Iranian Journal of

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Background: Adipogenesis is a dynamic process that leads to the phenotype of mature fat cells and plays a significant role in obesity and diabetes. The present study investigates the effect of Eight –Weeks of High-Intensity Interval Training (HIIT) and L -carnitine Consumption on the expression of BMP7 protein in visceral adipose tissue in diabetic rats.
Methods: In an experimental clinical-intervention study, 50  male Wistar rats were divided into 5 equal groups of control (C), diabetic (D), supplemental diabetic (D + LC), diabetic with exercise (D + T), supplement and exercise (D + LC + T). The training program consisted of eight weeks, 5 sessions per week (6 to 12 2-minute sessions with an intensity of 85-90% of the maximum speed). The subjects received 30 mg/kg body weight L-carnitine through drinking water. Visceral fat was extracted and the expression level of BMP7 protein was assessed using Western Blotting. Data analysis was performed by one-way ANOVA and Tukey post hoc test at a significant level of (P< 0.05).
Results: The results showed that the expression of BMP7, the adipogenesis stimulating protein, in (D + T) and (D + LC + T) groups increased significantly (P< 0.001).
Conclusion: According to the results, it seems that HIIT exercise alone and with L-carnitine Consumption is more effective in the expression of protein associated with adipogenesis expression in visceral fat. However, a clear statement requires further research in this area.

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Background: Glucose transporter4 (GLUT4) is the main glucose transporter in skeletal muscle. Impaired GLUT4 expression plays a role in the disorders of glycemic homeostasis. The aim of the present study was to investigate the combined effects of aerobic training and vitamin D3 supplementation on Glut4 protein levels and insulin resistance in the soleus muscle of diabetic rats with STZ and high-fat diet.
Methods: In 40 male Wistar rats type 2 diabetes was induced by 6 weeks high-fat diet followed by streptozotocin injection. Then rats were randomly divided into five groups: Healthy control (HC), Diabetic control (DC). Diabetes+Aerobic training (DAT), Diabetes+Vitamin D3 (DVD) and Diabetes+Aerobic training+ Vitamin D3 (DVDAT). The rats underwent eight weeks of aerobic training and vitamin D3 supplementation. 24h after last session of training and, the rats were anesthetized and soleus muscle was isolated for measurement of Glut4 protein concentrations and serum levels of insulin, glucose, vitamin D3 index were measured.
Results: One-way ANOVA showed that GLUT4 protein levels in DC group was significantly lower than HC group (P<0.001), but in DVDAT group was significantly higher than DC group (P<0.04) and DVD group (P<0.005). Also in DAT group was significantly higher than DVD (P<0.018). The HOMA-IR index also in DVDAT, DAT and DVD groups was significantly lower than DC group (P<0.001).
Conclusion: It seems that Eight weeks of aerobic training with vitamin D3 supplementation improves glucose metabolism in diabetic rats via increasing Glut4 protein levels and improving insulin resistance index.

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Background: The effects of regular exercise on miRNA profile and oxidative stress indices are less known. The aim of this study was to investigate the changes in expression of  miR-17 and oxidative stress indices in overweight and obese women following high-intensity functional training.
Methods: In this semi-experimental study, 22 overweight and obese women were randomly divided into two groups of high-intensity functional training (n= 10) and control (n= 12). The subjects of the training group performed high-intensity functional exercises 3 times a week for 8 weeks and intensity of rating of perceived exertion≥7. Before and after 8 weeks, blood samples were taken to measure expression of miR-17 gene, malondialdehyde (MDA), superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase (GPx) and total antioxidant capacity (TAC). Analysis of covariance test was used to analyze the data.
Results: After eight weeks of high-intensity functional training, expression of miR-17 in the experimental group significantly decreased compared to the control group (P= 0.001). After eight weeks of high-intensity functional training, TAC (P= 0.0001), GPX (P= 0.007) and SOD (P= 0.001) increased significantly in the experimental group compared to the control group. No significant change was observed in MDA (P= 0.778).
Conclusion: The results of the present study showed that eight weeks of high-intensity functional training may lead to the reduction of miR-17 expression and the improvement of oxidative stress indices and antioxidant enzymes, which may be effective in improving metabolic indices and obesity complications.

