Iranian Journal of

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Background: AMPK and P53 proteins regulate the TOR protein in the TORC1 complex, which regulates many physiological processes. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of AMPK and P53 proteins on the TOR pathway following endurance training in the left ventricle of the heart of diabetic rats by streptozotocin and nicotinamide.
Methods: In this experimental study, 12 head two-month-old Sprague-Dawley rats with a mean weight of 270±20 g were selected. After diabetic induction with streptozotocin and Nicotinamide, rats were randomly assigned to two groups, training and control (6 heads in group each). The training group performed endurance training on a treadmill for rodents for 6 weeks and 4 sessions per week for 42 minutes with an intensity of about 50 to 70% of the maximum speed. SPSS software version 23 and independent t-test were used to analyze the data.
Results: Six weeks of endurance training led to significant increase in the protein content of AMPK (P=0.009) and TOR (P=0.005) between training and control groups in the left ventricular tissue of the heart muscle. In contrast, a significant decrease in P53 protein content was observed between the training and control groups in the left ventricular tissue of the heart muscle (P=0.0001).
Conclusion: The results showed that endurance training can with increase the content of AMPK and TOR proteins and decrease the content of P53 protein to regulate processes such as metabolism, mitochondrial biogenesis, cardiac hypertrophy, inhibition of autophagy in the hearts of diabetic subjects.
 

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Background: MAFbx and MuRF1 proteins are important factors in the ubiquitin pathway and are responsible for muscle atrophy. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of long-term high-intensity interval training (HIIT) on the intracellular content of MAFbx and MuRF1 proteins in the left ventricular of the heart of rats with type 2 diabetes.
Methods: In this experimental study, 18 rats 2-month-old male Sprague-Dawley rats with a mean weight of 270±20 g were selected. 12 rats became diabetic by intraperitoneal injection of Streptozotocin and nicotinamide solutions. These rats were randomly divided into 2 groups: diabetic training and diabetic control; A healthy control group was also considered. The training group practiced HIIT 4 days a week for 8 weeks. Data were analyzed using SPSS software version 23 and one-way ANOVA and Tukey post hoc tests.
Results: MAFbx protein content showed a significant decrease after 8 weeks of HIIT (P=0.0001); Tukey post hoc test showed that this change was significant between pairs groups of diabetic training and diabetic control and also between pairs groups of diabetic control and healthy control (P=0.0001). MuRF1 protein content showed a significant decrease (P=0.0001); This was a significant difference between the pairs groups of diabetic training and diabetic control, diabetic training and healthy control groups, as well as diabetic control and healthy control groups (P=0.0001).
Conclusion: HIIT seems to can inhibit the process of atrophy and autophagy of cardiomyocytes by reducing the content of MAFbx and MuRF1 proteins in the hearts of diabetic subjects.

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Background: The present study was conducted to investigate the effect of eight weeks of aerobic training and vitamin D3 supplementation on cardiac irisin protein levels, insulin resistance and lipid profile in rats induced with type 2 diabetes.
Methods: Forty male Wistar rats after induction of type 2 diabetes through the combination of high-fat diet +streptozotocin were randomly divided into five groups: 1) Normal control (NC) ,2) Diabetic Control (DC), 3) Diabetes+ Aerobic Training (DAT) ,4) Diabetes+ Vitamin D3 (DVD) and 5) Diabetes+ Aerobic Training+ Vitamin D3 (DVDAT). Aerobic training program (five times a week with 60% intensity of maximum running speed for one hour) and vitamin D3 supplementation (10000 IU/kg every week) were performed. After anesthetizing the rats, blood samples were taken to evaluate serum glucose, insulin, triglyceride, cholesterol, LDL and HDL levels. The heart tissue was isolated to evaluate the irisin.protein.
Results: The results of the one way analysis of variance showed that the irisin protein level of the heart tissue in DAT, DVD and DVDAT groups had a significant increase of 14.04, 12.28 and 24.56%, respectively compared to DC (P<0.001). Insulin resistance also showed a significant decrease in all intervention groups compared to the DC group (P<0.001); However, HDL, triglyceride and cholesterol levels were significantly decreased in DAT and DVDAT groups compared to DC group (P<0.001).
Conclusion: According to the results, it seems that eight weeks of aerobic training and vitamin D3 supplementation probably improves the insulin resistance index and lipid profile in rats induced to type 2 diabetes through increasing the cardiac irisin.

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Background: Glucose transporter4 (GLUT4) is the main glucose transporter in skeletal muscle. Impaired GLUT4 expression plays a role in the disorders of glycemic homeostasis. The aim of the present study was to investigate the combined effects of aerobic training and vitamin D3 supplementation on Glut4 protein levels and insulin resistance in the soleus muscle of diabetic rats with STZ and high-fat diet.
Methods: In 40 male Wistar rats type 2 diabetes was induced by 6 weeks high-fat diet followed by streptozotocin injection. Then rats were randomly divided into five groups: Healthy control (HC), Diabetic control (DC). Diabetes+Aerobic training (DAT), Diabetes+Vitamin D3 (DVD) and Diabetes+Aerobic training+ Vitamin D3 (DVDAT). The rats underwent eight weeks of aerobic training and vitamin D3 supplementation. 24h after last session of training and, the rats were anesthetized and soleus muscle was isolated for measurement of Glut4 protein concentrations and serum levels of insulin, glucose, vitamin D3 index were measured.
Results: One-way ANOVA showed that GLUT4 protein levels in DC group was significantly lower than HC group (P<0.001), but in DVDAT group was significantly higher than DC group (P<0.04) and DVD group (P<0.005). Also in DAT group was significantly higher than DVD (P<0.018). The HOMA-IR index also in DVDAT, DAT and DVD groups was significantly lower than DC group (P<0.001).
Conclusion: It seems that Eight weeks of aerobic training with vitamin D3 supplementation improves glucose metabolism in diabetic rats via increasing Glut4 protein levels and improving insulin resistance index.