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Background: Diabetes and its oxidative stress increase the effects of this disease on heart tissue. On the other hand, exercise improves the antioxidant status of heart tissue. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of 8 weeks of increased endurance training on superoxide dismutase activity and malondialdehyde levels in the heart tissue of mice with type 2 diabetes.
Methods: In this experimental study, 24 male Wistar rats (256 ±11.8 g, 10 weeks old) were divided into 4 groups of 6. Exercise program for 8 weeks of increasing endurance training. 48 h after completion of the protocol, the activity of superoxide dismutase enzyme and malondialdehyde levels in rat heart tissue were measured. One-way analysis of variance was used for group comparisons and Pearson test was used to examine the relationship between indicators.
Results: There were significant difference between the four groups in superoxide dismutase (P= 0.001) and malondialdehyde (P= 0.001) indices. As a result of post-hoc test, there were significant increase in superoxide dismutase index in healthy exercise (P= 0.016) and control groups (P= 0.029) compared to diabetic control group and significant decrease in malondialdehyde index in control (P= 0.003), diabetic exercise (P= 0.050) and healthy exercise groups (P= 0.001) compared to diabetic control group. Significant correlation was observed between superoxide dismutase and malondialdehyde indices (r= 0.018, P= 0.274).
Conclusion: According to the results of this study, it seems that incremental endurance training reduces lipid peroxidation and improves antioxidant status and consequently reduces oxidative stress in cardiac tissue of diabetic rats.

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Background: One of the most important biological pathways involved in maintaining energy homeostasis is the AMPK PGC-1α pathway. Activation of this pathway through exercise can be important in regulating mitochondrial biogenesis processes and maintaining energy balance in diabetics. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the effect of endurance exercise on the content of AMPK and PGC-1α proteins in the left ventricular heart tissue of male rats with type 2 diabetes.

Methods: In this experimental study, 12 two-month-old Sprague-Dawley rats with a mean weight of 270±20 g were selected. After diabetic induction with STZ and Nicotinamide, rats were randomly assigned to two groups, training diabetic and control diabetic (6 heads in group each). The training group performed 4 days a week for 8 weeks, including 30 minutes of endurance training with an intensity of about 50 to 70% of the maximum speed; While the control group did not have any training program. Also, rats did not receive any insulin treatment during the study period. The independent t-test was used in SPSS software version 21 to analyze the data.

Results: A significant increase was observed in the content of AMPK (P=0.002) and PGC-1α (P=0.0001) proteins in the endurance exercise group compared to control.
Conclusion: Based on the results of the present study, endurance exercise was able to significantly increase the content of AMPK and PGC-1α proteins. Therefore, it is possible that an increasing these proteins can lead to energy production and increase mitochondrial biogenesis.

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Background: The relationship between low PGC-1α expression and several metabolic diseases such as diabetes and obesity has been identified. This study investigates the effect of eight-week high intensity interval training (HIIT) and caffeine intake on mitochondrial biogenesis in soleus muscle in diabetic rats induced Streptozotocin.
Methods: In a clinical-interventional animal study, 50 male rats were randomly assigned to 5 equal groups (control group(C), diabetes group(D), diabetes + caffeine group(D+Caf), diabetes + training group(D+T), diabetes + training + caffeine group(D+CAF+T)) and subjected to 8 weeks of caffeine supplementation (70 mg / kg of caffeine powder was injected five days each week) and 8 weeks of 5 sessions per week with 6 to 12 times, 2-min intervals with intensity of 85-90% of maximal speed. Blood was collected directly from the left ventricle to measure blood glucose levels. The soleus muscle of the left leg was extracted and PGC-1α measured by Western Blot method. Independent t-tests, two-way analysis of variance, and Eta squared (p <0.05) were used to analyze the data.
Results: The results showed that induction of diabetes significantly increased blood glucose (P <0.01) and significantly decreased mRNAPGC-1α (P = 0.002). Also, both high-intensity interval training (p = 0.001) and caffeine supplementation (p = 0.03) significantly increased mRNAPGC-1α.
Conclusion: Based on the results of this study, it is possible to suggest the use of HIIT and caffeine consumption as an effective intervention in increasing mitochondrial biogenesis in diabetics. However, a clear statement in this regard requires further research in this area.