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Background: The beneficial effects of saffron extract and resistance training on the improvement of some diabetes indices have been determined, but their combined effect on BDNF protein levels in rats with type 2 diabetes has not been investigated. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of saffron extract consumption during resistance training on BDNF protein expression in the hippocampus of rats with type 2 diabetes.
Methods: In this experimental study, 30 adult male rats were randomly divided into five groups: control (C), diabetes (D), diabetes-resistance training (DT), diabetes-saffron extract (DS) and diabetes-saffron extract- resistance training (DTS). Resistance training performed five sessions/w for six weeks. Blood glucose levels and hippocampus BDNF protein levels were measured. To analyze the data, one-way ANOVA was used at the significance level of P< 0.05.
Results: Blood glucose levels of all experimental groups were significantly higher than C group (P= 0.001). Blood glucose levels in DT, DS and DTS groups were significantly lower than D group (P= 0.001). Also, the blood glucose levels of the DTS group were significantly lower than that of the DT group (P= 0.014). In addition, BDNF protein levels of all experimental groups were significantly lower than group C (P< 0.05). Also, BDNF protein levels of D, DT and DS groups were significantly lower than DTS group (P< 0.05). However, BDNF protein levels of D, DT and DS groups were not significantly different (P< 0.05).
Conclusion: Performing resistance training also consuming saffron extract alone and during resistance training reduces blood glucose levels in diabetic rats. However, consumption of saffron extract could increase BDNF protein levels only during resistance training. Therefore, for more efficiency, it is suggested to consume saffron extract during resistance training.
 

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Background: Type 2 diabetes is a chronic metabolic disease and a complex disorder with several micro and macro vascular complications in different parts of the body, which is associated with cardiac fibrosis. On the other hand, endurance training seems to prevent the development of cardiac fibrosis in diabetes by reducing fasting glucose levels and increasing antioxidant indices.
Methods: 24 male Wistar rats were randomly divided into three groups: healthy control (NC, n=8), diabetes control (DC, n=8) and exercise diabetes (DT, n=8) after familiarization with the laboratory environment. Diabetes was induced to diabetic animals through streptozotocin injection. Training groups, performed 8 weeks of intermittent endurance training on a treadmill. Hematoxylin-eosin and Masson trichrome staining were used to check the level of fibrosis and cell disorder. Serum malondialdehyde (MDA) was measured by thiobarbituric acid spectrophotometry. Also, total serum antioxidants were measured by FRAP method.
Results: Compared to the diabetic control group, rats in the training group showed a decrease in fibrosis, fasting glucose, and also a decrease in triglyceride and total cholesterol (P<0.05).
Conclusion: Based on the results, it seems that Endurance training in diabetic Rats prevents the development of cardiac fibrosis caused by diabetes by reducing fasting blood sugar, lipid profile and increasing total antioxidants. However, more studies are needed.
 

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Background: Exercise interventions can play an important role in improving metabolic status by regulating hepotokines. The present study aimed to investigate the effect of eight weeks of Jump Rope Interval Training on serum levels of Fetuin-A and insulin resistance in overweight and obese young men.
Methods: In this semi-experimental study, 26 overweight and obese young men (body mass index: 28.24±1.66) were voluntarily and purposefully selected as a statistical sample and randomly divided into two experimental (n= 13) and control (n= 13) groups. The participants of the experimental group performed Jump Rope Interval Training for 8 weeks (four sessions per week/40 minutes each session). At the beginning and end of the study, venous blood samples were collected to measure Fetuin-A and insulin resistance. Data analysis was done using SPSS software version 24 and with dependent and independent t-tests at a significance level of less than 0.05.
Results: After 8 weeks of Jump Rope Interval Training, a significant decrease was observed in serum levels of Fetuin-A, insulin resistance and, body fat percentage (P≤ 0.05). Also, a significant difference was observed between the experimental and control groups in serum levels of Fetuin-A, insulin resistance and, body fat percentage (P≤ 0.05).
Conclusion: According to the results of the present study, it seems that regular jump rope interval training for eight weeks can effectively improve the metabolic complications in overweight and obese young men by reducing the serum levels of hepotokine Fetuin-A.
 

