Iranian Journal of

---

Background: The purpose of this study was to investigate the impact of aerobic exercise on the function of local renin-angiotensin system and insulin resistance in the Gastrocnemius muscle of type 2 diabetic mice.
Methods: The number of 18 male C57BL/6 mice were divided into two groups: 1. Mice fed with a standard diet for 12 weeks (control group), 2. Mice fed with a high-fat diet for 12 weeks with streptozotocin injection (diabetes group). Diabetic mice were randomly divided into two groups: 1. Diabetes-Sedentary group, 2. Diabetes-exercise group. The mice of the training group exercised on the treadmill for eight weeks and five days/week with an average speed of 19 m/min and for 45 minutes. 24 hours after the last training session, the mice were sacrificed. The Gastrocnemius muscle tissue was extracted and stored in -80°C freezer to measure the expression level of angiotensin 2, Mass receptor, At1 receptor and glucose transporter 4 (Glut 4).
Results: The results showed that the expression of Mass and Glut4 receptor in diabetes-exercise mice was significantly higher than diabetes-sedentary group. Also, the expression of angiotensin 2, HOMA-IR, and fasting glucose in the muscle of diabetes-exercise mice were significantly lower vs. diabetes-sedentary mice. Also, the expression of At1 receptor in the diabetes-exercise group was insignificantly lower than in the diabetes-sedentary group.
Conclusion: The findings of the present study show the important role of exercise in improving the local renin-angiotensin system in skeletal muscle. Eight weeks of aerobic training can reduce muscular insulin resistance and improve type 2 diabetes by decreasing the expression of angiotensin 2, At1 receptor and increasing the Mass receptor.

---

Background: Oxidative stress and insulin resistance in type 2 diabetes are one of the factors in the development of cognitive disorders and Alzheimer's. So measuring the changes in beta amyloid gene expression and insulin resistance as one of the prominent disorders in type 2 diabetes, following HIIT and thyme’s honey consumption is the aim of the research.
Methods: The present study was conducted with 36 young male Wistar rats, which were divided into 4 groups: control (C), interval training (T), thyme’s honey (H) and interval training-thyme’s honey (TH) was performed. The rats in the T and TH groups were trained for two months with intervals and intensity gradually increasing, and in the H and TH groups, they received 3 g/kg of thyme’s honey. Weight, fasting glucose and insulin were measured through the kit and insulin resistance index was done through the formula and gene expression were evaluated by RT-PCR. The findings were subjected to one-way and two-way ANOVA and Bonferroni's test.
Results: Non-significant (NS) increase in weight, significant increase in insulin and significant decrease in gene expression in all intervention groups compared to C, significant decrease in fasting glucose in T and TH groups compared to C, significant decrease in insulin resistance in T group compared to other groups, NS increase was observed in group H and TH compared to C.
Conclusion: HIIT and thyme’s honey had synergistic effect to reduce glucose and beta-amyloid gene expression as a preventive strategy for the occurrence of pathological features related to Alzheimer's and memory impairment in diabetics.

---

Background: Considering the importance of exercise in the prevention and treatment of diseases related to obesity the objective of this experimental study was to determine the effect of six weeks of intensive interval training on PEPCK expression in liver tissue, glucose and insulin and insulin resistance in obese rats with type 2 diabetes and compared with non-diabetic obese group.
Methods: 28 male Wistar rats aged 10 weeks (220 ± 20 g) were obesed by six weeks of high-fat diet (HFD). Then type 2 diabetes was induced in 14 rats by intraperitoneal injection of STZ (30 mg/kg). Finally, the studied rats were divided into 4 groups (n= 7): 1) control obese, 2) interval obese, 3) control obese diabetic, 4) interval obese diabetic. Interval groups participated in an interval exercise program of five sessions per week for six weeks consists of 10 repetitions of a 40-second run on the treadmill with 2-minute rest (active rest) between repetitions. Finally, 48 hours after the last session, the fasting levels of glucose, insulin, PEPCK expression in liver tissue were measured and compared by two-way ANOVA.
Results: Compared with control groups, interval training in diabetic and obese rats resulted in significant decrease of fasting glucose (P= 0.001). Interval training also led to an increase in serum insulin compared to the diabetic control group (P= 0.006) and a decrease in PEPCK expression compared to the diabetic control group (P= 0.005).
Conclusion: Improved glucose response to interval training in type 2 diabetic rats may be rooted in increase insulin with decrease in hepatic PEPCK expression. Measurement of activity or expression of other liver enzymes is suggested for general conclusion.

