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Increased prevalence of Helicobacter Pylori (HP) infection is a common feature in diabetics, which is attributable to the presence of diverse predisposing factors. In this study, the prevalence of HP infection has been investigated in type 1 diabetic children.
Methods: In a cross-sectional study, anti-HP antibody (IgG) was measured in 75 type 1 diabetics (aged 2-18 years) and the results were compared with 75 healthy children who were matched for age, sex and socio-economic status. In seropositive diabetic patients with gastrointestinal (GI) symptoms, gastroduodenoscopy was performed to establish the diagnosis.
Results: Sera were positive for anti-HP in 22.7% of diabetics versus 17.3% in controls (P>0.05). No significant difference was observable between seropositive and seronegative diabetic groups as regard to age, sex, age at onset of diabetes, number of outpatient visits during the last 6 months, HbAlc and insulin requirements. Gastrointestinal symptoms were more common in diabetics than the healthy controls the prevalence of these symptoms, however, did not differ significantly between seropositive and seronegative diabetics.
Conclusion: The study indicated that type 1 diabetes is not associated with increased risk of HP infection. Further studies are required to investigate the impact of HP infection treatment on the glycemic control in diabetic children.

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Background: During extrinsic coagulation pathway, a complex is developed between factor VII, calcium and tissue factor (a cell membrane lipoprotein that is exposed after cell injury). Factor VII needs calcium and vitamin K for its biologic activation. Coronary artery disease can be induced by increased level and activity of the coagulation factors VII, VIII and IX. In postmenopausal period, estrogen can decrease blood lipids and thereby decreases risk of coronary artery disease. However, the exact effects of the estrogen on the other predisposing factors of the coronary artery diseases are unknown. Our objective in this study was to evaluate the effects of oral hormone therapy regimen on fibrinogen and other coagulation factors.
Methods: 60 menopause women with history of hysterectomy were randomly allocated in 2 groups. One group was treated with conjugated estrogen 0.625mg/day and the other group was treated with conjugated estrogen 0.625mg/day and medroxy progesterone 2.5mg/day. Serum fibrinogen level and activity of coagulation factors VII, VIII and IX and blood lipids level were checked before and 3 months after treatment.
Results: In the estrogen alone treated group, mean of factor VII activity showed significant elevation 3 months after treatment as compared with prior to hormone therapy(p<0.05). There were no significant changes in means of coagulation factors VIII, IX activities and serum fibrinogen level in estrogen  medroxy progesterone treated patients before and after treatment (p>0.05). In both groups, honi1one therapy significantly decreased serum cholesterol level and LDL-C and increased HDL-C (p>0.00) but the serum triglyceride level was increased in the estrogen alone treated group.
Conclusion: Significant elevation of coagulation factors VII with significant elevation of serum triglyceride in estrogen treated patients is explainable. This study confirms that hormone therapy with this protocol does not change serum fibrinogen mean and activity of coagulation factor VIII and IX. This finding may be real or may be related to inadequacy of samples regarding the wide normal range of coagulation factors and serum fibrinogen. Studies with more prolonged follow-up or more samples are suggested.

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Background: Combination of physical activity and pharmacotherapy in diabetes may augment the effects of the drug and may allow lower doses of medication that can minimize the side effects. The goal of the study was to determine the effectiveness of aerobic training and Glibenclamide combination in type 2 diabetes.
Methods: A total of 28 men with type 2 diabetes were divided to 3 groups randomly: Glibenclamide (5 mg daily) only, Glibenclamide (5 mg daily) plus aerobic training, Glibenclamide (2.5 mg daily) plus aerobic training. Aerobic training protocol was performed for 12 week, 3 days (session) a week, 45 minutes in a session (ergo cycle program at 60-70 % heart rate reserve). Fasting glucose, HbA1c, fasting insulin, c-peptide, and insulin resistance were measured at pre, mid and post treatment periods. Analysis of Variance test (ANOVA) were used to evaluate data.
Results: HbA1c significantly decreased and c-peptide significantly increased in three groups (P<0.05).There were also no between-group differences for c-peptide and HbA1c (P>0.05). Fasting insulin concentration did not alter in three groups, however, insulin resistance decreased ( no significant ) after 12 weeks.
Conclusion: In type 2 diabetic patients, Glibenclamide treatment alone or combination of aerobic training and Glibenclamide treatment, was effective in improving glycemic control in patients with type 2 diabetes .As a result, in patients with type 2 diabetes, the addition of aerobic training to Glibencelamide treatment allow lower doses of Glibenclamide to be used without impairment in glycemic control.

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Background: Type 2 diabetes mellitus is the most common type of diabetes which is triggered by various factors such as obesity, hyperlipidemia, hypertension, dietary habits and inheritance. With respect to geographic variation of diabetes prevalence, it is important to know the risk factors regionally.

Methods: As a case-control study, we looked for important risk factors of diabetes in our region. This study consisted of 400 individuals in case group and 400 individuals in control group. All these anthropometric measurements were calculated by standard methods. Blood samples taken from two groups were studied for TG, FBS, Cholesterol and HbA1c. Data are reported as the Mean±SD. P<0.05 was considered as statistically significant.

Results: There was no significant difference between two groups about mean age and sex ratio. Statistically significant difference were found for central obesity, hyperlipidemia, hypertension, polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS) and positive family history of diabetes in both groups (P<0.05).

Conclusion: The results showed that central obesity, hyperlipidemia, hypertension, PCOS and positive family history of diabetes are important risk factors of diabetes mellitus in Shiraz. In concordance with the results of this study, screening programme for that risk factor of diabetes in this region is suggested.