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Background: Alzheimer's disease is the most common type of dementia, which is associated with progressive loss of memory and reaction to the environment. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of 12 weeks of resistance training with sumac intake on the serum levels of SIR3, SIR4 and AMPK in Alzheimer's male rats.
Methods: In this experimental study, male Wistar rats with an age of 8-10 weeks and an average weight of 230±30 grams were randomly divided into five groups: control, Alzheimer's disease, Alzheimer's disease with sumac supplementation, Alzheimer's disease with resistance training, and Alzheimer's disease with resistance training. Received sumac supplements were divided. To induce Alzheimer's disease, 8 mg/kg of trimethyl tin chloride along with 200 microliters of normal saline were injected intraperitoneally to mice. Resistance training was performed for 12 weeks and 5 days a week on a special rat ladder. 48 hours after the last training session, a blood sample was taken. Serum levels of SIR3, SIR4 and AMPK were evaluated by ELISA method. To check the changes between the control group and other groups using the independent T-test and to check the difference between the other groups using the one-way analysis of variance test and if significant, using the Tukey post hoc test, by SPSS version 29 software at a significance level of P< 0.05 used.
Results: The results of this research showed that 12 weeks of resistance training increases the levels of SIR3 (P< 0.036), SIR4 (P< 0.029) and AMPK (P< 0.447) compared to the Alzheimer group. In addition, adding sumac to the resistance training program had a significant effect on the levels of SIR3 (P< 0.078), SIR4 (P< 0.024) and AMPK (P< 0.002).
Conclusion: Our results suggest that resistance training is associated with the improvement of sirtuin 3, sirtuin 4 and adenosine monophosphate kinase levels in Alzheimer's rats and receiving sumac antioxidant compound leads to doubling of these responses.

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Background: Adenosine monophosphate-activated kinase (AMPK) is a key regulator of cellular metabolism, and its dysregulation is associated with metabolic diseases such as obesity, inflammation, diabetes, and cancer. Therefore, the purpose of this research is the effect of moderate intensity interval training (MIIT) on the total and phosphorylated content of AMPKα1/2 protein in the skeletal muscle of diabetic rats.
Methods: In this experimental study, 12 two-month-old male Sprague Dawley rats with an average weight of 280±30 grams were selected. Diabetes was induced to rats through intraperitoneal injection of streptozotocin solution (with a dose of 65 mg per kg of body weight). These rats were randomly divided into two groups, diabetic training and diabetic control; The training group performed MIIT for 6 weeks at an intensity equal to 55-75% of maximum speed. Data analysis was done through independent t-test in GraphPad Prism version 10 software. The significance level of the current research is P≤ 0.05.
Results: Total intracellular content of AMPKα1/2 protein did not show significant changes in the training group compared to the control group in the soleus skeletal muscle (P= 0.96). In contrast, the phosphorylated intracellular content (P= 0.0001) and the ratio of phosphorylated to total form (P= 0.002) of AMPKα1/2 protein showed a significant increase.
Conclusion: MIIT increased the protein content of AMPKα1/2 in soleus muscle tissue of diabetic rats, and this could lead to increased energy production and consumption and improved glucose levels in diabetic subjects.

