Iranian Journal of

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Celiac disease and typel diabetes mellirus have been linked to the same HLA markers and chromosomal loci, which may account for the concurrence of the two disorders in a significant number of patients. This study was designed to investigate the frequency of anti-gliadin antibodies, a marker for celiac disease, in diabetic patients.
Methods: In this study, 182 diabetic patients (52 with typel and 130 with type2 diabetes) were screened for anti-gliadin IgG by indirect immunofluorescence. Age range was 3-29.5 and 42-65 years for type 1 and type 2 diabetes groups.
Results: Anti-gliadin IgG was found in 1.9% and 1.5% of patients with type land type 2 diabetes. In Tehran, 0.02% of healthy blood donors have been reported to be seropositivitive for anti-gliadin IgG.
Conclusion: The prevalence of anti-gliadin seropositivity in type 1 and type 2 diabetics, was respectively 30 and 24 times higher than the general population of Tehran. This concurs with other reports indicating higher occurrence of celiac disease in diabetic populations. The rather low sensitivity and specificity (both around 80%) of the antigliadin antibody test has made it a suboptimal diagnostic test. However, it is quick and inexpensive and can be suitable for screening programs. We recommend the test in all at-risk populations including diabetics.

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Background: Coronary heart disease is the leading cause of death in many nations. .Hyperlipidemia with elevated serum total cholesterol, LDL cholesterol and triglyceride are known as cardiovascular risk factors. HDL cholesterol is considered to be a protective factor. Any effort for management of dyslipidemia directly reduces cardiovascular mortality and morbidity and cause increasing public health .The ignorance of the extent and impact of hyperlipidemia prompted us to determine the prevalence of hyperlipidemia in Rafsanjan urban population over than 20 years old.
Methods: In this study 247 men and 244 women were evaluated for serum total cholesterol , LDL cholesterol , HDLcholesterol and triglyceride levels.Blood samples were obtained at morning, after 14 hours fasting and for data analysis SPSS-11 soft ware was used. Results: Mean age of subjects was 38.35±13.14 years.High cholesterol level was present in 20.6%, LDL levels were high in 10.8% , 5.7% had elevated level of triglyceride and 8.4% of participants had low HDL cholesterol. Total cholesterol , LDL cholesterol and triglyceride levels were significantly increased by age and HDL levels were also decreased by age.
Conclusion:According to our finding about 29% of studied population had at least one lipid abnormality and this important finding showed very high prevalence of dyslipidemia and requires specific attention and planning.

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Background: Diabetes Mellitus is a common chronic disease with severe of complications. Proper glycaemic control can prevent these complications considerably. Evaluation of effectiveness of community based and patient centered interventions on glycaemic control, quality of life, patient satisfaction, patient knowledge and reported symptoms were the main aims of this research.
Methods: In a clinical trial, patients referring to Iranian Diabetes Association, who were more than 18 years old, divided to intervention and control group randomly. After three months of general interventions in both groups, including diabetes education and specific interventions including telephone calls, continuous corresponding and sending educational issues in intervention group, changes in variables were studied. Results: Among 52 patients in each group, 17 were male and 42 had type 2 diabetes. The average age was 49 in intervention and 51 in control group. Two groups had no significant difference in age, sex, type of diabetes, treatment method and duration of diabetes, other diseases and education. Both groups showed significant improvement in glycaemic control. The mean reduction in HbA1c was 1.45 in intervention and 0.86 percent in control group the difference is statistically significant (P= 0.02). Patient satisfaction increased in both groups. The satisfaction is significantly higher in intervention group (P=0.000). Knowledge has increased significantly in both groups the difference in groups is not significant. The improvement in Quality of Life was just significant in intervention group. The reported sign and symptoms have not changed in both groups.
Conclusion: Community based and patient centered interventions with emphasis on continuous education and support can improve glycemic control, quality of life, patient satisfaction and patient knowledge in diabetes mellitus.

