Iranian Journal of

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Background: Diabetes is a metabolic abnormality in the body caused by the high activity of the α-glucosidase enzyme in the hydrolysis of carbohydrates to glucose. Alpha-glucosidase inhibitors involved in the digestion of carbohydrates, play a key role in controlling diabetes. Thymus vulgaris is a species of flowering plant in the mint family Lamiaceae with a chromosome number of 2n = 30. The essential oil of this plant has phenolic compounds such as thymol, carvacrol, cymene, linalool, and pinene. The aim of this study was to investigate the inhibitory effect of the main compounds found in the thyme extract on the activity of alpha-glucosidase by in vitro methods.

Methods: Extract was used to dissolve thyme powder in distilled water solution. The inhibitory effect of the extracts on the activity of alpha-glucosidase enzyme was investigated. In this experiment, the concentration of each extract that was required to inhibit 50% of the enzyme activity (IC 50) was obtained and compared with the needed acarbose as a positive control.

Results: the results showed that aqueous extract of thyme Thymus vulgaris in all three concentrations (40, 20, 10, and 5 mg/ml) can inhibit the enzyme. And as expected, the concentration of 40 mg / ml was exercised the highest inhibitory effect on the enzyme. IC50 of aqueous extract of thyme Thymus vulgaris was equal to 29%.

Conclusion: Considering the effectiveness of plant extract compounds in in silico and in vitro studies, for supplemental studies, the effect of these plant compounds can be analyzed in vivo conditions.

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Background: Peripheral neuropathy is one of the most common problems in diabetic patients. The increased risk of Diabetic Foot Ulceration (DFU) and amputation would be a complication of diabetic neuropathy. The aim of this study was to compare the DFU healing in different severity classification of neuropathy.
Methods: This is a retrospective study that was conducted over a two-year period from April 2016 to March 2018 according to the information of patients records with Diabetes Mellitus (DM) referred to clinic of diabetes and metabolic disorders of Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Institute of Tehran University of Medical Sciences. Wound healing criteria including area, depth and healing duration were studied. Accordingly, changes in the area and depth of wounds were evaluated and reported during the first, third and sixth months after baseline. Data were analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics using SPSS software version 16.
Results: The results of the study of patients with neuropathic ulcer showed that males and age group of 56 to 65 years had the highest frequencies. In addition, most of these patients suffered from type 2 DM (79%). The rate of wound healing, which was measured by area and depth of wound in three time periods, differed in different severity classification of neuropathy; at mild level of neuropathy the area and depth of wound decreased faster but in severe neuropathy, duration of wound healing in both mentioned criteria has increased. Regarding to the increase in the duration of DM, the healing time increased too. However the rate of wound healing decreased with increased age (p-value = 0.001).
Conclusion: Evidence suggests that early identification of neuropathy can reduce the incidence of DFU and amputation. Due to the slow healing of the size and depth of the wound in diabetic patients with severe neuropathy, it is necessary to prevent DFU by conducting preventive care and educational interventions.

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Background: Skeletal muscle as an endocrine tissue is involved in the regulation of metabolic activity, production and secretion of hormones including myokines. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of eight weeks of aerobic training combined with ethanol consumption on plasma lipid profile and glucose levels, triglyceride content and mayonectin, irisin and leptin gene expression in the gastrocnemius muscle in male rats.
Methods: A number of 32 rats with a weighing average of 200 ± 10 g were divided into four groups control, aerobic training, ethanol with dose of 4 g/kgbw, and ethanol +aerobic training. At the end of the period, values of lipid profile and plasma glucose, the amount of triglyceride of the gastrocnemius muscle and the relative levels of mayonectin, irisin and leptin gene expression were evaluated. Data were analyzed using two-way ANOVA.
Results: The plasma triglyceride levels in the aerobic training and ethanol+aerobic training groups were significantly decreased compared to the control group (P≤0.05). The gastrocnemius muscle triglyceride values were significantly increased in the ethanol +aerobic training (P≤0.0001) and aerobic training groups (P≤0.01) compared to the control group. The results showed that aerobic training significantly increased myonectin gene expression in aerobic training group (P≤0.05), but the expression of irisin and leptin genes did not change significantly in different groups.
Conclusion: Aerobic training during the eight-week was able to improve lipid content, especially plasma triglyceride and skeletal muscle triglyceride, and possibly regulate body metabolism by altering the levels of myokines, especially myonectin.