Keywords: Adenosine Monophosphate-activated Kinase (AMPKα1/2), Moderate Intensity Interval Training, Soleus Muscle, Diabetes
 

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Background: Endoplasmic reticulum stress leads to unfolded or folded protein response, and ATF4 and CHOP proteins play very important roles in this signalling pathway; Therefore, the aim of this research is the effect of resistance training on the content of ATF4 and CHOP proteins in the left ventricle of the heart of type 2 diabetic rats.
Methods: In this experimental study, 12 two-month-old male Sprague Dawley rats were selected and their weight reached an average of 280±20 gr after four weeks. Type 2 diabetes was induced by injecting nicotinamide solutions (110 mg/kg) and streptozotocin (60 mg/kg). The rats were randomly divided into 2 groups, resistance training and diabetic control; Resistance training consisted of 8 weeks and 3 sessions per week of climbing a vertical ladder with an 85-degree slope, one meter long with 26 steps and 2 cm space between each step. To analyze data, independent t-test was used in SPSS version 29 and Graphpad Prism version 10.2.3. A significance level of P≤0.05 is considered.
Results: The content of ATF4 and CHOP proteins after 8 weeks of resistance training showed a significant change compared to the control group in the left ventricle of the heart (P=0.001).
Conclusion: The increase of ATF4 and CHOP proteins can lead to increased cell death of cardiomyocytes in the left ventricle of the heart of type 2 diabetic subjects through increasing the endoplasmic reticulum stress and initiating the unfolded or folded protein response.

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Background: Obesity is known to have metabolic complications including insulin resistance (IR) and metabolic disorder. The aim of this study was to compare the effect of two traditional 12-week circular resistance training methods on the levels of branched and aromatic amino acids and insulin resistance of overweight and obese men.
Methods: The current research method is of the clinical trial type, with Thirty-three overweight and obese men with mean and standard deviation of age, weight and body mass index were 17.7±0.13 years, 92±2.45 kg and 30.70±32 1.32 kg / m2, respectively. They were selected and randomly divided into three groups: circular resistance training (n= 11), traditional resistance training (n= 11) and control (n= 11). The training program consisted of two traditional resistance training protocols and 12-week wave circuits that were exactly the same volume; Which was run three times a week. Blood sampling was performed 48 hours before and after the training protocol and after 8 hours of fasting. HPLC was used to measure serum levels of amino acids.
Results: The results of analysis of variance in the groups showed that circuit training more than 2 times compared to traditional training reduces total BCAAs (35.9 vs. 15.5%) and AAAs in serum (19.5 vs. 9%) and equally the level of insulin resistance. (23 and 26.7 percent, respectively) reduced the door in overweight and obese young men.
Conclusion: The results of this study showed that the level of changes in circular resistance training was higher than traditional. Circular resistance training may be able to prevent obesity-related metabolic disorders.

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Background: Type 2 diabetes is characterized by insulin resistance and hyperglycemia and can lead to heart disease. Therefore, the aim of the present study is to investigate the effect of MIIT on the S6K1 pathway in the myocardium, which is related to the control of cell growth and proliferation.
Methods: In this study, 12 two-month-old male Sprague Dawley rats with an average weight of 280±30 grams participated. To induce diabetes, nicotinamide and streptozotocin solutions were injected with a dose of 110 mg/kg and 60 mg/kg, respectively. The blood sugar of rats was determined between 126-260 mg/dL as an indicator of type 2 diabetes. After the induction of diabetes, the rats were randomly divided into diabetic training group (6 heads) and diabetic control group (6 heads). The diabetic training group trained for 4 weeks and 4 sessions every week. 24 hours after the last training session, the left ventricle of heart was isolated and the amount of protein was measured by western blotting method. Variables were analyzed through independent t-tests. The significance level of study was considered P≤0.05.
Results: Data analysis showed that the intracellular content of total (P=0.62), phosphorylated (P=0.85), and total to phosphorylated (P=0.77) S6K1 protein did not show significant changes after 4 weeks of MIIT.
Conclusion: It seems that after 4 weeks of MIIT, S6K1 protein does not change significantly, so it seems that the duration and intensity of training and nutritional conditions to increase S6K1 phosphorylation should be considered in future research