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Background: To determine the importance of type 2 Diabetes mellitus as a risk factor for osteoporosis in postmenopausal women, this study was designed in endocrine clinic of zanjan in 2003.
Methods: As a case-control study, 40 diabetic and 40 healthy menopause women have been recruited. These two groups were matched in terms of their age, length of their menopausal period and body mass index. Serum Calcium, Phosphorus, Alkaline phosphatase and Estradiol were measured in all the cases and bone densities in three sites (Femoral neck, lumbar spine and forearm) were evaluated with DXA. All data were analyzed using T-test, analysis of variance, chi-square and multiple regression tests.
Results: The frequency of osteoporosis and osteopenia in diabetic women were not significantly different from non diabetics. The mean bone density in femoral neck was higher in diabetic group (P= 0.013). In both groups there was a significant relationship between bone density and length of menopause (P<0.01) .The relationship between BMI and Bone density was significant only in femoral neck (P<0.01) in both groups. In diabetic women, the higher HbA1c accompanied with the lower bone density in lumbar spine.
Conclusion: Although the level of HbA1c as a marker of blood glucose control, has a relationship with lumbar spine density in diabetics, Diabetes type 2 is not a risk factor for osteoporosis, So screening, diagnosis and management of osteoporosis in diabetes type 2, Should be done independently and according to other risk factors.

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Background: Artichoke with the scientific name of Cynara scolymuse is a plant from compositae family. In this research, the effect of hydro alcoholic artichoke extract on serum glucose, lipids and lipoproteins and prevention of type 1 diabetes mellitus was investigated.
Methods: Twenty mature male Rats with mean weight of 200-250 gr in four groups were arranged. Rats in the control group, received physiological serum. The Second group (diabetic) received 120 mg/kgbw Alloxan monohydrate. The Third group (diabetic + Glibenclamide) received 0.5 mg/kgbw Glibenclamide in addition of the similar treatment with second group. The Fourth group (Alloxan monohydrate + Cynara scolymus), received 120 mg/kgbw Alloxan monohydrate with 300 mg/kgbw of Cynara scolymus simultaneously. Prescribing materials in all groups was done as interaperitoneal injection(IP). Fourty eight hours after last IP, blood sample was taken from each animal via cardiac puncture to measure blood factors.
Results: The results indicated significant reduction in glucose, cholesterol, triglyceride, VLDL and LDL levels in the treated group with extract and Alloxan monohydrate simultaneously as to compared diabetic group. Also, the result indicated significant increase in HDL level. Hydroalcoholic Artichoke extract could not reduce blood glucose level as compared with Glibenclamide, but had similar effects on other factors in comparison with Glibenclomide.
Conclusion: Artichoke contains antioxidants compounds, that plays a protective role on beta cells against Alloxan. The results of this research indicate that hydro alcoholic extract of Cynara scolymus could effectively prevent type 1 diabetes mellitus.

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Background: The aim of this study was to compare responses of Visfatin and insulin resistance index to various resistance exercise protocols. Methods: Ten healthy male subjects performed three resistance exercise protocols including maximal strength (three sets of 5 repetition at 85% of 1-RM with 3-min rest between sets), hyperthrophy (three sets of 10 repetition at 70% of 1-RM with 2-min rest between sets) and strength-endurance (three sets of 15 repetition at 55% of 1-RM with 1-min rest between sets) in three separate sessions. Two blood samples were taken before and after resistance exercise protocol. Responses to different resistance exercise protocols were compared by using repeated measures of ANOVA (3×2). Results: Irrespective of resistance exercise protocol, results showed that plasma visfatin reduced significantly (P<0.05) in response to resistance exercise. Between group comparisons revealed that reductions in visfatin concentration in response to strength-endurance and hypertrophy protocols were significantly higher than maximal strength protocol (P<0.05). Analysis showed that not only glucose, insulin and insulin resistance index did not change in response to resistance exercise significantly, but also there was no significant difference among the responses to different resistance exercise protocols (P>0.05). In addition, there was no significant relationship between changes in visfatin and other parameters (P>0.05). Conclusion: It could be concluded that performing strength-endurance and hypertrophy protocols that cause reductions in visfatin, possibly due to changes in growth hormone during these protocols, could be beneficial in reducing the hyperinsulinemia.

