II diabetes aged 35-65 years were recruited from patients referred to Imam Hossein Hospital dietary clinic and randomly assigned in case and control groups. A dietary schedule consisting 50-60% carbohydrate, 10-20% protein and less than 30% fat was prescribed at the first orally in a 30-minute counseling session then in written form for case group, while the control group was left without any intervention. The quality of life score was estimated in both groups via using the Short-form 36-Item (SF-36), before dietary counseling and one mouth after the dietary counseling, and the quality of life score between both groups were compared. The data were analyzed using SPSS software. Results: Average age was 52.1±10 years. Before dietary counseling, the quality of life among 46% of subjects was assessed to be poor and 52% claimed their health status poorer than the last year. Independent-Samples T-Test with P<0.05 revealed significant difference in weight, systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, blood sugar before and after breakfast, blood cholesterol and triglyceride, after dietary counseling in both groups. Also, this test with P<0.05 revealed significant difference in the quality of life score in general and in each dimensions, after dietary counseling in both groups. Paired-Samples T-Test revealed significant increase in the quality of life score in general and in each dimensions on pre and post dietary counseling in case group, but didn’t observe in control group. Conclusion: According to the results, it was revealed that dietary counseling can promote the quality of life in patients with type II diabetes in all dimensions. So, it seems dietary counseling program is essential in prevention and decrease of type II diabetes complications.

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Background: Diabetes is a metabolic disorder caused by insufficient production of insulin or insulin receptors deficiency. It is now the major cause of morbidity and hospitalization in patients with a significant financial burden to the society. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of Ziziphora ethanolic extract on active pancreatic beta cells on streptozotocin induced diabetic mice.

Methods: In this study, 36 mice were used and divided in to 6 group such as control group, diabetic control and experimental groups which were exposed to dose of 100, 150, 200 and 300mg/kg. STZ intraperitoneally at a dose of 70 mg / kg was administered. In order to determine the number of active pancreatic beta cells, the mice were anesthetized by diethyl ether after treatment with the extracts for 18days. The pancreases were removed from the mice and fixated in 4% formaldehyde afterwards, the pancreases were prepared for sectioning. Three-micron sections were prepared from the samples, and the number of active beta cells was evaluated by an immunocytochemistry kit.

Results: The results showed that the hydroalcoholic extracts of Ziziphora clinopodioides lam (100, 150, 200 and 300 mg/kg) increased the number of beta cells and insulin secretion in diabetic mice, compared to control diabetic mice. In other words, this plant could effectively increase the activity of beta cells in diabetic mice, compared to control mice. Therefore, Ziziphora clinopodioides lam could reduce serum glucose level in diabetic animals by increasing insulin secretion.

Conclusion: According to the results, the hydroalcoholic extract of Ziziphora clinopodioides lam had hypoglycemic effects in streptozotocin-diabetic mice by stimulating insulin secretion from pancreatic beta cells. Therefore, based on the obtained findings, application of this plant may be useful.

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Background: Glycogen synthase kinase 3 beta is a key regulator of many signaling pathways. It is reported that Inhibition of this kinase results neuronal survival. Accordingly in this study we investigated the effect of endurance training on the gene expression of GSK-3β in the sensory areas of the spinal cord of male Wistar rats with diabetic neuropathy.

Methods: we randomly assigned 16 male Wistar rats into four groups: healthy control, healthy trained, neuropathy control, neuropathy trained. Intraperitoneal injection of a STZ (streptozotocin) solution (45 mg/kg) was used to induce diabetes. At two weeks after STZ injections, the mechanical allodynia and thermal hyperalgesia tests demonstrated the presence of diabetic neuropathy. A moderate endurance training protocol was performed for a six- week period. At 24 hours after the final training session, the rats were sacrificed and the L4-L6 sensory neurons of the spinal cord tissue were removed. GSK-3β mRNA expression was performed using real time-PCR.

Results: Statistical analysis shows that neuropathy trained experiences a decrease in gene expression in comparison to neuropathy control (P=0.02). On the other there was significant difference between healthy control and neuropathy control (P=0.02). However, there was no significant difference between healthy control and neuropathy trained.

Conclusion: we claim that endurance training will effectively decrease the expression of GSK-3β in the sensory areas of spinal cord of male Wistar rats with diabetic neuropathy. Endurance training as a non- pharmacotherapy strategy can modulate and return GSK-3β to approximate normal levels.

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Background: This study was designed to assess the effects of calcium and vitamin D supplementation on the metabolic status of pregnant women with gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM).