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Background: Type 1 diabetes is characterized by persistent hyperglycemia and leads to impaired protein synthesis and ultimately muscle breakdown and reduction in muscle function. Therefore, this research was conducted with the aim of investigating the effect of moderate intensity continuous training (MICT) on the amount of 4EBP1 in the biceps muscle of type 1 diabetic rats.
Methods: The present study is of experimental-fundamental type in which 12 2-month-old male Sprague Dawley rats with an average weight of 280±30 grams participated. To induce type 1 diabetes, streptozotocin (STZ) solution was injected intraperitoneally at a dose of 65 mg/kg. 3 days after the injection, blood sugar above 300 mg/dl was considered as an indicator of type 1 diabetes. After the induction of diabetes, the rats were randomly divided into 2 diabetic training groups (6 heads) and diabetic control groups (6 heads). The continuous training program (32 minutes with an intensity of 50-70% of maximum speed) was 8 weeks and 3 sessions every week. Data analysis was done through independent t-tests. Data analysis was done using GraphPad Prism software version 10.2.2. The significance level of the present study was considered P≤0.05.
Results: In the training group after 8 weeks of MICT, the intracellular content of phosphorylated (P=0.0001), total (P=0.0001) and the ratio of phosphorylated to total (P=0.002) protein 4EBP1 showed a significant change compared to the control group in the twin muscle tissue.
Conclusion: 4EBP1 protein seems to increase through 8 weeks of MICT and this mechanism can increase muscle synthesis in muscle tissue.

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Background: The aim of this study was to determine effect of resistance training on the expression of PI3K, AKT1 and mTORc1 in the heart tissue of type 2 diabetes rats and their physiological cardiac hypertrophy.
Methods: 21 male wistar rats (220±20 g) were obese by 6 weeks high fat diet (HFD). After inducing obesity, T2D induced by intraperitoneal injection of streptozotocin (30 mg/kg) in 14 rats. Finally, the rat were randomly assigned to 1) non-diabetes, 2) control T2D, 3) resistance diabetes groups. Rats in the resistance group were completed a resistance
training program, 5 sessions weekly for 6 weeks. PI3K, AKT1 and mTORc1 expression and the weight ratio of left ventricular to heart, left ventricular to body and heart to body were compared by ANOVA between groups.
 Results: In response to induction of diabetes, the expression of PI3K, AKT1 and mTORc1 in heart tissue decreased significantly compared to the non-diabetic group (p < 0.05). Resistance training resulted in significant increase in the expression of PI3K, AKT1 and mTORc1 and the weight ratio of left ventricular to heart, heart to body and left ventricular to body compared to control diabetes rats (p < 0.05).
Conclusion: Resistance training is associated with physiological cardiac hypertrophy in diabetic rats, and this improvement can be attributed to the PI3K/AKT1/mTORc1 signaling pathway.

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Background: Diabetes can disrupt the balance of cell death through different cell pathways, and exercise or consumption supplements can be effective in maintaining the balance of cell death types; Therefore, the purpose of this research is the effect of magnesium supplementation and exercise training on the content of CREB2 and C/EBP homologous protein (CHOP) in the left ventricle of the heart of type 2 diabetic rats.
Methods: In this experimental study, 24 2-month-old male Sprague-Dawley rats with an average weight of 280±20 grams were selected. Type 2 diabetes was induced by injecting nicotinamide and streptozotocin solutions. The rats were randomly divided into four groups, 1) control, 2) supplement, 3) training and 4) training+supplement; Resistance training consisted of 8 weeks and 3 weekly sessions of climbing a ladder. Magnesium supplement was given to rats once a day. To analyze the data, one-way ANOVA and Tukey's post hoc tests were used in SPSS version 29.
Results: Eight weeks of magnesium supplementation and resistance training led to a significant change in the content of CREB2 and CHOP proteins between groups in the left ventricle of the heart (P= 0.001). A significant decrease was observed in the groups of resistance training + magnesium supplement and magnesium supplement compared to the control group (P≥ 0.05); But the resistance training group had increased compared to the control group (P≥ 0.05).
Conclusion: The increase and decrease of CREB2 and CHOP proteins in the left ventricle of the heart can lead to improvement and physiological adaptation, like a bilateral mechanism.