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Background: Diabetes accompanies with hormonal, biochemical changes, and metabolic damages are of body. So in this research, therapeutic effect of the blue mesocarp extract on streptozotocin diabetes has been discussed.

Methods: 30 adult Westar rats were divided into five groups six below. Witness group: that at the same time by injecting (STZ) to diabetic rats citrate buffer has been injected into them as the attribute. First experimental group: became diabetes by injecting 55mg/kg (STZ). Second experimental group and Third experimental group and Fourth experimental group: including six diabetic rats that were treated by injecting daily 100, 150& 200mg blue mesocarp extract of walnut end of week 13direct bloodletting from the heart has been achieved due to study of One way anova and a further test of TUKEY were consumed then samples were delivered to the lab for insulin hormone and blood sugar measuring

Results: In the treated group there was a meaningful decrease in blood sugar in all doses of blue mesocarp extract of walnut than diabetic group and also a meaningful increase in serum's ansoline level and body weight in treated group than diabetic group. This study for the first time showed that using blue mesocarp extract of walnut in long period, meaningfully decreases blood sugar in diabetic rats and it causes the meaningful increase of serum's ansoline in treated group.

Conclusion: diabetes redounds to decrease of ansoline hormone and increase of blood sugar by making free radicals and oxidative stresses. Blue mesocarp extract with ability of prevent and treating of oxidative stresses has an important role in improving the consequences of diabetes and also the increase of ansoline hormone.

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Background: In the last few years several polymorphisms variants with significant association to power and sprint performance of elite athletes have been verified. Meantime, the IL-6 gene was introduced as a proper candidate to imply a person alteration into an elite athlete. Therefore, the goal of the present study is to examine the association between IL6 gene polymorphism and power sport using meta-analysis to gather further evidence compared to individual reports.

Methods: Science direct, Google Scholar and Pub Med databases have been searched until March 2015. Articles were studied based on key word IL6 accompanied with polymorphism, mutation, variant and power sport were studied.  Statistical software STATA was used to analyze the data.

Results: Ten articles included into the final meta-analysis and Systematic review. The survey of the obtained data from the articles revealed that 292 persons were as an entire group of athletes and 559 people were as a control group. For the allele G vs. C 1.43odds ratio (95% confidence interval: 1.03 -1.99), for the allele GG vs. GC 1.74odds ratio (95% confidence interval: 1.28- 2.36), for the allele GG vs. GC + CC 1.71 odds ratio (95% confidence interval: 1.24 -2.36) and GG + GC vs. CC allele model 0.96 odds (95% confidence interval: 0.77-1.20) was revealed. The relationship between the polymorphism 1800795GG genotype and exercise can be statistically significant (P<0.05).

Conclusion: Generally, the result of the present study indicates that the IL6-174 G/C polymorphism is associated with better performance of elite athletes in power sports. The findings suggest that the genetic profiles might influence human physical performance. Therefore, it is recommended that researcher use IL6-174G/C polymorphism as one of the selected factor for Sports talent.

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Background: The purpose of this study was the investigation effect of gender on plasma glucose, insulin and insulin resistance index in response to acute endurance activity and subsequent recovery periods in healthy individuals.

Methods: Eight females and seven males 20-30 years old (females 22.37±1.50 and men 23.42±1.27 years old, female weight 55.50±8.14 men and 79.85±15.16 kg, women height 160.12 ± 4.18 men and 179.71±6.57 cm) voluntarily participated in this study. Subjects performed two control activities during two consecutive weeks. The implementation of the sessions was randomly determined for each subject. Exercise program consisted of 45 min acute endurance at 75% of maximum heart rate on the treadmill and subsequently the subject was in a sitting position for one clock recovery. Four blood samples (6 ml) before and immediately after exercise, as well as 1 and 24 hours after the activity was collected. Two-way analysis of variance for data analysis was used.