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Background: A novel nanocomposite-modified electrode based on reduced graphene oxide (rGO) decorated with crown-ether and gold nanoparticles (GNPs) on the surface of a glassy carbon electrode (GCE) was fabricated to investigate 5-HT determination.
Methods: The morphology of nanocomposite was characterized by scaning electron microscopy (SEM). Diabetic zebrafish was obtained by overfeeding via glucose. 5-HT was successfully determined in the presence of dopamine (DA), ascorbic acid (AA), urea, glucose, and L-tryptophan (L-Trp) by using electrochemical methods.
Results: The nanocomposite exhibited satisfactory electrochemical catalytic activity for 5-HT determination using square-wave voltammetry (SWV). The electrochemical behavior of 5-HT at the nanocomposite/GCE displayed reasonable oxidation current and potential. The limit of detection (LOD) of 5-HT obtained from the real samples, containing the control and diabetic group by using the proposed system and HPLC method, was calculated to be about 0.3 and 0.1 µg/L, respectively. The prposed system also demonstrated high selectivity, reasonable sensitivity, and good stability and reproducibility for 5-HT sensing. The nanocomposite was applied for the determination of the biomarker 5-HT in the diabetic and control groups of zebrafish and displayed excellent recoveries about 93 and low relative error about 3% while compared with standard method.
Conclusions: It seems that the 5-HT level can be used for earlier diagnosis of diabetes.

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Background: The pathway of insulin messengers is so important that diabetes can lead to disruption of this pathway. However, the aim of this study was to investigate the effect of 8 weeks of endurance training on protein Kinase-B (PKB or AKT) and mechanical target of rapamycin (mTOR) in the left ventricle of the heart of diabetic rats induced by streptozotocin and nicotinamide.
Methods: In this experimental study, 12 head two-month-old Sprague-Dawley rats with a mean weight of 270±20 g were selected. After diabetic induction with streptozotocin and Nicotinamide, rats were randomly assigned to two groups, training and control (6 heads in group each). The rat training program was performed on a treadmill for 8 weeks and 4 sessions per week, including 30 minutes of endurance training with an intensity of about 50 to 70% of the maximum speed. SPSS software and independent t-test were used to analyze the data.
Results: Eight weeks of endurance training resulted in a significant increase in protein Kinase-B content (P=0.03); But no significant change in Protein Mechanistic Target of Rapamycin content was observed in the endurance training group compared to the control (P=0.97).
Conclusion: protein Kinase-B is a key protein for regulating many cellular pathways, which was significantly increased by eight weeks of endurance training. Due to the fact that the content of protein mechanistic target of rapamycin does not change, it is possible that endurance training cannot lead to physiological hypertrophy heart through the mTORC1 pathway.

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Non-Communicable Diseases (NCDs) are the major cause of premature death and disability due to diseased globally, imposing a heavy burden on the health systems. Four main categories of NCDs are cardiovascular diseases, neoplasms, diabetes, and chronic respiratory diseases. Iran, the second greatest country in the Middle East Region, has been through an important transition period of communicable diseases toward NCDs in the last decades. One of the effective approaches to control NCDs is implementation of population-based studies and interventions, trying to reduce risk factors and incidence of NCDs through investigations in the populations. Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Institute (EMRI) and Non-Communicable Diseases Research Center (NCDRC) are the pioneers trying to study and control various NCDs during the last decades in Iran. In this review, we are going to inspect some of the major completed and ongoing projects of this research institute to highlight valuable efforts to reduce burden of NCDs in Iran, and make a successful example for national and regional public health policy makers and authorities.

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Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Institute (EMRI) was established in 1993. EMRI has progressed step by step from the beginning and has reached maturity in the last 25 years. EMRI has expanded, advanced in human resources and infrastructures (laboratories and new technologies) and gained first rank in endocrine research in various fields. It has also worked with regional and international organizations such as the World Health Organization (WHO), the International Osteoporosis Foundation (IOF), and the American Clinical Endocrine Society (AACE). This article provides an overview of EMRI activities over a quarter of a century.