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Background: Obesity and type 2 diabetes can impair the function of important cellular pathways. Activation of the mTOR pathway results in regulation of the SREBP1 protein for metabolism and regulation of adipose tissue. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of 4 weeks of high intensity interval training on the content of mTOR and SREBP1 in adipose tissue of type 2 diabetic rats.
Methods: In this experimental study, 12 to 2-month-old male Sprague-Dawley rats weighing 300 20± 20 g were selected and after being diabetic by induction of STZ and nicotine amide, randomly divided in two groups, diabetic training (6 rats) and diabetic control (6 rats). Exercise group training 4 days a week for 4 weeks according to the training HIIT; The control group had no exercise program. Independent t-test and dependent t-test were used for data analysis.
Results: There was no significant change in mTOR protein content (p=0.12); But the SREBP1 protein content (p=0.001) increased significantly. The weight of control group (P=0.0001) and HIIT group (P=0.010) showed a significant increase. Blood sugar in the control group also increased significantly (P=0.0001), but HIIT mice did not show a significant change (P = 0.14).
Conclusion: 4 weeks of HIIT training did not significantly change weight, blood glucose and mTOR protein content. But it did increase the SREBP1 content, so factors such as duration and intensity of training should be adjusted in order to achieve the best results when administering HIIT.

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Background: Cytokines are immune related factors. Production of pro inflammatory cytokines in diabetic patients is increased, which is exacerbated by vigorous training. This study investigates the response of serum IL-2 and IL-4 to eight-week high Intensity Interval Training (HIIT) with caffeine intake on inflammatory and anti-inflammatory responses in diabetic rats.
Methods: In a clinical-interventional animal study, 50 male rats were randomly assigned to 5 equal groups (control group (C), diabetes group (D), diabetes + caffeine group (D+Ca), diabetes + training group (D+T), diabetes + training + caffeine group (D+Ca+T)) and subjected to 8 weeks of caffeine supplementation (70 mg / kg of caffeine powder was injected five days each week) and 8 weeks of 5 sessions per week with 6 to 12 times, 2-min intervals with intensity of 85-90% of maximal speed. 48 hours after the last training session, immunological factors including IL-2 and IL-4 were measured. Statistical analysis of variables was performed using One-way ANOVA and Tukey tests at the significant level (P<0.05).
Results: The results showed that (D+Ca) group had the lowest IL2 in comparison with (D) group (P= 0.001). IL-4 had the highest in (D+Ca) and (D+Ca+T) groups (P = 0.001). But these differences were not statistically significant between (D+Ca) and (D+Ca+T) groups (P= 0.67).
Conclusion: It seems that caffeine to play a role in improving the status of IL-2 and IL-4 in streptozotocin-induced diabetes, but HIIT exercises are not effective in this regard.

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Background: The proinflammatory cytokines of tumor necrosis factor alpha TNF-α and anti-inflammatory interleukin-10 have important roles in inducing and preventing systemic inflammation, respectively. The purpose of this study was to the synergistic effect of High-Intensity Interval training and resveratrol consumption on IL-10 and TNF- α in diabetic rats.
Methods: In this experimental study, 32 diabetic rats 225± 10 g based on Cohen's sample size estimation table diabetic with combination of high-fat diet and streptozotocin (STZ) injection, were randomly divided into four groups: control(C), supplement(M), training (T)and training + supplement(TM). The training groups were exposed to high-intensity interval training with an intensity of 90 to 100% VO2max for 8 weeks, 5 sessions per week, each session for 18 minutes. The supplement groups received 10 mg / kg of resveratrol daily for eight weeks, three times a week by gavage. Blood samples were taken 48 hours after the last training session. Data were analyzed using one-way analysis of variance and SPSS software version 24 (ANOVA).
Results: Results showed that IL-10 increased in the experimental groups but was not significant (P=0.109). TNF-α levels decreased in the TM group, whereas it increased in the T and M groups, which was significant compared to the TM group (P=.000). Fasting glucose, insulin and insulin resistance index decreased significantly in experimental groups (P=.000).
Conclusion: Eight weeks of high-intensity interval training plus resveratrol can have a positive effect on inflammation and insulin resistance by increasing IL-10 and decreasing TNF-α.