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Background: The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of two types of interval and continuous training on apolipoprotein M, TNF-α and IL-6 of visceral fat in rats fed a high-fat diet.
Methods: Twenty-four male Wistar rats were randomly divided into four groups including standard diet (ND), high-fat diet (HFD), high-fat diet with moderate intensity continuous exercise (HFD+MICT), high-fat diet with high intensity interval training (HFD+HIIT). The HIIT and MICT groups performed their group specific training for 8 weeks, 5 sessions per week. The HIIT protocol consisted of 6 bouts of 4-minute exercise at 85-90% of the maximum speed, which had a 2-minute active rest, and the MICT protocol performed at 65-70% of the maximum speed. Protein levels of apolipoprotein M, TNF-α and IL-6 in visceral fat were measured using western blot method.
Results: Eight weeks of HFD increased the protein levels of apolipoprotein M, TNF-α, and IL-6 in visceral fat compared to the ND group (P< 0.05). In contrast, both HIIT and MICT protocols led to a significant reduction of visceral fat IL-6 compared to the HFD group (P= 0.001). Also, MICT caused a significant decrease protein levels apolipoprotein M compared to the HFD group (P= 0.04). However, both exercise protocols had no significant effect on TNF-α (P< 0.05). Also, there was no significant difference between training groups (P< 0.05).
Conclusion: Exercise training improves adipose tissue inflammatory markers in high-fat diet-fed rats, and moderate-intensity continuous training may be a more appropriate approach.



 

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Background: Physical activity and green tea are one of the recommended ways to control obesity and its complications such as cardiovascular diseases, diabetes and liver inflammation. The aim of this study was to evaluate the combined effect of exercise training and green tea on lipid profile in adults with overweight and obesity.
Methods: A systematic search of English and Persian articles published in PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus, SID, Civilica, and Magiran databases was conducted until June 2024.
Results: A total of 14 studies with 390 adults with overweight and obesity, of which 198 subjects were in the combined exercise and green tea group with an average age of 34 years old and BMI with an average of 30 kg.m2, of which 192 subjects in the control group with an average age of 34 years old and BMI with an average of 31 kg.m2 entered the present meta-analysis. The results showed that the combination of exercise training and green tea caused a significant decrease in TC [WMD=-22.923 mg/dL, P=0.001], TG [WMD=-9.946 mg/dL, P=0.001], LDL [WMD=-11.675 mg/dL, P=0.001] and significant increase in HDL [WMD=8.888 mg/dL, P=0.017] in adults with overweight and obesity, compared to the control group.
Conclusion: The results of this meta-analysis showed that the combination of exercise training and green tea in overweight and obese adults decreases TC, TG, LDL and increases HDL. Therefore, exercise and green tea can be suggested to to adults with overweight and obesity as a non-medicinal and practical solution to improve lipid profile.

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Background: Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is the most common endocrine disorder among women and has lifelong health effects. This study aimed to investigate the physiological effects of PCOS on neurogenesis and cognitive symptom improvement through lifestyle changes and the use of complementary and alternative medicine.
Methods: In this experimental study, 30 female C57BL/6 mice with a mean weight of 18±2 kg and an age of 6 to 7 weeks were randomly divided into five groups: control group, polycystic group, polycystic + swimming exercise group, polycystic + soy group, and polycystic + exercise + soy group. Real-time PCR measured gene expression. Genes were selected with the help of bioinformatics software. ELISA evaluated luteinizing hormone(LH ) concentration.
Results: FN1-ARC-NGFR-BDNF genes showed decreased expression in mice with PCOS compared to the control group. On the other hand, the expression of FN1-ARC-NGFR-BDNF genes in mice with PCOS, swimming training, and soy supplement consumption significantly increased compared to the PCOS group. Simultaneous administration of swimming training and soy supplement consumption significantly increased LH concentration (p<0.001) and expression of FN1-ARC-NGFR-BDNF genes (p<0.05).
Conclusion: This study showed that combining swimming training and soy extract consumption can enhance neurogenesis in a PCOS model and improve cognitive symptoms. Our findings confirm that this combination not only enhances the function of the nervous system but also contributes to overall health improvement through hormonal regulation. These results provide a new avenue for complementary therapies in the management of PCOS.