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Background: Diabetes causes nerve tissue damage and ultimately death of nerve cells, especially in important areas such as the hippocampus. It seems that exercise training and anti-inflammatory supplements can moderate this condition. Therefore, the aim of this study was to determine the effect of aerobic training exercise and L-carnitine consumption on the levels of hippocampus CNTF and CNTFR proteins in diabetic rat.
Methods: 45 Wistar rats between 250 to 300 gr were randomly divided into six groups, including healthy control groups, sham, diabetic control, diabetes + aerobic exercise, diabetes + L-carnitine supplementation and diabetes + aerobic exercise + L-carnitine supplementation. L-carnitine supplements were divided. Diabetic groups underwent subcutaneous injection of 55 mg / kg STZ. supplementary groups received 100 mg of L-carnitine per day orally. The aerobic exercise program was performed for 6 weeks and 5 days a week. The research variables were measured 24 hours after the last training session by the ELISA technics in the hippocampal tissue. The statistical method of one-way analysis of variance and Toki post –hoc test were used to analyze the data.
Results: The present study showed an significant increase in CNTF and CNTFR protein levels of hippocampal tissue after aerobic exercise and L-carnitine consumption (P = 0.001), which greater effect found in combination manner.
Conclusion: Due to the effect of aerobic exercise and L-carnitine supplementation alone and in interaction with each other on hippocampal tissue, the use of this method can be considered as maintaining neural tissue in diabetes.

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Background: Diabetes is a common, chronic, and debilitating disease that affects millions of people worldwide, causing psychological, social and physical complications. Diagnosis of diabetes, new lifestyle and restrictive diet can pose many psychological problems, including depression for diabetic patients. The purpose of this study was to investigate the role of anger, anger rumination and alexithymia in predicting symptoms of depression.
Method: 218 patients (94 males and 124 females) with type 1 and type 2 diabetes participated in the research and were asked to complete Multidimensional Anger Inventory (MAI), Anger Rumination Scale (ARS), Toronto Alexithymia Scale (TAS-20) and Depression, Anxiety, Stress Scale (DASS).
Results: There was a positive and significant correlation between all the components of anger, anger rumination, and alexithymia with symptoms of depression, though the severity of the correlation in external anger (r=0/14^**) and objective thinking (r=0/17^**) was less than those of other components. Also, among the dimensions of anger, anger rumination, and alexithymia, anger arousal (p<0/05, B=0/20), angry afterthoughts (p<0/05, B=0/32), revenge thoughts (p<0/05, B=0/25), and difficulty identifying feelings (p<0/05, B=0/32) were able to predict the symptoms of depression in patients with diabetes.
Conclusion: Anger, anger rumination, and alexithymia play a major role in creating the depressive symptoms. Symptoms of depression increase the burden of the disease in patients with diabetes. Therefore, it is important to include these factors in treatment protocols and help patients with diabetes identify, describe, and express negative and positive emotions more efficiently so that they can cope with the complications of the disease better.

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Background: The myostatin/SMAD pathway is one of the most important regulatory pathways in heart muscle cells atrophy. Diabetes can disorder this pathway. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to evaluate the effect of six weeks of endurance training on the content myostatin and SMAD2/3 proteins in the left ventricular tissue of the heart muscle of type 1 diabetic rats.
Methods: In this study, 12 head 2-month-old male Sprague-Dawley male rats with a mean weight of 300±20 g were selected. After induction of diabetes through streptozotocin solution, they were randomly divided into 2 groups: diabetic endurance training (6 heads) and diabetic control (6 heads); The training groups performed the training program 4 days a week for 6 weeks, including 32 minutes of endurance training with an intensity of about 50 to 70% of the maximum speed; SPSS software version 23 and independent t-test were used to analyze the data. Significance level was considered p≤0.05.
Findings: Endurance training resulted in a significant decrease in myostatin (P=0.024) and SMAD2/3 (P=0.001) proteins content between training and control groups in myocardial tissue.
Conclusion: It can be said that endurance training by reducing the content of myostatin and SMAD2/3 proteins in the left ventricle of the heart may have been able to prevent cardiac atrophy in type 1 diabetic subjects. This reduction can lead to physiological cardiac hypertrophy.