Methods: This randomized placebo-controlled trial was performed at maternity clinics affiliated to Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran. Participants were 56 women with GDM at 24–28 weeks gestation (18 to 40 years of age). Subjects were randomly assigned to receive calcium plus vitamin D supplements or placebo. All study participants were blinded to group assignment. Individuals in the calcium–vita- min D group (n = 28) received 1,000 mg calcium per day and a 50,000 U vitamin D3  pearl twice during the study (at study baseline and on day 21 of the intervention), and those in the placebo group (n = 28) received two placebos at the mentioned times. Fasting blood samples were taken at study baseline and after 6 weeks of intervention.

Results: The study was completed by 51 participants (calcium–vitamin D n = 25, placebo n =26). However, as the analysis was based on an intention-to-treat approach, all 56 women with GDM (28 in each group) were included in the final analysis. After the administration of calcium plus vitamin D supplements, we observed a significant reduction in fasting plasma glucose (p < 0.001), serum insulin levels (p = 0.02) and HOMA-IR (p = 0.001) and a significant increase in QUICKI (p = 0.003) compared with placebo. In addition, a significant reduction in serum LDL-cholesterol (P=0.02) and total cholesterol: HDL-cholesterol ratio (p = 0.003) and a significant elevation in HDL-cholesterol levels (p = 0.01) was seen after intervention in the calcium–vitamin D group compared with placebo. In addition, calcium plus vitamin D supplementation resulted in a significant increase in GSH (p =0.03) and prevented a rise in MDA levels (p = 0.03) compared with placebo.

Conclusion: Calcium plus vitamin D supplementation in women with GDM had beneficial effects on their metabolic profile.

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Background: Education is important aspect of diabetes management and important part of care for these patients. This study aimed to assess the effects of peer education on self-care behaviors among diabetic patients                            

Methods: In this randomized controlled trial, 80 type 2 diabetic patients were selected and randomly allocated into two groups of intervention and control. In the intervention group, In addition to routine training center, patients were receiving health and self- care education in the field of diabetes by peer. In the control group, patients were receiving usual education in accordance with normal procedures by doctors and nurses and through posters and pamphlets of the diabetes center. Study instruments included a questionnaire for demographic variables and self-care behaviors questionnaire (Summary of Diabetes Self-care Activities). Validity and reliability of questionnaire has been confirmed in previous studies. Data were collected at baseline and 12 weeks after the intervention.  Data analysis was done using SPSS V.18. 

Results: After the intervention, mean score of self-care behaviors in the intervention group was increased and showed a significant difference in self-care behaviors between two groups (independent t- test, P=0.001).  In the intervention group, statistically significant difference was found before and after the intervention (paired t-test, P=0.001), whereas in the control group this difference was not statistically significant (paired t-test, p=0/28).                             

Conclusion:  Peer education can improve self-care behaviors. Thus use of this method along with other training methods is recommended.

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Background: Overcoming barriers associated with diabetes is considered a logical infrastructure to empower diabetic patients in management of living with diabetes and identify factors which affect these barriers. This study aimed to determine the effect of an educational intervention based on the BASNEF model on barriers to awareness, lifestyle, adaptation, and support in living with diabetes in patients with type 2 diabetes and it's related factors.
Methods: This was a quasi-experimental study which. Performed among 168 patients with type 2 diabetes referred to health centers of Beheshti University of Medical Sciences from August to September 2014. Before the educational intervention, questionnaires of life barriers and the BASNEF structures were completed. After pre-test, the patients were randomly allocated to the case and control groups based on randomizing four block design. Only in the intervention group patients received six education sessions of 45 to 60 minutes that fifth education session with their families, and related staff. The educational program was designed based on the BASNEF constructs (Knowledge, attitude, subjective norm, enabling factors and behavioral intention), and educational content was developed based on the barriers to living with diabetes (awareness, lifestyle, adaptation, and protection). Data analyzed Spss stafware version 20 utelized to data analysis using statistical tests such as independent sample t-test, paired t test, Wilcoxon, McNemar test, and Mann-Whitney U
Results: Our findings showed that there was a significant difference between a score received on components of barriers to of living with diabetes (awareness, lifestyle, adaptation, and protection) and variable of the BASNEF model (knowledge, attitude, subjective norm, enabling factors and behavioral intention) before and after the educational intervention the significant level was set less than 0.05 (P<0.05).
Conclusion: Education in type 2 diabetic patients based on BASNEF, as a model for effective education, can lead to dimensions barriers reduction in (awareness, lifestyle, adaptation, and protection).