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Background: Diabetic foot is one of the main complications of diabetes, which is caused by a significant proportion of patients with diabetes and which imposes costs on the family and the health system around the world. This review aims to summarize the latest findings in the field of diabetic foot based on clinical guidelines.
Methods: In this review study, in order to achieve the best clinical guide in the field of diabetic foot by determining the search strategy and inclusion criteria, all related clinical guides were searched in the databases and websites of clinical guidelines.  Clinical guidelines related to diabetic foot care were searched and retrieved from January 2000 to early 2019 and screened separately by two researchers to select the selected clinical guideline.
Results: Based on the study criteria, the clinical guide of the International Diabetic Foot Working Group was selected as the most complete guide in the field of diabetic foot. This summary is based on the International Working Group on the Diabetic Foot (IWGDF) Guidance 2015, consist of five documents including prevention of foot ulcers in at‐risk patients, footwear and offloading principles, diagnosis, prognosis and management of peripheral artery disease, foot infections in patients with diabetes and enhance healing of chronic ulcers of the foot in diabetes.
Conclusion: This Summary Guidance for Daily Practice is intended to overview of the main aspects of the prevention and treatment of foot problems in patients with diabetes. This summary guidance is adviced at healthcare providers and specialists in foot care throughout the world.

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Background: The prevalence of type 2 diabetes is rapidly increasing in the world. As a result of this disease, long-term insulin resistance develops, as a result of which pancreatic beta cells are destroyed and disappear, as a result insulin is not released. Recently, a protein called lipasin, which is responsible for signaling the liver to beta cells, has been discovered, and previous reports have shown that lipasin/betatrophin increases pancreatic β cell proliferation. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the effect of eight weeks of high intensity interval training (HIIT) and endurance training on lipasin gene expression in rats with type 2 diabetes.
Methods: The study was performed on 25 Wistar rats with a mean weight of 160±10 g and age of 8 weeks. After induction of diabetes, the rats were randomly divided into three groups of 6: control and endurance and HIIT. And exercise was performed for eight weeks (5 sessions per week). QRT-PCR technique was used to evaluate changes in hepatic lipasin gene expression.
Results: The present study showed that after eight weeks of endurance training and HIIT, the expression of lipasin gene in the liver of rats in the training group increased significantly compared to the control group (P = 0.037); Also, a significant negative correlation was observed between lipasin gene expression and insulin resistance index in the exercise group compared to the control group (r = -0.605, P = 0.037).
Conclusion: It seems that performing eight weeks of endurance training and HIIT, by increasing the expression of lipasin gene can increase beta cells in diabetic patients and may be an effective non-pharmacological intervention to reduce the symptoms of this disease.
 

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Background: Obesity and type 2 diabetes can impair the function of cells, including CREB and CRTC2 proteins, which are important for regulating adipose tissue metabolism. Therefore, the purpose of the present study was to investigate the effect of eight weeks of high intensity interval training (HIIT) on CREB and CRTC2 proteins levels in subcutaneous adipose tissue of obese rats with type 2 diabetes.