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Background: The hepatokines are now considered potential targets for the treatment of type 2 diabetes disorders. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of 12 weeks combined training with Canagliflozin on some hepatokines in type 2 diabetic men.
Methods: In this quasi-experimental study, 44 men with type 2 diabetes (Mean age 33.2 ± 4.5 years, body mass index 27.3±3.0) from Tehran city in 2019 were randomly divided into four groups (n=11) of control, drug, exercise and exercise-drug groups. Combined training was performed 3 sessions per week, 45 minutes for 12 weeks. Subjects were given 200 mg of canagliflozin for 12 weeks. Blood samples and anthropometric characteristics were obtained before and 24 hours after the intervention at 12-hour fasting. Data were analyzed using two-way ANOVA with repeated measures, t-test and Bonferroni post hoc test at P<0.05.
Results: The results showed that 12 weeks of exercise with Canagliflozin intervention significantly reduced angiopoietin-3 and angiopoietin-4, FGF-21 and HFREP-1 levels in type 2 diabetic men (P=0.001). Also, after the intervention of exercise with Canagliflozin, levels of angiopoietin-3, angiopoietin-4, FGF-21, and HFREP-1 were significantly lower than the pre-test (P<0.001).
Conclusion: According to the results of research, it is possible that intervention of exercise with Canagliflozin can help treat of disorders due to type 2 diabetes by reducing hepatokines.

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Background: AMPK and P53 proteins regulate the TOR protein in the TORC1 complex, which regulates many physiological processes. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of AMPK and P53 proteins on the TOR pathway following endurance training in the left ventricle of the heart of diabetic rats by streptozotocin and nicotinamide.
Methods: In this experimental study, 12 head two-month-old Sprague-Dawley rats with a mean weight of 270±20 g were selected. After diabetic induction with streptozotocin and Nicotinamide, rats were randomly assigned to two groups, training and control (6 heads in group each). The training group performed endurance training on a treadmill for rodents for 6 weeks and 4 sessions per week for 42 minutes with an intensity of about 50 to 70% of the maximum speed. SPSS software version 23 and independent t-test were used to analyze the data.
Results: Six weeks of endurance training led to significant increase in the protein content of AMPK (P=0.009) and TOR (P=0.005) between training and control groups in the left ventricular tissue of the heart muscle. In contrast, a significant decrease in P53 protein content was observed between the training and control groups in the left ventricular tissue of the heart muscle (P=0.0001).
Conclusion: The results showed that endurance training can with increase the content of AMPK and TOR proteins and decrease the content of P53 protein to regulate processes such as metabolism, mitochondrial biogenesis, cardiac hypertrophy, inhibition of autophagy in the hearts of diabetic subjects.
 

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Background: In this study, we investigated the diagnostic power of ultrasound in the diagnosis of malignancy in thyroid nodules in Iranian patients. For this purpose, we examined the relationship between ultrasound findings and pathology findings.
Methods: The present study is a retrospective study. The patients with a diagnosis of thyroid nodules who underwent ultrasound and FNA, were included in this study. To assess the relationship between the results of FNA and the ultrasound characteristics of nodules, we classified the results of FNA into malignant and benign groups and then compared ultrasound characteristics between the two groups. In cases which the FNA results were indeterminate (AUS/FLUS or FN/SFN), the postoperative pathology result was considered (if thyroid surgery was done and the result was available).
Results: In total, 201 nodules were included in this study. The results showed that hypoechogenicity, irregular/ill-defined margin, microcalcification, malignant flow pattern in Doppler sonography and concurrent cervical lymphadenopathy with suspicious features were significantly associated with malignant thyroid nodules. However, other ultrasound findings, such as the size and location of the nodule, presence of a cystic components within the nodule, the presence of a Halo sign, and the presence of a taller-than-wide shape, could not distinguish between benign and malignant nodules. Finally, the results of the present study showed that the accuracy of ultrasound in the diagnosis of malignancy in thyroid nodules is high.
Conclusion: This study suggests that the use of ultrasound can be very effective in diagnosing malignancy in thyroid nodules.