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Background: Improving self-care behaviors happened by self-efficacy which result in better quality of life. Current study aimed at assessing the perceived coping self-efficacy predictors among patients with type 2 diabetes referees to health centers affiliated to Tehran University of Medical Sciences.
Methods: In this cross sectional study which was descriptive and analytical one, perceived coping self-efficacy and its effective factors assessed among 536 type 2 diabetic patients referee to Tehran University of medical Sciences using random sampling based on 11-likert scale questionnaire. This questionnaire included 11 items in demographic variables and 24 items in perceived coping self-efficacy. Collected data analyzed by SPSS version 23 using MANCOVA.
Results: Study findings revealed that age (P=0.013), level of education (P<0.036), and HbA1c (P=0.004) had significant relation with total score of perceived coping self-efficacy. But, variables such as gender, occupation, disease duration, marital status, family history and history of chronic disease had no relation with scales of perceived coping self-efficacy.
Conclusion: Planning theory based intervention programs to improve coping self-efficacy among diabetic patients in low socioeconomic status population and poor diabetes control is recommended.
 
 

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Background: Usually excess feeding in stored in the body as fat and leads to overweight. One of the causes of catching type 2 diabetes is obesity. Proinflammatory cytokines such as TNF- α and IFNγ can damageTnf- Α And Ifnγ By Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells Of Patients With Diabetes Mellitus Type Ii Admitted To Ganjavian Dezful Hospit insulin signaling in insulin-sensitive tissues. In this study, the effect of garlic extract on the expression of TNF-α and IFNγ secreted by the mononuclear cells was measured.
Methods: After taking peripheral blood from patient with type 2 diabetes, mononuclear cells were extracted by Ficoll Method. Cells were a culture with two different concentration of garlic extract (10% and 30%) for 48 and 24 hours. Then for measuring TNF-α and IFNγ release level, ELISA method was used.
Results: Garlic extract can reduce the amount of TNF-α secretion from cells mononuclear, although the timing and concentration of the extract had no effect on the results. Moreover, garlic extract had no effect on the secretion of IFNγ.
Conclusion: Using garlic extract can be adopted therapeutic strategies aimed at adipose tissue inflammation and insulin resistance that is useful for the prevention and treatment of type 2 diabetes.

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Background: Adherence to diet is one of the basis of diabetes management in patients with diabetes. Regarding to diabetes control, healthy lifestyle including nutritional behaviors, play an important role in preventing and managing diabetes. However, compliance with a diabetic diet is one of the most important challenges in diabetes control. This study aimed at determining the effect of educational intervention on promoting nutrition adherence among patients with type 2 diabetes referee to south health center of Tehran University of Medical Sciences based on Health Belief Model.
Methods: This interventional study was performed with216 type 2 diabetes patients as population study who referred to health centers in south of Tehran. Participants were randomly allocated to intervention and control groups.
Questionnaires were completed by both groups at baseline, three and six months after intervention. Intervention group received intervention including during the month, six training sessions for 45 to 60 minutes for group training and Q & A With the package held at meetings to assess the diabetes-related complications. SPSS software version 22 utilized to data analysis using t-test and repeated measure analysis. Significance level was set less than 0.05.
Results: Before the intervention, demographics and HBM constructs model were not significantly different in two groups. In intervention group, there were statistically significant differences between all parts of HBM after educational intervention (perceived susceptibility (p <0.001), perceived severity (p <0.001), perceived benefits (p <0.001), perceived barriers (p <0.001), cues to action (p <0.001)), also nutrition adherence (p <0.001) and HbA1c. there was no significant differences in control group after intervention.
Conclusion: According to study results, it can be concluded that education through Health Belief Model can be effective to follow in terms of improved nutrition among patients with type 2 diabetes.
 

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Background: The relationship between low PGC-1α expression and several metabolic diseases such as diabetes and obesity has been identified. This study investigates the effect of eight-week high intensity interval training (HIIT) and caffeine intake on mitochondrial biogenesis in soleus muscle in diabetic rats induced Streptozotocin.
Methods: In a clinical-interventional animal study, 50 male rats were randomly assigned to 5 equal groups (control group(C), diabetes group(D), diabetes + caffeine group(D+Caf), diabetes + training group(D+T), diabetes + training + caffeine group(D+CAF+T)) and subjected to 8 weeks of caffeine supplementation (70 mg / kg of caffeine powder was injected five days each week) and 8 weeks of 5 sessions per week with 6 to 12 times, 2-min intervals with intensity of 85-90% of maximal speed. Blood was collected directly from the left ventricle to measure blood glucose levels. The soleus muscle of the left leg was extracted and PGC-1α measured by Western Blot method. Independent t-tests, two-way analysis of variance, and Eta squared (p <0.05) were used to analyze the data.
Results: The results showed that induction of diabetes significantly increased blood glucose (P <0.01) and significantly decreased mRNAPGC-1α (P = 0.002). Also, both high-intensity interval training (p = 0.001) and caffeine supplementation (p = 0.03) significantly increased mRNAPGC-1α.
Conclusion: Based on the results of this study, it is possible to suggest the use of HIIT and caffeine consumption as an effective intervention in increasing mitochondrial biogenesis in diabetics. However, a clear statement in this regard requires further research in this area.