Methods: In this experimental study, 12 head two-month-old Sprague-Dawley rats with a mean weight of 300±20 g were selected. After diabetic induction with Streptozotocin and Nicotinamide, rats were randomly assigned to two groups, diabetic training (6 heads) and diabetic control (6 heads). The training groups performed the training program 4 days a week for 8 weeks, including 5 interval 4-minute with an intensity of 85 to 95% of the maximum speed, and 3-minute active rest periods with an intensity of 50 to 60% of the maximum speed; SPSS software version 23 and independent t-test were used to analyze the data.
Result: After eight weeks of HIIT training, no significant change in CREB protein level was observed in the training group compared to the control (P<0.22); However, a significant increase in CRTC2 protein level was observed in the training group compared to the control (P<0.005);
Conclusion: HIIT training did not result in a change in CREB protein level. But, it was able to increase the CRTC2 protein level, which could lead to the regulation of adipose tissue metabolism in diabetic subjects.

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Background: The pathway of insulin messengers is so important that diabetes can lead to disruption of this pathway. However, the aim of this study was to investigate the effect of 8 weeks of endurance training on protein Kinase-B (PKB or AKT) and mechanical target of rapamycin (mTOR) in the left ventricle of the heart of diabetic rats induced by streptozotocin and nicotinamide.
Methods: In this experimental study, 12 head two-month-old Sprague-Dawley rats with a mean weight of 270±20 g were selected. After diabetic induction with streptozotocin and Nicotinamide, rats were randomly assigned to two groups, training and control (6 heads in group each). The rat training program was performed on a treadmill for 8 weeks and 4 sessions per week, including 30 minutes of endurance training with an intensity of about 50 to 70% of the maximum speed. SPSS software and independent t-test were used to analyze the data.
Results: Eight weeks of endurance training resulted in a significant increase in protein Kinase-B content (P=0.03); But no significant change in Protein Mechanistic Target of Rapamycin content was observed in the endurance training group compared to the control (P=0.97).
Conclusion: protein Kinase-B is a key protein for regulating many cellular pathways, which was significantly increased by eight weeks of endurance training. Due to the fact that the content of protein mechanistic target of rapamycin does not change, it is possible that endurance training cannot lead to physiological hypertrophy heart through the mTORC1 pathway.

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Background: The purpose of this study is to identify patterns of information sharing in the field of evidence-based medicine to determine the main areas of evidence dissemination, including co-authorship patterns and citation networks, and to provide a scientific horizon for improving evidence-based medical research in Iran. Accordingly, evidence-based medicine related research at the Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Institute of Tehran University of Medical Sciences is suggested.
Methods: This study is a bibliographic study using scientometric methods. In this regard, the network of co-authorship and analysis of scientific articles indexed with the subject of evidence-based medicine in the Scopus database from 2004 to 2019 were analyzed.
Results: The status of scientific production of evidence-based medicine of Endocrinology and Metabolism research Institute has been increasing in recent years. The Journal of Diabetes and Metabolic Disorders contains a great collection of information about evidence-based medicine in this field and its contents have been widely cited in many Iranian journals. In lexical analysis, the most widespread evidence was osteoporosis.
Conclusion: The results indicated that evidence-based medical research topics are widely focused on other medical fields such as osteoporosis and obesity and have shifted from evidence-based clinical practice to evidence-based clinical management.

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Background: Imbalance of apoptotic factors plays important role in pathogenesis of diabetes. Considering the role of curcumin supplementation and high-intensity interval training (HIIT) on these factors, the aim of this study was to investigate effects of four weeks of HIIT with curcumin supplementation on Bax and Bcl-2 gene expression in the soleus muscle of diabetic rats.
Methods: Present study was experimental research. 30 male Wistar rats were divided into one normal control (NC), and four diabetic groups: control (DC), supplement (SDC), high-intensity interval training (DHIIT) and high-intensity interval training supplement (SDHIIT). The training protocol was performed five days a week for four weeks, which included five to seven two-minute intervals at 80 to 90% of maximum power until exhaustion and one-minute recovery at 30% of maximum power until exhaustion. At the same time, Curcumin gavage at a dose of 100 mg/kg was performed daily. Bax and BCL-2 gene expression levels were measured by the qReal-TimePCR method and data were analyzed by two-way analysis of variance at a significant level of p≥0.05.
Results: Bcl-2 gene expression was significantly increased in DHIIT and SDHIIT groups compared to DC (P= 0.000). Also, a significant decrease in Bax gene expression was observed in DHIIT and SDHIIT groups compared to DC (P=0.000). There was a significant difference between DHIIT and SDHIIT in Bcl-2 (P=0.000) and Bax (P=0.013) gene expression.
Conclusion: It seems that HIIT in combination with curcumin supplementation, is more effective in improving the balance between apoptosis factors than any of these interventions alone.
 