Results: Regardless of gender, effects of activity and recovery on plasma insulin and insulin resistance index was significant (p <0.05) but not significant for glucose. Also when the data were corrected by changes in plasma volume, similar results were observed for insulin. Although changes of all factors (glucose, insulin, and insulin resistance) in response to activity session of acute exercise endurance was higher in men than in woman, gender has not significant effect on factors.

Conclusion: acute endurance activity and recovery induce change in insulin resistance index but these changes were not related to gender.

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Background: Education is important aspect of diabetes management and important part of care for these patients. This study aimed to assess the effects of peer education on self-care behaviors among diabetic patients                            

Methods: In this randomized controlled trial, 80 type 2 diabetic patients were selected and randomly allocated into two groups of intervention and control. In the intervention group, In addition to routine training center, patients were receiving health and self- care education in the field of diabetes by peer. In the control group, patients were receiving usual education in accordance with normal procedures by doctors and nurses and through posters and pamphlets of the diabetes center. Study instruments included a questionnaire for demographic variables and self-care behaviors questionnaire (Summary of Diabetes Self-care Activities). Validity and reliability of questionnaire has been confirmed in previous studies. Data were collected at baseline and 12 weeks after the intervention.  Data analysis was done using SPSS V.18. 

Results: After the intervention, mean score of self-care behaviors in the intervention group was increased and showed a significant difference in self-care behaviors between two groups (independent t- test, P=0.001).  In the intervention group, statistically significant difference was found before and after the intervention (paired t-test, P=0.001), whereas in the control group this difference was not statistically significant (paired t-test, p=0/28).                             

Conclusion:  Peer education can improve self-care behaviors. Thus use of this method along with other training methods is recommended.

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Background: Although several tools for evaluating and screening of cognitive status have been introduced, most of them are not applicable in Iranian elderly population because of cultural differences and high illiteracy rate. This study is report of "Brief Cognitive Assessment Tool"(BCAT) was developed as a cognitive status-evaluating test and reported psychometric characteristics.
Methods: the BCAT tool includes memory assessment using three words recall test with a rating similar to Mini-Cog and the functional status including "ability to dress", "ability to use the phone," " ability to manage own medications", among both two sexes and financial management capabilities in men and ability to prepare food in women. Functional rating is different in educated and non-educated people. Diagnosis of dementia is considered, when memory impairment is accompanied by the dysfunction. Eighty-six residents of a nursing home (41 men and 45 women) among who had inclusion and no had exclusion criteria also consent to participate were randomly enrolled. Concurrent validity was shown as correlation coefficient between the BCAT categorization and score of mini meAntal state examination (MMSE). Criterion validity, sensitivity and specificity of BCAT were evaluated based on global deterioration scale (GDS). Reliability of two raters results within two weeks was indicated by Kappa coefficient.
Results: The sensitivity and specificity and accuracy rate of the BCAT based the GDS was 88.6%, 82.6%, and 84.9%, respectively. The correlation between the MMSE score and results of the BCAT classifying was significant. The Kappa coefficient between the results of two raters was 81.1%.
Conclusion: It seems that the BCAT has good psychometric properties to recognize cognitive impairment among Iranian older adults.

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Background: Prevalence of obesity and overweight in women increases the possibility of metabolic syndrome and diabetes. Based on the variety of the effects of different type of exercise and the differences in the upper and lower body muscle volume involved in the exercise, the effects of high intensity interval exercise with arm and leg ergometer on metabolism and insulin resistance might be different. The aim of this study was to compare the effect of upper and lower body interval exercise on carbohydrate metabolism and insulin resistance in obese women.
Methods: Twelve obese and overweight women (body mass index, 31.1±5.5 kg/m²) performed two interval exercise trials of 30-min on arm and leg ergometer with one week intervening. Interval exercise included 5 sets of 6 min in which 2- min activity at 85% VO_2max and 4 min active rest at 45% VO_2max was performed. Two blood samples were taken before and immediately after exercise for measuring glucose and insulin. VO₂ and VCO_2m were collected during exercise and used to calculate the amount of carbohydrate oxidation.
Result: Although interval exercise reduced the insulin concentration, responses of insulin to upper and lower body exercises were not significantly different (P>0.05). Glucose level reduced following interval exercise, and this reduction was significantly (P<0.05) higher following lower body interval exercise than upper body exercise. Similarly the reductions in HOMA-IR were significantly (P<0.05) higher following lower body interval exercise than upper body exercise. Interval exercise resulted in increases in oxidation of carbohydrate, though; responses to upper and lower exercises were not significantly different.
Conclusion: It could be concluded that interval exercise in obese women leads to changes in carbohydrate metabolism and insulin resistance, and that the changes in insulin resistance are related to type of exercise (upper and lower body), though carbohydrate oxidation is not.
 