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Background: FOXO family proteins are important factors in autophagy pathway. Protein kinase-B is an important regulator for this family that can be regulated through exercise training. Therefore, the aim of this study is to investigate the effect of protein kinase-B (PKB) on FOXO autophagy family proteins (FOXO1 and FOXO3a) following high intensity interval training (HIIT) in the left ventricle of the heart of diabetic rats by streptozotocin (STZ) and nicotinamide.
Methods: In this experimental study, 12 two-month-old Sprague-Dawley rats with a mean weight of 270±20 g were selected. After type 2 diabetes induction with STZ and Nicotinamide, rats were randomly assigned to two groups, diabetic training (6 heads) and diabetic control (6 heads). The training group trained for 4 days a week in accordance with the training program for 8 weeks. SPSS software version 23 and independent t-test were used to analyze the data. Significance level is considered p≤0.05.
Results: HIIT training resulted in a significant increase in PKB protein content between training and control groups (P=0.0001). In contrast, a significant decrease in protein content of FOXO1 (P=0.003) and FOXO3a (P=0.006) was observed between the training and control groups.
Conclusion: It seems based on the results HIIT with increasing and regulating PKB leads to a decrease and inactivation of FOXO1 and FOXO3a proteins in the hearts of diabetic subjects. Inhibition of these proteins can prevent excessive cardiac autophagy in diabetic subjects.

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Background: People with diabetes face psychological challenges. Therefore, it is important to pay attention to cognitive therapies based on mindfulness in this field. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of mindfulness-based cognitive therapy on anxiety tolerance and cognitive flexibility in patients with type 2 diabetes.
Methods: The research method was quasi-experimental with pre-test-post-test design with a control group. The statistical population of the present study was all type 2 diabetic patients referred to the Maternal Diabetes Center, Touba Specialized and Sub-Specialized Clinic and Mostafavian Clinic in Sari in 2019-2020. Simple randomization was substituted in experimental (n = 15) and control (n = 15) groups. However, no intervention was performed on the control group during this period. The Simon and Gaher (2005) Emotional Distress Scale and the Doyce and Woodwall (2010) Scale were used to collect data. mean, standard deviation and multivariate analysis of covariance were used to analyze the research data.
Results: The results showed that the effect of Mindfulness-based cognitive therapywas on distress tolerance (F= 28.74, P<0.001) and on Cognitive flexibility (F= 31.57, P<0.001).
Conclusion: Considering the effectiveness of mindfulness-based cognitive therapy on anxiety tolerance and cognitive flexibility, it seems that this treatment can be used to reduce psychological problems in patients with type 2 diabetes.
 

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Background: Diabetes is one of the major health problems in Iran and about 4.6 million adults suffer from this disease. Poor diagnosis of this disease has caused half of this number to be unaware of their disease. In recent years, along with the use of computers in data analysis and storage, the volume and complexity of data has increased dramatically.
Methods: In health organizations, data play an essential role in the value of the organization. Therefore, data mining has become one of the most widely used processes in the field of health and disease diagnosis. In this study, the information of 768 laboratory clients in Tehran was kept confidential and the opinions of experts were used to identify the variables affecting the incidence of diabetes.
Results: The findings indicate the study of 5 algorithms on the presented data, which by implementing 5 data mining algorithms J48, Bayes, Beginning, Cohen and simple clustering to classify the data, the efficiency of these algorithms in terms of speed and accuracy in calculations was evaluated.
Conclusion: The data set for classification is the database of a laboratory, which includes 768 samples with 9 characteristics. Finally, J48 algorithm is recommended for data mining of diabetes due to high speed, acceptable accuracy and lack of sensitivity to raw data.
 

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Background: Diabetes is an important factor in heart defects that can lead to atrophy of heart cells. Exercise can prevent the complications of diabetes by regulating cellular factors. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to evaluate the effect of endurance and high-intensity interval training on the content MSTN and Follistatin proteins in the left ventricular tissue of the heart of type 1 and 2 diabetic rats
Methods: In this study, 36 head 2-month-old male Sprague-Dawley male rats with a mean weight of 280±30 g were selected.
After induction of type 1 (18 head) and 2 (18 head) diabetics through streptozotocin and nicotinamide solution, each type of diabetes was randomly divided into 3 groups: endurance training, HIIT and control (6 heads per group); The training groups performed endurance (50 to 70% of maximum speed) and HIIT (intensity 85 to 95% of maximum speed) training program 4 days a week for 4 weeks; Data analysis was performed by one-way ANOVA and Tukey post hoc tests in SPSS software.
Results: Endurance training and HIIT in diabetic training groups led to a significant decrease in MSTN protein content (P=0.0001) and an increase in Follistatin protein content (P=0.0001).
Conclusion: It seems that four weeks of endurance training and HIIT can prevent excessive myocardial atrophy by decreasing the MSTN content and increasing Follistatin. Therefore, exercise training with the intensity, duration and type can be a good defense and treatment mechanisms for diabetics to prevent or reduce heart complications.