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Background: One of the most common problems in diabetic patients is muscle atrophy. Therefore, the present study aimed to investigate the synergistic effect of endurance training with probiotic supplementation on Atrogin-1 and MuRF-1 genes gene expression in the soleus muscle of diabetic rats.
Methods: In this study, 32 male Wistar rats were randomly divided into one normal control (NC) and four diabetic groups: diabetic control (DC), diabetic supplement (SDC), diabetic training (TD), and diabetic supplement training (STD). The training protocol was performed with 60 to 65% of maximum speed reached five days a week for four weeks. At the same time, rats took two grams of probiotic dissolved in 30 ml of water daily. Expression of Atrogin-1 and MuRF-1 genes was measured by the qReal-TimePCR method. Data were analyzed by two-way analysis of variance at the significant level of P≤0.05.
Results: Atrogin-1 gene expression was significantly reduced in TD (P=0.001) and STD (P=0.000) groups compared to DC group. There was a significant difference between TD and STD groups in the expression of the Atrogin-1 gene (P=0.028). MuRF-1 gene expression was significantly reduced in TD (P=0.04) and STD (P=0.01) groups compared to DC. But there was no significant difference between TD and STD groups in MuRF-1 gene expression (P=0.36).
Conclusion: It seems that performing the aerobic exercise with probiotic supplementation is more effective in reducing the expression of the Atrogin-1 gene than any of these interventions alone. However, aerobic exercise with probiotic supplementation does not have a synergistic effect on reducing MuRF-1 gene expression in the soleus muscle of diabetic rats compared to aerobic exercise alone.

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Background: Diabetes is an important factor in heart defects that can lead to atrophy of heart cells. Exercise can prevent the complications of diabetes by regulating cellular factors. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to evaluate the effect of endurance and high-intensity interval training on the content MSTN and Follistatin proteins in the left ventricular tissue of the heart of type 1 and 2 diabetic rats
Methods: In this study, 36 head 2-month-old male Sprague-Dawley male rats with a mean weight of 280±30 g were selected.
After induction of type 1 (18 head) and 2 (18 head) diabetics through streptozotocin and nicotinamide solution, each type of diabetes was randomly divided into 3 groups: endurance training, HIIT and control (6 heads per group); The training groups performed endurance (50 to 70% of maximum speed) and HIIT (intensity 85 to 95% of maximum speed) training program 4 days a week for 4 weeks; Data analysis was performed by one-way ANOVA and Tukey post hoc tests in SPSS software.
Results: Endurance training and HIIT in diabetic training groups led to a significant decrease in MSTN protein content (P=0.0001) and an increase in Follistatin protein content (P=0.0001).
Conclusion: It seems that four weeks of endurance training and HIIT can prevent excessive myocardial atrophy by decreasing the MSTN content and increasing Follistatin. Therefore, exercise training with the intensity, duration and type can be a good defense and treatment mechanisms for diabetics to prevent or reduce heart complications.

