Iranian Journal of

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Background: Muscle atrophy is one of the serious complications of type 1 diabetes. Important cellular mechanisms including pathways related to mTOR protein are very important in regulating muscle mass; Therefore, this research was conducted to investigate the effect of high-intensity interval training (HIIT) on the intracellular content of the central protein of mechanical target of rapamycin 1/2 complexes in EDL skeletal muscle of rats with type 1 diabetes.
Methods: In this experimental study, 12 three-month-old male Sprague-Dawley rats with an average weight of 300±20 grams were selected. Type 1 diabetes was induced through intraperitoneal injection of streptozotocin solution (50 mg/kg of body weight). These rats were randomly divided into two groups, diabetic exercise, and diabetic control; The training group performed HIIT for six weeks at an intensity of 85-95% of maximum speed. Data analysis was done through an independent t-test in SPSS software version 28. A significance level of 0.05 was considered.
Results: The intracellular content of total and phosphorylated forms of mTOR protein showed a significant increase after six weeks of HIIT (P=0.0001). Also, the ratio of total to phosphorylated intracellular content of mTOR protein showed a significant increase in the training group compared to the control group (P=0.0001).
Conclusion: HIIT increased the intracellular content of total and phosphorylated forms of mTOR protein, which could possibly lead to protein synthesis and increased muscle hypertrophy.

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Background: Cardiac function in diabetic people is affected through different cellular mechanisms; One of these important cellular pathways is the c-Jun N-terminal kinases (JNKs), whose dysfunction can lead to heart failure; Therefore, the aim of this research is to investigate the effect of moderate intensity interval training on total and phosphorylated content of c-Jun N-terminal kinases protein in heart tissue of type 1 diabetic rats.
Methods: In this experimental study, 12 two-month-old male Sprague Dawley rats with an average weight of 300±20 grams were selected. Type 1 diabetes (blood sugar above 300) was induced to rats through intraperitoneal injection of streptozotocin (with a dose of 50 mg per kilogram of body weight) solution. The rats were randomly divided into two groups, diabetic training and diabetic control; The training group performed MIIT for four weeks at an intensity of 55-75% of maximum speed. Data analysis was done through independent t-test in GraphPad Prism software version 9.5. The significance level of the current research is P≤ 0.05.
Results: The intracellular content of JNK protein after four weeks of MIIT showed a significant decrease in both total (P= 0.01) and phosphorylated (P= 0.0001) forms. On the other hand, the ratio of total to phosphorylated intracellular content of JNK protein did not show a significant change after four weeks of MIIT (P= 0.23).
Conclusion: MIIT led to a decrease in the content of total and phosphorylated forms of JNK protein, which could possibly lead to less cell death in cardiac cells of diabetic subjects.

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Background: Diabetes can cause serious cardiovascular complications by disrupting the autophagy pathway. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the effect of high-intensity interval training (HIIT) on the intracellular levels of autophagy proteins in the left ventricular tissue of rats with type 1 diabetes.
Methods: In this experimental study, 18 2-month-old male Sprague-Dawley rats with an average weight of 300±20 grams were selected. Twelve rats had type 1 diabetes after intraperitoneal injection of STZ (with a dose of 50 mg/kg of body weight) solution. Rats were randomly divided into two groups: diabetic training and diabetic control (each group, six heads). A healthy control group (six heads) was also considered. The training group underwent HIIT four days a week for six weeks. GraphPad Prism version 9.5 software and one-way ANOVA, and Tukey's post hoc tests were used to analyze the data. The significance level was considered P≤ 0.05.
Results: ULK1 and FIP200 levels showed a significant increase in the left ventricle after 6 weeks of HIIT training compared to the healthy control group and the diabetic control group (P= 0.0001).
Conclusion: Considering the increase in ULK1 and FIP200 proteins, it can be concluded that HIIT training can activate the autophagy pathway; Therefore, in prescribing this type of exercise for diabetic subjects, the intensity and duration of the exercise should be considered.

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Background: Type 1 diabetes is characterized by persistent hyperglycemia and leads to impaired protein synthesis and ultimately muscle breakdown and reduction in muscle function. Therefore, this research was conducted with the aim of investigating the effect of moderate intensity continuous training (MICT) on the amount of 4EBP1 in the biceps muscle of type 1 diabetic rats.
Methods: The present study is of experimental-fundamental type in which 12 2-month-old male Sprague Dawley rats with an average weight of 280±30 grams participated. To induce type 1 diabetes, streptozotocin (STZ) solution was injected intraperitoneally at a dose of 65 mg/kg. 3 days after the injection, blood sugar above 300 mg/dl was considered as an indicator of type 1 diabetes. After the induction of diabetes, the rats were randomly divided into 2 diabetic training groups (6 heads) and diabetic control groups (6 heads). The continuous training program (32 minutes with an intensity of 50-70% of maximum speed) was 8 weeks and 3 sessions every week. Data analysis was done through independent t-tests. Data analysis was done using GraphPad Prism software version 10.2.2. The significance level of the present study was considered P≤0.05.
Results: In the training group after 8 weeks of MICT, the intracellular content of phosphorylated (P=0.0001), total (P=0.0001) and the ratio of phosphorylated to total (P=0.002) protein 4EBP1 showed a significant change compared to the control group in the twin muscle tissue.
Conclusion: 4EBP1 protein seems to increase through 8 weeks of MICT and this mechanism can increase muscle synthesis in muscle tissue.

