Iranian Journal of

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Background: Diabetes mellitus is one of the most common chronic diseases and the patient's quality of life plays an important role in controlling the disease. The purpose of this study was to investigate the mediating role of quality of life in the relationship between depression, stress and anxiety, with severity of diabetes.
Methods: 108 patients with type 2 diabetes (57 women, 51 males) participated in this study. The participants completed the 21st-DASS Questionnaire, a quality of life questionnaire (SF-36), and a demographic questionnaire.
Results: The results of the study showed that the severity of the disease was negatively correlated with quality of life and positively correlated with anxiety, depression and stress (P <0.01). The results of path analysis also indicated the mediating role of quality of life in the relationship between depression and anxiety and the severity of type 2 diabetes.
Conclusion: Based on the results, it is necessary to consider psychological interventions in order to reduce depression and anxiety and improve the quality of life of patients in the field of diabetes management.

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Background: Osteoporosis is one of the most important health problems in the country due to fracture. Osteoporosis Research Center with more than 20 years of experience in this field tries to present achievements and activities of the management and treatment of osteoporosis in the country while introducing this center. This review aims to overview the osteoporosis research center activities on osteoporosis.
Methods: In these conventional review national and international databases were investigated on osteoporosis without any restriction on time and language. Also, other activities that are not reflected in the papers were obtained from the professional website and official reports.
Results: According to the strategic plan of the osteoporosis research center, the achievements of this center provided in in three areas of research (population-based studies, clinical studies, basic science studies and health system studies), technology (diagnostic, therapeutic technologies, service delivery models) and education (training students at different levels of education). Supplementary, patient education, general education, and service provider training).
Conclusion: Osteoporosis Research Center is recognized as the only specialized research center in the field of osteoporosis in the country. The center is trying to improve its position as a regional center in the field of osteoporosis by relying on its strategic and operational plan, in addition to maintaining its current position.
 

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Background: This review study aims to shade light on the effects of carrying out interventions and policies in order to reduce the incidence and prevalence of non-communicable diseases (NCDs) and their behavioral risk factors (i.e., unhealthy diet, insufficient physical activity and smoking) and strategies and approaches to reduce their attributed burden.
Method: In this research, the documents and reports available in the Ministry of Health, developed action plans, recommendations of national and international organizations, evidence gathered from monitoring and evaluations and the "National Action Plan and Control of Non-Communicable Diseases and Related Risk Factors in the Islamic Republic of Iran, 2015-2025" were investigated with respect to  each of the three main risk factors of NCDs, including unhealthy diet, insufficient physical activity, and smoking (harmful consumption of alcohol has been reviewed in another article). Each risk factor has been discussed separately in the sections describing the current situation, policies and implemented interventions, findings, and future plans.
Results: The implemented interventions and policies to achieve the goals stated in the "National Action Plan and Control of Non-Communicable Diseases and Related Risk Factors in the Islamic Republic of Iran, 2015-2025" in the field of unhealthy nutrition, resulted in revising the food standards. Interventions in the field of physical activity have caused a 1.5% reduction in the relative prevalence of sedentary behavior in the society. Our research also revealed that interventions in the field of tobacco consumption have led a total decrease of 7.44% among Iranian people over 18 years of age, but a decrease in the use of hookah is not recorded, and its consumption has increased by 28% in 2021 compared to 2011.
Conclusion: According to the findings, the goals stated in the aforementioned document have not been fully achieved, so new interventions and policies should be used by those involved.

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Background: The role of the immune system and inflammation in controlling metabolic diseases such as insulin resistance, type 2 diabetes, obesity and overweight is well established. Also, physical activity controls and prevents the occurrence of metabolic diseases, which has anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidative effects. The aim of the present study was to study the effect of eight weeks of 10, 20, 30 seconds exercise training on the levels of antimicrobial factors in the saliva of obese adolescent boys.
Methods: 32 male students voluntarily participated in the present study and were randomly assigned to four groups: 1) obese aerobic exercise, 2) normal weight aerobic exercise, 3) obese control without exercise, and 4) normal weight control without exercise. The criteria for the obese group was a BMI above 25. Anthropometric indices of height, weight and body mass index were measured exactly. Before and after eight weeks of practice, Shatell-Run standard test was performed. Salivary samples of lysozyme, lactoferrin, lactate and C-reactive protein concentrations were taken after eight weeks of training with a frequency of three sessions per week with an intensity of 30 to 90% of maximum aerobic power. Using analysis of covariance, variables with a significance level of less than (P≤0.05) were included in the analysis.
Results: The results showed a significant increase in salivary levels of lactoferrin (P=0.001), lysozyme (P=0.003), lactate (P=0.001), and C-reactive protein (P=0.006). There are more obese students than people of normal weight (Youth body mass index criterion)
Conclusion: The increased response of some antibacterial and inflammatory salivary proteins after eight weeks of 10-20-30 sports training following exhaustive activity may be due to the acute response of the immune system.