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Background: Today, obesity is closely related to metabolic syndrome and especially type 2 diabetes, which changes the secretion and release of adipocytokines, and different training programs have different results on these indicators. Therefore, the aim of the present study is to investigate the durability of changes caused by exercise programs on adipocytokine indices of obese type 2 diabetic patients.
Methods: In this semi-experimental study, 45 obese men with type 2 diabetes were randomly divided into a control group (no exercise) and 4 exercise groups (aerobic, combined, resistance and high-intensity interval). The exercise program of the groups was considered based on the calories consumed in each session. The participants performed 12 weeks of training programs and 12 weeks of non-training. Physiological, anthropometric indicators and inflammatory and pro-inflammatory indicators (IL-6, TNF-α, resistin and leptin) and anti-inflammatory indicators (adiponectin and SFRP5) were measured before the program and at weeks 6, 12, 18 and 24. became.
Results: After 12 weeks of combined, aerobic, high intensity and resistance training, anti-inflammatory indices (adiponectin and SFRP5) showed a significant increase compared to the baseline (before starting the training program) (P< 0.05). Regarding pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory indicators (IL-6, TNF-α, resistin and leptin), a significant decrease was observed in all groups after 12 weeks of training program (P< 0.05). In this study, a significant improvement in weight loss and blood glucose was observed after 12 weeks of exercise program in all 4 exercise groups (P< 0.05). In the second part of the findings (non-training or durability of training effect), it was resistance training that showed a lower percentage decrease (P< 0.05) in anti-inflammatory indices and an increase in pro-inflammatory and inflammatory indices after 12 weeks of non-training, which showed the durability It shows more recovery in obese type 2 diabetic patients (P< 0.05).
Conclusion: The findings of the research showed that high-intensity interval training after 12 weeks can cause a greater effect on inflammatory, pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory indicators compared to aerobic, combined and resistance training. But this is the resistance exercise that caused the reduction in inflammatory, pro-inflammatory indicators and increase in anti-inflammatory indicators in obese type 2 diabetic patients to be more permanent. Therefore, the effectiveness of resistance training in non-training conditions from three methods of high-intensity interval training, aerobic and combined (aerobic + resistance) has a greater effect on low-grade inflammation and results in a longer recovery in obese type 2 diabetic patients.
 

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Background: Metabolic syndrome is characterized by a cluster of conditions such as abdominal obesity, high triglycerides, high blood pressure, high blood sugar, and low levels of healthy fat. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the effect of endurance training on PGC1α protein content, glycosylated hemoglobin and metabolic syndrome indices in obese rats with type 2 diabetes.
Methods: Eighteen male Wistar rats with an average weight of 200±20 g were selected and placed on a high-fat diet for four weeks. Then 12 rats were randomly selected and induced type 2 diabetes by injecting nicotinamide (110 mg/kg) and streptozotocin (50 mg/kg) solutions. Diabetic rats were randomly divided into two groups of training and control patients. The samples of the training group performed endurance training on the treadmill for 8 weeks and 5 sessions every week with an intensity of about 50 to 70% of the maximum speed. 48 hours after the last training session, mice were sacrificed and variables were measured. To analyze the data, one-way ANOVA and Tukey's post hoc tests were performed in SPSS software version 29.
Results: Endurance training led to a significant decrease in fasting blood sugar levels, HbA1c and triglyceride levels (P= 0.0001). On the other hand, it did not show any effect on HDL levels (P= 0.087). On the contrary, it led to an increase in the intracellular amount of PGC-1α (P= 0.0001).
Conclusion: The results show that endurance training can be considered as an adjuvant drug by regulating the factors related to metabolic syndrome.