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Background: Diabetes is the most common glandular disease in the world. The aim of this study was to compare the effect of three types of endurance, resistance and combination training on inflammation and insulin resistance in visceral adipose tissue of type 2 diabetic rats. 

Methods: For this purpose, among eight-week-old male Wistar rats, 48 ​​rats were selected and randomly divided into 6 groups (diabetic endurance training, diabetic resistance training, diabetic combination training, healthy combined training, healthy control and diabetic control). The rats became diabetic by injecting 95 mg of nicotinamide and after 15 minutes of STZ injection at the rate of 55 mg/kg body weight. 4 days after injection, rats with serum glucose above 300 mg/dL were considered diabetic. Then, the endurance training group trained for 6 weeks, 3 sessions per week with moderate intensity (50-60% of maximum oxygen consumption). The initial load to start resistance training was 50% of the rat's body weight. Each session added 15% of body weight to the weights. The combined exercise group also performed resistance and endurance exercises in a row. 48 hours after the last session, the rats were anesthetized and visceral adipose tissue was removed to examine the variables. 

Results: The results showed that there was a significant difference between the effect of six weeks of endurance, resistance and combined exercise on inflammation and insulin resistance in the visceral adipose tissue of male diabetic mice. 

Conclusion: The results confirm the effect of three training methods on the mechanisms involved in diabetes.

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Background: The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of eight weeks of endurance training and Empagliflozin consumption on inflammatory markers and their relationship with heart structure and function of diabetic male Rats.
Methods: 40 male Wistar rats were randomly divided into five groups: healthy control, diabetic control, diabetic + empagliflozin, diabetic + endurance training and diabetic + endurance training + empagliflozin. The groups were anesthetized and their cardiac function and TNF-α and TGF-β indices were evaluated by one-way ANOVA and Pearson correlation tests after performing the training protocol and receiving medication.
Results: There were significant differences in left ventricular end systolic thickness (P = 0.011), left ventricular end systolic volume (P = 0.008), TNF-α (P = 0.014) and TGF-β (P = 0.001) was observed between the research groups. Also, there was a significant negative relationship between TGF-β with body weight, heart fiber shortening percentage and injection fraction and a significant positive relationship with glucose levels, left ventricular end systolic thickness and left ventricular end systolic volume. In addition, a significant negative correlation was observed between TGF-β and the injection fraction (P≤0.05).
Conclusion: Aerobic exercise seems to improve the inflammatory status, structure and function of diabetic heart tissue beyond the dual effect of Empagliflozin.

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Background: The aging process is usually accompanied by a decrease in the function of the body's systems and physiological capacity, along with an increase in susceptibility to diseases, especially metabolic syndrome. This study looked at the effect of eight weeks of resistance training on levels of Irisin, IL-15, CRP, and Cholesterol in elderly men with metabolic syndrome.
Methods: The statistical population was elderly men in Khorramabad, of whom 18 were selected and randomly divided into two experimental groups and control (65/2±2/2, 65/4±2/1). The exercise program included leg presses, chest presses, row movements, bending the knees, head, back of the arm, opening of the knees and front of the arm. The above program started with 30% of a maximum repetition and reached 50% of a maximum repetition at the end of the eighth week. Blood samples were taken 48 hours before and after the training sessions. Correlated t-test and independent t-test were used to examine the research data. The level of significance was also considered (P<0.05).
Results: Eight weeks’ resistance exercise significant increase in Irisin (P=0.01) and interleukin-15 (P=0.007), as well as a significantly decreased levels of CRP (P=0.007) and total cholesterol(P=0.02) in elderly men with metabolic syndrome.
Conclusion: Finding non-pharmacological solutions to improve metabolic indicators is very important. Based on the results of research, doing resistance exercises is recommended as a low-cost and non-pharmacological solution for the treatment of metabolic syndrome in elderly men.