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Background: High oxidative stress in pregnant women leads to pathogenesis or progression of disease in newborns. The aim of this study was to investigate the Effect of Endurance Training in Maternal Metabolic Syndrome with Metformin on Oxidant and antioxidant Capacity in their Neonates.
Methods: To implementation of this experimental research, 16 female Wistar rats weighing 100 ± 20 gr randomly were divided into 4 groups including metabolic syndrome + control; metabolic syndrome + metformin; metabolic syndrome + endurance training; metabolic syndrome + metformin + endurance training. The metabolic syndrome model was performed using dietary change and confirmed by the Lee index. Metformin 500 mg was also given at a dose of 100 mg/kg, as well as by daily water intake to the rats. endurance training performed at 5 days a week for 15-40 min with speed of 10-25m/min on treadmill for 8 weeks. Pregnancy was confirmed in rats after vaginal plaque was observed After the pregnancy and delivery period of the rats, newborn babies (4 newborns from each mother as the main sample) were prepared one week after birth for explanation.
Results: The results showed that metformin had no significant effect on superoxide dismutase (SOD) and malondialdehyde (MDA) in comparison with control group, but endurance training and endurance training with metformin resulted in increased SOD and MDA reduction in neonatal heart tissue (p=0.000).
Conclusion: According to the results, it seems that the endurance training of mothers with metabolic syndrome has a protective effect on oxidative and antioxidant systems in their offspring.

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Background: Skeletal muscle as an endocrine tissue is involved in the regulation of metabolic activity, production and secretion of hormones including myokines. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of eight weeks of aerobic training combined with ethanol consumption on plasma lipid profile and glucose levels, triglyceride content and mayonectin, irisin and leptin gene expression in the gastrocnemius muscle in male rats.
Methods: A number of 32 rats with a weighing average of 200 ± 10 g were divided into four groups control, aerobic training, ethanol with dose of 4 g/kgbw, and ethanol +aerobic training. At the end of the period, values of lipid profile and plasma glucose, the amount of triglyceride of the gastrocnemius muscle and the relative levels of mayonectin, irisin and leptin gene expression were evaluated. Data were analyzed using two-way ANOVA.
Results: The plasma triglyceride levels in the aerobic training and ethanol+aerobic training groups were significantly decreased compared to the control group (P≤0.05). The gastrocnemius muscle triglyceride values were significantly increased in the ethanol +aerobic training (P≤0.0001) and aerobic training groups (P≤0.01) compared to the control group. The results showed that aerobic training significantly increased myonectin gene expression in aerobic training group (P≤0.05), but the expression of irisin and leptin genes did not change significantly in different groups.
Conclusion: Aerobic training during the eight-week was able to improve lipid content, especially plasma triglyceride and skeletal muscle triglyceride, and possibly regulate body metabolism by altering the levels of myokines, especially myonectin.