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Background: Several proteins regulate the autophagy pathway, and one of the most important regulators is the BECLIN family proteins. Therefore, this research aims to investigate the effect of high-intensity interval training on the amount of BECLIN1/2 family autophagy proteins in the left ventricle of the heart of rats with type 1 diabetes. 
Methods: In this experimental study, 18 three-month-old male Sprague Dawley rats with an average weight of 300±20 grams were selected. 12 rats were diagnosed with type 1 diabetes through intraperitoneal injection of streptozotocin solution. These rats were randomly divided into two groups, diabetic exercise, and diabetic control; A healthy control group was also considered; The HIIT was performed for 6 weeks and 4 sessions each week including 5 bursts of 4 minutes with an intensity equal to 85-95% of the maximum speed and 3-minute active rest periods with an intensity equal to 50-60% of the maximum speed. Data analysis was done through one-way ANOVA and Tukey's post hoc tests in SPSS version 26 software. A significance level of 0.05 was considered.
Results: The intracellular content of BECLIN1 and BECLIN2 protein showed a significant decrease between the research groups in the left ventricle of the heart after six weeks of HIIT (p=0.0001).
Conclusion: It seems that BECLIN family proteins are decreased by HIIT and this can decrease the autophagy mechanism in cardiac cells.

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Background: Muscle atrophy is one of the serious complications of type 1 diabetes. Important cellular mechanisms including pathways related to mTOR protein are very important in regulating muscle mass; Therefore, this research was conducted to investigate the effect of high-intensity interval training (HIIT) on the intracellular content of the central protein of mechanical target of rapamycin 1/2 complexes in EDL skeletal muscle of rats with type 1 diabetes.
Methods: In this experimental study, 12 three-month-old male Sprague-Dawley rats with an average weight of 300±20 grams were selected. Type 1 diabetes was induced through intraperitoneal injection of streptozotocin solution (50 mg/kg of body weight). These rats were randomly divided into two groups, diabetic exercise, and diabetic control; The training group performed HIIT for six weeks at an intensity of 85-95% of maximum speed. Data analysis was done through an independent t-test in SPSS software version 28. A significance level of 0.05 was considered.
Results: The intracellular content of total and phosphorylated forms of mTOR protein showed a significant increase after six weeks of HIIT (P=0.0001). Also, the ratio of total to phosphorylated intracellular content of mTOR protein showed a significant increase in the training group compared to the control group (P=0.0001).
Conclusion: HIIT increased the intracellular content of total and phosphorylated forms of mTOR protein, which could possibly lead to protein synthesis and increased muscle hypertrophy.

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Background: Aging and consuming a high-fat diet lead to increased oxidative damage to various tissues, oxidative stress is a critical factor in the aging process that can cause direct damage to cellular structure. This study aimed to investigate the Effects of 8 Weeks of HIIT Training on the Nrf2 Gene Expression, lipid peroxidation and Insulin resistance in the pancreas tissue of Aged rats fed a high-fat diet.
Methods: In this experimental study, 20 aged male Wistar rats (age: 18 months and mean weight: 500±100 gr) were randomly divided into four groups including normal food control G1 (n=5), normal food + training G2 (n=5), high-fat food G3 (n=5) and high-fat food +training G4 (n=5). The high intensity interval training program was performed on a treadmill, three days a week for eight weeks. Nrf2 gene expression was performed using real-time PCR and malondialdehyde levels, glucose and insulin were measured using a kit and ELISA method. Data were analyzed by MANOVA test at the P<0.05.
Results: The results of the MANOVA statistical test on the interactive effect of training and diet indicated a significant difference in the insulin resistance index (P = 0.017 and F = 7.17). However, no significant effect was observed for the insulin factor (P = 0.30 and F = 1.13), glucose (P = 0.116 and F = 2.75), MDA (P = 0.87 and F = 0.028), and Nrf2 (P = 0.816 and F = 0.056).
Conclusion: In general, it can be stated that HIIT training in this research can improve insulin resistance by affecting the expression of the Nrf2 transcription factor gene by reducing the oxidant activity in aged rats.