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Background: Adipulin is a hormone secretd by fat cells that acts as a metabolic regulator with anti-inflammatory properties and is reduced through obesity, diabetes and inflammation. Therefore, the aim of this study was to compare the effect of high and moderate intensity aerobic exercise on serum adipolin levels and some indicators of metabolic syndrome in obese women.
Methods: In this quasi-experimental study, 36 people were randomly divided into three groups of 12 people (2 experimental groups and one control group). Aerobic exercise group with an intensity of 85-95% of maximum heart rate performed intermittent walking and running on the treadmill for 33 minutes per session and exercise group with an intensity of 50-70% of maximum heart rate walked continuously for 41 minutes. (Training duration for 2 groups was 8 weeks and 3 sessions per week, The control group was not active during this period). One-way analysis of variance statistical and Bonferroni post hoc tests were used at the significant level (P> 0.05).
Results: High intensity aerobic exercise significantly increased serum adipolin levels (P= 0.001) and decreased total cholesterol (P= 0.020), triglyceride (P= 0.021) and insulin resistance (P= 0.001). The results also showed no significant differences in the levels of high-density lipoprotein (P= 0.615), low-density lipoprotein (P= 0.604), and blood pressure (P= 0.269) in the three groups. Medium-intensity aerobic exercise had no effect on serum adipoline levels (P= 0.192), only glucose, (P= 0.025), triglycerides (P= 0.010), systolic blood pressure (P= 0.028) and insulin (P= 0.043) decreased and the levels of cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein and high-density lipoprotein did not change significantly.
Conclusion: In the end, it can be said that it seems that individuals can use high-intensity aerobic exercise to increase the amount of adipolin as an indicator of improving insulin sensitivity and also improving the indicators of metabolic syndrome.

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Background: BDNF protein is the important neurotrophin that is involved in cognitive function. Diabetes can lead to impaired function and is a neurocognitive disorder's factor in hippocampus. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of 8 weeks of concurrent training on BDNF levels in the brain hippocampus and cognitive function of streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats.
Methods: 40 of Sprague-Dawn rats were randomly divided into four groups: healthy inactive, non-healthy concurrent exercise, diabetic group without exercise, and diabetic concurrent exercise. Rats in the training groups performed concurrent training for 8 weeks. After 8 weeks, subjects' memory was assessed using a cognitive function test in a water maze. BDNF levels in the hippocampus were measured by Western blotting. One-way analysis of variance and LSD post hoc test were used to analyze the data.
Findings: The present study showed that eight weeks of concurrent exercise resulted in a significant reduction in fasting blood sugar in the healthy exercise group compared to the diabetic group. A significant decrease in BDNF levels of the cerebral hippocampus was also observed in the diabetic exercise group compared to the diabetic group. In addition, the level of memory function in healthy exercise and diabetic exercise groups was significantly higher than healthy control and patient control.
Conclusion: Concurrent exercise reduces BDNF hippocampus and increased cognitive function in the exercise group compared to the control group. As a result, it can be said that this type of exercise is very effective in improving the complications of type 2 diabetes.

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Background: Chronic hyperglycemia is associated with an increase in cellular damage due to oxidative stress and increases insulin resistance and also increases in p53 and p16 beta cells, leading to the induction of senescence in pancreatic insulin-secreting cells. The aim of this study was the effect of eight weeks of aerobic exercise on the expression of senescence proteins P53 and P16 in the pancreatic tissue of diabetic mice.
Methods: In this study, 15 NMRI mice (26.3 ±3.22 g) were divided into three groups randomly: healthy control, diabetic control and diabetic exercise. They were diabetic by HFD for 5 weeks and intraperitoneal injection of STZ. The aerobic training protocol (50-60% Vmax) was 5 days a week for 8 weeks. After anesthesia, blood and pancreatic tissue were removed. Insulin resistance, P53 and P16 protein concentrations in pancreatic beta cells were measured. Data were analyzed by ANOVA with a significance level of p <0.05.
Results: According to the results of eight weeks of aerobic exercise by mice diabetic type 2, a significant decrease in insulin resistance (p = 0.005), protein concentrations of P53 (p = 0.002) and P16 (p = 0.010) in pancreatic tissue was observed.
Conclusion: Aerobic exercise may improve insulin sensitivity and delay cellular senescence due to diabetes by reducing cell senescence factors such as P53 and P16 in beta cells. Therefore, this type of exercise can be considered as a therapeutic approach to improve the condition of these patients.