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Background: the present study aims at investigating the effect of Stress coping techniques and self-regulation strategies on the blood glucose level of diabetic patients.
Methods:  the research method was experimentally pretest – posttest with control group. this purpose, out of all those patients who had referred to the Diabetes Center of Bushehr City, 45 diabetic patients were selected randomly in two experiment groups (each with 15 patients) and one control group (with 15 patients) by purposeful sampling method with random replacement. The experimental groups were trained by the Stress coping techniques and self-regulation strategies in eight 90-minute sessions. In this study, the Accu-Chek Active Blood Glucose Meter was used to measure the blood glucose level. Data were analyzed by SPSS V.25. The follow-up phase was also carried out two months after the medical intervention.
Results: the training in two ways of stress coping and self-regulation strategies has reduced the level of blood glucose among the diabetic patients (P = 0.0001) of which the impact has remained been stable over the time (P < 0.05). There is also a significant difference in the effect of the Stress coping techniques and self-regulation strategies on the blood glucose level of diabetic patients (P < 0.05) such that training the Stress coping techniques has more impact on reduction of blood glucose level of diabetic patients.
Conclusion: results show that training the Stress coping techniques and self-regulation strategies can significantly reduce the blood glucose level of diabetic patients and treat the diabetes effectively.

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Background: It has been shown that C1q TNF-related protein 5 (CTRP5) is a novel adipokine and important molecule related to metabolism regulation. This study aims to assess the effectiveness of different training protocols on improving serum levels of CTRP5, fasting blood glucose, insulin, Insulin resistance in patients with T2DM.
Methods: Sixty men with T2DM (mean age [X̅±SD]=51.45±4.26 years) were randomly assigned to combined  exercise group (CEx: n = 15), aerobic  exercise group (AEx: n = 15), resistance  exercise group (REx: n = 15), or the control group (CON: n= 15). Exercise programs consisted of aerobic exercises at either AEx (50% - 75% of HRR) or REx (70% - 85% of 1-RM), of equal volume, 3 times per week, 45 to 60 minutes per session for 12 weeks. Serum levels of CTRP5, fasting blood glucose (FBG), insulin, Insulin resistance (IR) and body mass index (BMI) were measured at baseline and at the end of the study. The data were analyzed using repeated-measures analysis of variance.
Results: After 12 weeks intervention, FBG, insulin, HOMA-IR and BMI levels decreased significantly, whereas the serum CTRP5 levels increased in the CEx, AEx and Rex groups compared to control (P < .05).
Conclusion: It appears that the increased levels of CTRP5 following exercise interventions contribute to the decreased risk of T2DM.

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Background: Diabetes mellitus is a metabolic syndrome characterized by elevated blood glucose. The α-glucosidase enzymes that are found in the small intestine are responsible for the hydrolysis of carbohydrates. The aim of this study was to Bioinformatics evaluation of T.foenum active compounds in suppression of α-glucosidase enzyme.
Methods: This study was a descriptive-analytical method. For this purpose, the compounds separation of Trigonella foenum were first downloaded from PubChem database and then the α-glucosidase enzyme file was obtained from PDB database. The toxicity class of compounds and the Lipinski rules were predicted by Toxtree & Protox II and the Swiss ADME server, respectively. Finally, molecular docking and enzyme interaction with the compounds in Trigonella foenumwere performed by AutoDock Tools 1.5.6 and Molegro Virtual Docker 6.0. Interaction results were also analyzed using Discovery Studio 3.5 & Ligplot 2.1 software.
Results: The results indicated that all selected of compounds in Trigonella foenumwere in follow with Lipinski's rules, proper binding energy, and lack of toxicity were appropriate options for α-glucosidase inhibition. But among these compounds, Vitexin had the lowest binding energy and the most inhibitory effect on the α-glucosidase enzyme, with -4.8 kcal/mol. These compounds also had lower binding energy than standard inhibitor (Voglibose).
Conclusion: From the results of this study, it can be concluded that among the most important compounds in Trigonella foenum, the Vitexin compound power inhibitor that due to more hydrogen and hydrophobic interactions with the α-glucosidase enzyme active site.
 