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Background: Over the past half-century, the prevalence of obesity and related metabolic disorders such as fat disorders, cardiovascular disease, myocardial infarction and stroke have increased dramatically. Various types of organisms, including bacteria, fungi, protozoan, and viruses, have evolved to live in the human gut, called microbiota. Scientists have found that thin people have a balanced microbiota in their gut that causes them to lose weight, so they use a method called fecal grafting and fecal capsules to treat obesity. The aim of this study is to introduce fecal graft and its capsule in the treatment of drug-resistant obesity.
Methods: This article is a systematic review of the study which English and Persian articles are obtained from regular search of Internet resources using logical AND, OR function between keywords in Pub Med, Google scholar databases using English keywords, FMT, obesity, poop capsule, weight loss has been done from 2010-2020. The total search for fecal transplant related resources was 474 articles. Then, by applying the time filter, this number was reduced to 237 articles. In the final stage, by eliminating duplicate articles and examining the relationship of articles with the subject under study, 23 articles were selected as relevant and final sources.
Results: In the treatment of obesity with FMT, the donor's stool is transferred to the recipient after screening and necessary tests using various methods such as enema or colonoscopy, and then the recipient gradually loses weight by receiving a balanced microbiota of the donor. Instead of a stool transplant, which is a relatively invasive procedure, stool capsules consisting of the donor's dried stool can be used.
Conclusions: Stool transplantation and fecal capsule are an effective method in weight loss of obese people (BMI> 30) with due consideration. Due to the novelty of the treatment method, further studies in this field, especially clinical studies of this method in the treatment of obese people in the country are also recommended.

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Background: The myostatin/SMAD pathway is one of the most important regulatory pathways in heart muscle cells atrophy. Diabetes can disorder this pathway. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to evaluate the effect of six weeks of endurance training on the content myostatin and SMAD2/3 proteins in the left ventricular tissue of the heart muscle of type 1 diabetic rats.
Methods: In this study, 12 head 2-month-old male Sprague-Dawley male rats with a mean weight of 300±20 g were selected. After induction of diabetes through streptozotocin solution, they were randomly divided into 2 groups: diabetic endurance training (6 heads) and diabetic control (6 heads); The training groups performed the training program 4 days a week for 6 weeks, including 32 minutes of endurance training with an intensity of about 50 to 70% of the maximum speed; SPSS software version 23 and independent t-test were used to analyze the data. Significance level was considered p≤0.05.
Findings: Endurance training resulted in a significant decrease in myostatin (P=0.024) and SMAD2/3 (P=0.001) proteins content between training and control groups in myocardial tissue.
Conclusion: It can be said that endurance training by reducing the content of myostatin and SMAD2/3 proteins in the left ventricle of the heart may have been able to prevent cardiac atrophy in type 1 diabetic subjects. This reduction can lead to physiological cardiac hypertrophy.

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Background: AMPK and P53 proteins regulate the TOR protein in the TORC1 complex, which regulates many physiological processes. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of AMPK and P53 proteins on the TOR pathway following endurance training in the left ventricle of the heart of diabetic rats by streptozotocin and nicotinamide.
Methods: In this experimental study, 12 head two-month-old Sprague-Dawley rats with a mean weight of 270±20 g were selected. After diabetic induction with streptozotocin and Nicotinamide, rats were randomly assigned to two groups, training and control (6 heads in group each). The training group performed endurance training on a treadmill for rodents for 6 weeks and 4 sessions per week for 42 minutes with an intensity of about 50 to 70% of the maximum speed. SPSS software version 23 and independent t-test were used to analyze the data.
Results: Six weeks of endurance training led to significant increase in the protein content of AMPK (P=0.009) and TOR (P=0.005) between training and control groups in the left ventricular tissue of the heart muscle. In contrast, a significant decrease in P53 protein content was observed between the training and control groups in the left ventricular tissue of the heart muscle (P=0.0001).
Conclusion: The results showed that endurance training can with increase the content of AMPK and TOR proteins and decrease the content of P53 protein to regulate processes such as metabolism, mitochondrial biogenesis, cardiac hypertrophy, inhibition of autophagy in the hearts of diabetic subjects.
 