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Background: Myogenin (MyoG) and Myostatin (Mstn) play role in muscle growth and wasting, respectively. The present study aimed to investigate the combined effect of High-intensity Interval Training (HIIT) and Metformin drug (Metf) on gene expression of MyoG and Mstn in skeletal muscle of type 2 diabetic mice.
Methods: 25 mice (C57BL/6) were assigned to two groups, including 1) Control © (n=5), and 2) HFD (n=20). The mice of the HFD group were fed a high-fat diet for 16 weeks. After 16 weeks, the mice with over 200 mg/dl were selected as diabetic mice. Then, the diabetic mice were divided into four groups including 1) Control Diabetic (CD) (n=5), 2) Diabet with Metf (DM) (n=5), 3) Diabet with HIIT (DH) (n=5) 4) Diabet with Metf and HIIT (DMH) (n=5). The mice of experimental groups underwent the interventions for eight weeks. The Real-Time–PCR methods were used to measure the mRNA expression of MyoG and Mstn in the Rectus-Femoris muscle.
Results: HIIT (but no Metf) upregulated the gene expression of MyoG (p=0.05). Metformin did not affect Mstn expression (p=0.45), However, HIIT downregulated the expression of Mstn (p=0.001). Metformin did not affect decreasingly or incrementally the downregulating effect of HIIT on Mstn expression (p=0.95).
Conclusion: Metf may not positively or negatively affect the expression changes of MyoG and Mstn induced by HIIT in skeletal muscle of mice with type 2 diabetes.

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Background: The present study was conducted with the aim of comparing lifestyle education based on the Bezenf model and the World Health Organization model on FBS, 2HPPBS, HbA1c in patients with type II diabetes.
Methods: The research method was a semi-experimental and multi-group expanded type with pre-test-post-test designs and a control group with a follow-up period. The statistical population of this research included all patients with type II diabetes referred to the endocrinology department of Imam-Khomeini Hospital in 1400. In this research, from a list of 100 people with diabetes, 60 diabetic patients who met the entry criteria were identified. Then 45 people were randomly selected and replaced by random replacement in two experimental groups and one control group. Each experimental group received group psychological interventions separately, and at the end, both groups were subjected to a post-test. The obtained data were analyzed using mixed analysis with repeated measurements.
Results: The results indicate the effect of lifestyle education based on the Bezenf model and the World Health Organization model on FBS (P=0/001), 2HPPBS (P=0/001) and HbA1c (P=0/006) and the stability of this effect was in the follow-up phase. Also, compared to lifestyle education based on the World Health Organization model, lifestyle education based on the Bezenf model was a more effective method to reduce HbA1c in type 2 diabetes patients but the difference in the effect of the two groups on FBS and 2HPPBS was not significant.
Conclusion: The results indicated the effectiveness of both educational models and the superiority of the BAZENF educational model. Therefore, Lifestyle education based on the Bezenf model and the World Health Organization model can be used by therapists as adjunctive treatments in interventions for people with type 2 diabetes.

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Background: The release of adipokines from adipose tissue depots plays a key role in regulating metabolic homeostasis and several other physiological processes, including diabetes, obesity, and vascular diseases. This study investigated the effect of eight weeks of high intensity interval training (HIIT) on asprosin, lipid profile and insulin resistance in type 2 diabetic male rats.
Methods: 24 male Sprague Dawley rats were randomly divided into four equal groups: control (C), control traning (C+T), diabet (D) and diabet traning (D+T). Diabetes was induced by the combined method of high fat diet and low dose strepotozocin injection. The traning group performed the HIIT program on the treadmill for eight weeks. Data were analyzed using one-way ANOVA and bonferroni post hoc test at a significance level of P<0.05.
Results: The results showed increased plasma asprosin in D group compared to C (P=0.0001) and decreased in C+T group compared to C (P=0.03) and D+T group compared to D (P=0.04). There was no significant difference in HOMA-IR between the C and C+T group (P=0.9) but decreased in D+T compared to D (P=0.0001). HDL increased in D+T group compared to the D (P=0.0001) and decreased TG and LDL (P=0.001). There was no significant difference between TG and LDL in the C group compared to the C+T, but HDL increased in C+T (P=0.01).
Conclusion: Plasma asprosin increases in rats with type 2 diabetes and HIIT can reduce the complications of diabetes by improved lipid profile and reduce asprosin and insulin resistance.