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Background: Adenosine monophosphate-activated kinase (AMPK) is a key regulator of cellular metabolism, and its dysregulation is associated with metabolic diseases such as obesity, inflammation, diabetes, and cancer. Therefore, the purpose of this research is the effect of moderate intensity interval training (MIIT) on the total and phosphorylated content of AMPKα1/2 protein in the skeletal muscle of diabetic rats.
Methods: In this experimental study, 12 two-month-old male Sprague Dawley rats with an average weight of 280±30 grams were selected. Diabetes was induced to rats through intraperitoneal injection of streptozotocin solution (with a dose of 65 mg per kg of body weight). These rats were randomly divided into two groups, diabetic training and diabetic control; The training group performed MIIT for 6 weeks at an intensity equal to 55-75% of maximum speed. Data analysis was done through independent t-test in GraphPad Prism version 10 software. The significance level of the current research is P≤0.05.
Results: Total intracellular content of AMPKα1/2 protein did not show significant changes in the training group compared to the control group in the soleus skeletal muscle (P=0.96). In contrast, the phosphorylated intracellular content (P=0.0001) and the ratio of phosphorylated to total form (P=0.002) of AMPKα1/2 protein showed a significant increase.
Conclusion: MIIT increased the protein content of AMPKα1/2 in soleus muscle tissue of diabetic rats, and this could lead to increased energy production and consumption and improved glucose levels in diabetic subjects.
 

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Background: Type 2 diabetes is characterized by insulin resistance and hyperglycemia and can lead to heart disease. Therefore, the aim of the present study is to investigate the effect of MIIT on the S6K1 pathway in the myocardium, which is related to the control of cell growth and proliferation.
Methods: In this study, 12 two-month-old male Sprague Dawley rats with an average weight of 280±30 grams participated. To induce diabetes, nicotinamide and streptozotocin solutions were injected with a dose of 110 mg/kg and 60 mg/kg, respectively. The blood sugar of rats was determined between 126-260 mg/dL as an indicator of type 2 diabetes. After the induction of diabetes, the rats were randomly divided into diabetic training group (6 heads) and diabetic control group (6 heads). The diabetic training group trained for 4 weeks and 4 sessions every week. 24 hours after the last training session, the left ventricle of heart was isolated and the amount of protein was measured by western blotting method. Variables were analyzed through independent t-tests. The significance level of study was considered P≤0.05.
Results: The analysis of the data showed that the intracellular content of total, phosphorylated and the ratio of total to phosphorylated S6K1 protein did not show any significant change after 4 weeks of MIIT.
Conclusions: It seems that after 4 weeks of MIIT, S6K1 protein does not change significantly, so it seems that the duration and intensity of training and nutritional conditions to increase S6K1 phosphorylation should be considered in future research.
 

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Background: Type 1 diabetes is characterized by persistent hyperglycemia and leads to impaired protein synthesis and ultimately muscle breakdown and reduction in muscle function. Therefore, this research was conducted with the aim of investigating the effect of moderate intensity continuous training (MICT) on the amount of 4EBP1 in the biceps muscle of type 1 diabetic rats.
Methods: The present study is of experimental-fundamental type in which 12 2-month-old male Sprague Dawley rats with an average weight of 280±30 grams participated. To induce type 1 diabetes, streptozotocin (STZ) solution was injected intraperitoneally at a dose of 65 mg/kg. 3 days after injection, blood sugar above 300 mg/dl was considered as an indicator of type 1 diabetes. After the induction of diabetes, the rats were randomly divided into 2 diabetic training groups (6 heads) and diabetic control groups (6 heads). The continuous training program (32 minutes with an intensity of 50-70% of maximum speed) was 8 weeks and 3 sessions every week. Data analysis was done through independent t-tests. Data analysis was done using GraphPad Prism software version 10.2.2. The significance level of the present study was considered P≤0.05.
Results: In the training group after 8 weeks of MICT, the intracellular content of phosphorylated (P=0.0001), total (P=0.0001) and the ratio of phosphorylated to total (P=0.002) protein 4EBP1 showed a significant change compared to the control group in the twin muscle tissue.
Conclusion: 4EBP1 protein seems to increase through 8 weeks of MICT and this mechanism can increase muscle synthesis in muscle tissue.