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Background: MAFbx and MuRF1 proteins are important factors in the ubiquitin pathway and are responsible for muscle atrophy. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of long-term high-intensity interval training (HIIT) on the intracellular content of MAFbx and MuRF1 proteins in the left ventricular of the heart of rats with type 2 diabetes.
Methods: In this experimental study, 18 rats 2-month-old male Sprague-Dawley rats with a mean weight of 270±20 g were selected. 12 rats became diabetic by intraperitoneal injection of Streptozotocin and nicotinamide solutions. These rats were randomly divided into 2 groups: diabetic training and diabetic control; A healthy control group was also considered. The training group practiced HIIT 4 days a week for 8 weeks. Data were analyzed using SPSS software version 23 and one-way ANOVA and Tukey post hoc tests.
Results: MAFbx protein content showed a significant decrease after 8 weeks of HIIT (P=0.0001); Tukey post hoc test showed that this change was significant between pairs groups of diabetic training and diabetic control and also between pairs groups of diabetic control and healthy control (P=0.0001). MuRF1 protein content showed a significant decrease (P=0.0001); This was a significant difference between the pairs groups of diabetic training and diabetic control, diabetic training and healthy control groups, as well as diabetic control and healthy control groups (P=0.0001).
Conclusion: HIIT seems to can inhibit the process of atrophy and autophagy of cardiomyocytes by reducing the content of MAFbx and MuRF1 proteins in the hearts of diabetic subjects.

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Background: The present study was conducted to investigate the effect of eight weeks of aerobic training and vitamin D3 supplementation on cardiac irisin protein levels, insulin resistance and lipid profile in rats induced with type 2 diabetes.
Methods: Forty male Wistar rats after induction of type 2 diabetes through the combination of high-fat diet +streptozotocin were randomly divided into five groups: 1) Normal control (NC) ,2) Diabetic Control (DC), 3) Diabetes+ Aerobic Training (DAT) ,4) Diabetes+ Vitamin D3 (DVD) and 5) Diabetes+ Aerobic Training+ Vitamin D3 (DVDAT). Aerobic training program (five times a week with 60% intensity of maximum running speed for one hour) and vitamin D3 supplementation (10000 IU/kg every week) were performed. After anesthetizing the rats, blood samples were taken to evaluate serum glucose, insulin, triglyceride, cholesterol, LDL and HDL levels. The heart tissue was isolated to evaluate the irisin.protein.
Results: The results of the one way analysis of variance showed that the irisin protein level of the heart tissue in DAT, DVD and DVDAT groups had a significant increase of 14.04, 12.28 and 24.56%, respectively compared to DC (P<0.001). Insulin resistance also showed a significant decrease in all intervention groups compared to the DC group (P<0.001); However, HDL, triglyceride and cholesterol levels were significantly decreased in DAT and DVDAT groups compared to DC group (P<0.001).
Conclusion: According to the results, it seems that eight weeks of aerobic training and vitamin D3 supplementation probably improves the insulin resistance index and lipid profile in rats induced to type 2 diabetes through increasing the cardiac irisin.

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Background: Glucose transporter4 (GLUT4) is the main glucose transporter in skeletal muscle. Impaired GLUT4 expression plays a role in the disorders of glycemic homeostasis. The aim of the present study was to investigate the combined effects of aerobic training and vitamin D3 supplementation on Glut4 protein levels and insulin resistance in the soleus muscle of diabetic rats with STZ and high-fat diet.
Methods: In 40 male Wistar rats type 2 diabetes was induced by 6 weeks high-fat diet followed by streptozotocin injection. Then rats were randomly divided into five groups: Healthy control (HC), Diabetic control (DC). Diabetes+Aerobic training (DAT), Diabetes+Vitamin D3 (DVD) and Diabetes+Aerobic training+ Vitamin D3 (DVDAT). The rats underwent eight weeks of aerobic training and vitamin D3 supplementation. 24h after last session of training and, the rats were anesthetized and soleus muscle was isolated for measurement of Glut4 protein concentrations and serum levels of insulin, glucose, vitamin D3 index were measured.
Results: One-way ANOVA showed that GLUT4 protein levels in DC group was significantly lower than HC group (P<0.001), but in DVDAT group was significantly higher than DC group (P<0.04) and DVD group (P<0.005). Also in DAT group was significantly higher than DVD (P<0.018). The HOMA-IR index also in DVDAT, DAT and DVD groups was significantly lower than DC group (P<0.001).
Conclusion: It seems that Eight weeks of aerobic training with vitamin D3 supplementation improves glucose metabolism in diabetic rats via increasing Glut4 protein levels and improving insulin resistance index.