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Background: With the increasing prevalence of diabetes in children and the resulting mental pressures, attention to these patients has become a health priority in the world. Psychological distress is one of the problems of these patients that affects different aspects of their lives. It seems that enduring psychological distress can affect the psychological problems of these patients. Therefore, the present study was conducted with the aim of determining the relationship between psychological distress and tolerance of psychological distress in children with diabetes in Zahedan city.
Methods: This was a cross-sectional study. The samples included 200 children with pediatric diabetes referred to the diabetes clinic of Ali Ibn Abi Talib (AS) hospital in Zahedan and met the inclusion criteria. The data collection tool included the demographic information form and Kessler's psychological distress and Gaher's distress tolerance questionnaires, which were completed by interviewing the child. Descriptive and analytical data analysis was done using spss27 software.
Results: 52.6% of all subjects studied were girls and the average duration of infection was 22.6 months. A significant relationship was found between psychological distress and tolerance of psychological distress (r = -0.65 p < 0.001).
Conclusion: The findings showed that there is a significant and inverse correlation between psychological distress and distress tolerance. In other words, the higher the psychological distress tolerance, the less distress a person experiences. Therefore, it seems that in order to enjoy higher mental health in these patients, attention should be paid to improving their distress tolerance.

 

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Background: Type 1 diabetes mellitus or juvenile/adolescent diabetes has a significant impact on the quality of life among children and parents. Thus, the development of a deep understanding of the disease of diabetes in childhood and the ways to prevent and treat patients allows health care providers to respond to their specific needs. One of the solutions to improve the knowledge of the patients is online education. Therefore, this study designed and evaluated a childhood diabetes education website with the goal of improving the quality of care for children and reducing mortality.
Methods: This study involved three phases of content collection, website design, and evaluation. The website content information was collected from reliable library sources and created using the WordPress website design tool. Subsequently, the website content, performance, display capabilities, terminology and information retrieval, and ease of learning were evaluated by physicians and nurses.
Results: Comprehensive clinical information about pediatric diabetes was provided on the website. In the evaluation of the website content, the highest average was related to the type 1 diabetes section at a glance and the lowest average was related to the pathology section. In evaluating the website performance, the highest average was related to the overall design and the lowest average was related to the ease of use. Overall, the website performance was of good quality.
Conclusion: To increase the effectiveness of care services and reduce the complications of diseases, providing accurate and reliable information in the form of educational websites should be considered.

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Background: Recurrent diabetic ketoacidosis is one of the serious and life-threatening complications of diabetes that can lead to repeated hospitalizations and significant complications. This study was conducted with the aim of investigating the prevalence, risk factors, and clinical outcomes of recurrent diabetic ketoacidosis in southeast Iran.
Methods: In this retrospective descriptive-cross-sectional study, the medical records of 560 patients with diabetic ketoacidosis during the years 2017-2020 at Afzalipour Hospital in Kerman were reviewed. Patients with at least two admissions due to diabetic ketoacidosis were included in the study. Demographic, clinical, and laboratory data were collected and analyzed using a checklist. The collected data were analyzed using SPSS software version 25 with chi-square and independent t-tests at a significance level of 0.05.
Results: Of 560 patients, 40 patients (7.16%) had recurrent diabetic ketoacidosis. The mean age of patients was 28.36 ± 15.04 years, and 60% were women. 70% of patients had type 1 diabetes. The most common underlying causes included irregular consumption or discontinuation of insulin (72.5%) and presence of infection (55%). Substance abuse was reported in 25% of patients. The mean serum levels of urea, creatinine, and potassium were 55.23 ± 37.73 mg/dL, 0.98 ± 0.67 mg/dL, and 4.38 ± 0.64 mEq/L, respectively.
Conclusion: This study showed that patients with type 1 diabetes are at higher risk of recurrent diabetic ketoacidosis. Non-adherence to insulin therapy and infections were the most important identified risk factors. These findings emphasize the importance of patient education regarding regular insulin consumption and prevention of infections.
 

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Background: Type 1 diabetes is the most common type of diabetes affecting children and adolescents. Nursing interventions for children with type 1 diabetes include recognizing the adolescent's problems and providing technical care and emotional support. Nurses play an important role in helping adolescents and their families manage emotions, adjust treatment regimens, and integrate new routines into daily life. The aim of this systematic review is to identify and analyze effective nursing interventions in the management of type 1 diabetes in children and support their families. This study, by reviewing the available evidence, attempts to explain the role of nurses in improving clinical, psychological, and behavioral outcomes in children and promoting awareness, self-care skills, and quality of life in families.
Methods: A systematic search was conducted in the scientific databases PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, CINAHL, SID and Magiran between 2010 and 2025. The search strategy was created using the PubMed keywords (Nursing Interventions) [title/abstract], (Type 1 Diabetes), (Child) and (Family). Systematic search with English keywords: ((Nursing Interventions[title/abstract]) AND (Type 1 Diabetes [title/abstract])) AND (Child[title/abstract])) AND (Family[title/abstract]). Out of 500 studies on nursing interventions in pediatric type 1 diabetes with more detailed review, a total of 10 studies met the inclusion criteria and were included in the final analysis.
Results: The findings showed that nursing interventions can have a significant impact on diabetes management by children and families, leading to improved adherence to treatment regimens, better blood sugar control, and increased quality of life for children and families.
Conclusion: Nursing interventions play a significant role in improving blood sugar control, increasing awareness and self-care of children with type 1 diabetes, and supporting their families. Interventions such as patient and family education, psychological counseling, regular follow-up, use of educational and care-oriented technologies, and team collaboration have been able to provide favorable results in reducing disease complications, improving quality of life, and increasing psychosocial adjustment. Accordingly, the development and implementation of evidence-based intervention programs, taking into account the individual, cultural, and social characteristics of families, is recommended to improve nursing care in children with diabetes.