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Background: One consequence of diabetes mellitus is increased inflammation, which is exacerbated by training. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of eight weeks of aerobic moderate-intensity continuous training on Interleukin-1 beta, Interleukin-13 responses in male Wistar diabetic rats.
Methods: 36 diabetic rats were randomly assigned into 3 equal groups (control (C), diabetic (D), and diabetes + training (D + T)), and subjected to eight weeks of aerobic moderate- intensity continuous training intensity at the first: the10 min on 10m/min and at the final: 55min on 26m/min speed. Interleukin-1 and interleukin-13 were measured in soleus muscle tissue to examine the pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory indicators. ANOVA and Scheffe post hoc tests were used for data analysis.
Results: Induction of diabetes caused a significant increase in IL-1β and IL-13 (P<0.001) and continuous exercise intervention also significantly reduced IL-1β levels in diabetic rats (P = 0.02). However, there was no significant change in IL-13 in D + T group compared to D group (P = 0.985).
Conclusion: According to the results of this study, the effect of aerobic exercise is probably a positive effect on reducing the pro-inflammatory index of IL-1β and no effect on the anti-inflammatory index of IL-13 in diabetic rats. However, definitive confirmation of these results requires further research in this area.

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Background: Diabetic myopathy is one of the major problems in people with type2 diabetes that knowing its mechanisms can be helpful in controlling and preventing this disease. PAX7 and PGC-1α are two proteins involved in the renewal and metabolism of carbohydrates in skeletal muscle. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of 8weeks of resistance training under hypoxia on the content of PAX7 and PGC-1α proteins in the horseshoe muscle of type 2 diabetic rats.
Methods: In this study, 40 male Wistar rats, 10weeks after induction of type2 diabetes, were divided into five groups: healthy control (HC), diabetic control (DC), resistance training (RT), and resistance training in hypoxia (RT-HPX) and hypoxia group (HPX) were divided. Resistance exercises were performed for 8 weeks, 5 sessions per week, in the groups of resistance training and resistance training in hypoxia. The intensity of the exercises started from 30% of the weight of the rats initial and reached 100% of their weight until the end of the training. Resistance training in hypoxia. Hypoxia tent with14.4%oxygen was used to create hypoxia. 48hours after training, tissue samples were taken from horseshoe muscle and evaluated to measure the concentration of PAX7 and PGC-1α proteins.
Results: The results showed that there is a significant difference (P=0.0001) between the research groups in both PAX7 and PGC-1α proteins. Induction of diabetes led to a significant decrease in PAX7, but the hypoxia resistance training group was not significantly different from the healthy control group (P=0.451). PGC1-α protein levels were also significantly decreased in the diabetes induction group compared to the control group (P=0.01), but training in hypoxia increased its levels to more than the healthy control group (P=0.0001).
Conclusion: Hypoxia, resistance training and combination of resistance training in hypoxia increased the amounts of PAX7 and PGC-1α proteins. Therefore, resistance training and temporary and inactive hypoxia exposure can be considered as a suggested solution to improve the indicators related to type2 diabetes in humans.

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Background: Diabetes can increase cardiovascular disease by altering the equilibrium between angiogenic stimulants and inhibitors of angiogenesis. In this study, we investigated the effect of High-Intensity Interval Training (HIIT) on angiostatin and focal adhesion kinase (FAK-1) in left ventricle cardiomyocytes in diabetic rats.
Methods: In this experimental study, 24 male Wistar rats were randomly divided into three equal groups (n=8): Control-Normal (C), Diabetes (D), and Diabetes-training (D+T). Diabetes was induced by the injection of streptozotocin in male rats. The Training group has performed a HIIT program on a motor-driven treadmill for eight weeks. At the end of eight weeks-- heart tissue samples were collected. Data were analyzed using ANOVA and Tukey post hoc at P<0.05.
Results: The results showed that induction of diabetes increased the expression of angiostatin (P=0.006), and serum glucose (P=0.001) and decreased FAK-1 (P=0.001). HIIT significantly reduced the level of angiostatin (P=0.006) and glucose (P=0.001) in diabetic rats. There was also a significant increase in FAK-1 in the D+T group (P=0.001).
Conclusion: HIIT decreased the protein expression of angiostatin and glucose and increased FAK-1 in cardiomyocytes. HIIT seems to reduce the vascular complications of diabetes in rats by altering these parameters that affect angiogenesis and blood glucose.