Fariba Soltanzadeh, Masoumeh Nezhadali, Leila Pishkar,
Volume 23, Issue 3 (9-2023)
Abstract
Background: Type 2 diabetes is a metabolic disease and the most common endocrine disorder. Visfatin is a cytokine with insulin-mimetic effects which is associated with diabetes. The rs61330082 polymorphism is located in the promoter region of visfatin gene and regulates visfatin gene expression. The aim of this study is to investigate the association of rs61330082 polymorphism of the visfatin gene with biochemical and anthropometric variables, visfatin level, diabetes and insulin resistance.
Methods: This case‑control study was performed on 80 patients with type 2 diabetes and 80 controls (persons without diabetes). Biochemical and anthropometric parameters were determined using standard methods. Insulin and visfatin levels were measured by ELISA method. Genotype was determined by polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism method. The data was analyzed with SPSS software.
Results: LDL-C level in healthy people and fasting blood sugar level in patients showed a significant difference in carriers of rs61330082 polymorphism genotypes. No associations was found between visfatin level and single nucleotide polymorphism rs61330082 in the current study. Regression analysis showed that genotypes of rs61330082 polymorphism are not significantly associated with type 2 diabetes and insulin resistance.
Conclusion: The rs61330082 polymorphism is associated with LDL-C in healthy subjects and FBS in patients with T2D. Visfatin rs61330082 polymorphism is not associated with visfatin level and type 2 diabetes and insulin resistance.
Nasim Rezaei Javan, Mehrnoush Bahmani, Amir Mohammad Teymorzadeh Najjar, Soodabeh Soltanzadeh, Alireza Falakdin, Mahmoud Feizipour Namaghi, Mahnoosh Kamranvand, Mohammad Hossein Mohammadi, Maryam Nouriyengejeh, Elahe Elahe Najafali Ghandehari, Ata Pourabbasi ,
Volume 26, Issue 1 (4-2026)
Abstract
Background: Decision-making is a cognitive process with complex neural underpinnings, fundamental to all human behavior. This study reviewed existing research to present a comprehensive model of this process, integrating the functions of specific brain regions with cognitive and emotional factors to create a complete framework.
Methods: Using a qualitative approach, we conducted a literature review across reputable databases. Neurocognitive factors were extracted and validated through a series of expert panel sessions with eight specialists. The final conceptual model was designed, and its validity was confirmed through a multi-stage consensus process.
Results: The model provides a comprehensive framework for understanding the neurocognitive mechanisms of decision-making. It integrates cognitive, emotional, and motivational factors—such as intention, emotion, and cognitive reserve—to explain how choices are made and outcomes are evaluated. The model emphasizes the key roles of the prefrontal cortex and the limbic system, and demonstrates how external stimuli influence this process.
Conclusion: This validated model offers an integrated framework for the decision-making process, highlighting the interplay between key brain regions and cognitive and emotional factors. The model has important applications in education, psychotherapy, and designing interventions to improve decision-making skills.