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Background: Myokines released from skeletal muscle have multiple metabolic and hypertrophic effects. On the other hand, one of proposed pathways for effects of exercise training on metabolic diseases is calcineurin signaling pathway. With considering to relation between interleukin-6 (IL-6) and calcineurin, the purpose of this study was to investigate whether the resistance training has an effect on mRNA expression of IL-6 myokine and regulator of calcineurin 1(RCAN-1) in skeletal muscle of diabetic rats.

Methods: Thirty two Rats randomly were divided into the control, training, diabetic control and diabetic training groups. Diabetes induced by streptozotocin (STZ). Training groups performed the 17 sessions of resistance training. The IL-6 and RCAN-1 mRNA expression were measured in Soleus skeletal muscle using the Real-time PCR method. Two-way analysis variance was used for statistical analysis. Also, Statistical significance was set at p<0.05.

Results: The results of this study showed that the mRNA expression of RCAN-1 was increased with resistance training in skeletal muscle of training groups (P<0.05). Also, diabetes was decreased expression of RCAN-1 in skeletal muscle of diabetic groups (P<0.001). Moreover, resistance training was increased mRNA expression of IL-6 in skeletal muscle (P=0.08).

Conclusion: With considering to our results, resistance training with direct effects on skeletal muscle could regulate calcineurin pathway in diabetes and concurrent increase in expression of IL-6 myokine. It seems that activation of this signaling pathway with resistance training could maintain skeletal muscle mass in diabetes.

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Background: Adherence to diet is one of the basis of diabetes management in patients with diabetes. Regarding to diabetes control, healthy lifestyle including nutritional behaviors, play an important role in preventing and managing diabetes. However, compliance with a diabetic diet is one of the most important challenges in diabetes control. This study aimed at determining the effect of educational intervention on promoting nutrition adherence among patients with type 2 diabetes referee to south health center of Tehran University of Medical Sciences based on Health Belief Model.
Methods: This interventional study was performed with216 type 2 diabetes patients as population study who referred to health centers in south of Tehran. Participants were randomly allocated to intervention and control groups.
Questionnaires were completed by both groups at baseline, three and six months after intervention. Intervention group received intervention including during the month, six training sessions for 45 to 60 minutes for group training and Q & A With the package held at meetings to assess the diabetes-related complications. SPSS software version 22 utilized to data analysis using t-test and repeated measure analysis. Significance level was set less than 0.05.
Results: Before the intervention, demographics and HBM constructs model were not significantly different in two groups. In intervention group, there were statistically significant differences between all parts of HBM after educational intervention (perceived susceptibility (p <0.001), perceived severity (p <0.001), perceived benefits (p <0.001), perceived barriers (p <0.001), cues to action (p <0.001)), also nutrition adherence (p <0.001) and HbA1c. there was no significant differences in control group after intervention.
Conclusion: According to study results, it can be concluded that education through Health Belief Model can be effective to follow in terms of improved nutrition among patients with type 2 diabetes.
 

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Background: Effect of mobile text message on blood glucose (HbA1c) control in providing type 2 diabetes care (diabetes mellitus non insulin dependent).

Methods: The present study is a systematic review with meta-analysis. A search of the most important electronic medical databases of medical resources from December 1992 to January 2017 in a systematic manner, including: CRD, Ovid Medline, PubMed, Cochrane Library, and moreover, by referring to the resources found in the articles and manual search on the site. Related to this technology and, if necessary, contacting experts. All randomized clinical trials and cohort studies were reviewed.
Results: Participants included nine studies (818), all randomized clinical trials, and quality assessment. The average decrease in Mobile SMS Services users compared to the control group (SMD-0.324, 95% CI, -0.526 to -0.121; I2 = 51.0). The analysis of subgroups showed that young patients are more likely to use diabetes programs, and the size of the effect increases with short intervals of interventions and the size of large samples.
Conclusion: Mobile SMS services may be considered as an effective component for helping control glycosylated hemoglobin and as a side intervention for the care of patients with type 2 diabetes.

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Background: Glucose transporter4 (GLUT4) is the main glucose transporter in skeletal muscle. Impaired GLUT4 expression plays a role in the disorders of glycemic homeostasis. The aim of the present study was to investigate the combined effects of aerobic training and vitamin D3 supplementation on Glut4 protein levels and insulin resistance in the soleus muscle of diabetic rats with STZ and high-fat diet.
Methods: In 40 male Wistar rats type 2 diabetes was induced by 6 weeks high-fat diet followed by streptozotocin injection. Then rats were randomly divided into five groups: Healthy control (HC), Diabetic control (DC). Diabetes+Aerobic training (DAT), Diabetes+Vitamin D3 (DVD) and Diabetes+Aerobic training+ Vitamin D3 (DVDAT). The rats underwent eight weeks of aerobic training and vitamin D3 supplementation. 24h after last session of training and, the rats were anesthetized and soleus muscle was isolated for measurement of Glut4 protein concentrations and serum levels of insulin, glucose, vitamin D3 index were measured.
Results: One-way ANOVA showed that GLUT4 protein levels in DC group was significantly lower than HC group (P<0.001), but in DVDAT group was significantly higher than DC group (P<0.04) and DVD group (P<0.005). Also in DAT group was significantly higher than DVD (P<0.018). The HOMA-IR index also in DVDAT, DAT and DVD groups was significantly lower than DC group (P<0.001).
Conclusion: It seems that Eight weeks of aerobic training with vitamin D3 supplementation improves glucose metabolism in diabetic rats via increasing Glut4 protein levels and improving insulin resistance index.