---

Background: The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of eight weeks of circuit resistance training and saffron supplement on visfatin serum levels and insulin resistance in overweight men.
Methods: In this semi-experimental study, 40 obese and overweight students were randomly divided into 4 groups: exercise, exercise+supplement, supplement and control (10 people in each group). The exercise groups performed circular resistance exercises for eight weeks and three sessions each week for 90 minutes in the evening. The supplement and exercise+supplement groups used saffron tablets with a dose of 30 mg per day as a supplement. Blood samples were collected in two phases of the pre-test and 48 hours after the last training session. The data were analyzed using covariance and paired t test at a significant level of P≤0.05.
Results: Correlated t results showed a significant decrease in visfatin and insulin resistance in the post-test of the training, training+supplement and supplement groups compared to the pre-test (P<0.05). The results of the analysis of covariance showed that visfatin increased and the insulin resistance index decreased significantly in the exercise, exercise+supplement and supplement groups compared to the control group (P<0.05).
Conclusion: It seems that eight weeks of circuit resistance training and the addition of saffron help on visfatin serum levels and insulin resistance can lead to the reduction of these two variables in overweight men. The saffron plant can play a protective role due to the presence of flavonoids and by stimulating the secretion of Visfatin.

---

Background: Diabetes is a global epidemic and the most common metabolic disorder caused by impaired insulin secretion and glucose metabolism. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of 8 weeks of aerobic training on serum levels of asprosin and insulin resistance index in diabetic rats.
Methods: The statistical population of this research included 40 10-week-old mice with an initial weight of 250 ± 20 grams, which were randomly divided into four groups (10 mice in each group): diabetic-exercise group (DT), diabetic group - Control (DC), healthy-training group (HT) and healthy-control group (HC) were divided. The program of aerobic exercises was performed for 8 weeks (5 sessions per week) in the form of running on a treadmill. Independent t-test and one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) with Tukey's post hoc test were used to compare the groups. All data were analyzed at a significance level of 0.05 using SPSS-25 software.
Results: The results of the present study showed that streptozotocin injection induced diabetes in mice (P= 0.001). Induction of diabetes caused a significant increase in the serum levels of asprosin and insulin resistance in mice (P= 0.048 and P= 0.012, respectively). Eight weeks of aerobic training decreased the serum levels of asprosin and decreased insulin resistance in diabetic rats (P= 0.001 and P= 0.036, respectively).
Conclusion: Induced diabetes causes insulin resistance and increase in serum levels of asprosine, which can be improved by performing aerobic exercises.

---

Background: Adipose tissue fibrosis is involved in glucose metabolism disorder and insulin resistance in obesity, but the effect of exercise on the progression of adipose tissue fibrosis is still unknown.
This study aimed to investigate the effect of high intensity interval training (HIIT) simultaneously with high-fat diet on TGF-β1, MMP-9 and MMP-2 in the subcutaneous adipose tissue of male rats.
Methods: 24 male rats were randomly divided into 4 groups: normal diet (ND), high fat diet (HFD), Normal diet + high intensity interval training (ND+HIIT), high fat diet+ high intensity interval training (HFD+HIIT). The HIIT protocol includes 8 bouts of intense activity at 90% of maximum running capacity (MRC) for 2.5 minutes, with active rest periods at 50% of maximum running capacity for 2.5 minutes for 12 weeks (5 sessions per week). 48 hours after the last training session, blood was taken, and subcutaneous fat was removed. Western blot method was used evaluate the TGF-β1 and ELISA method was used to measure levels of MMP-9, MMP-2, insulin.
Results: Induction of obesity was associated with a significant increase in TGF-β1, MMP-9 and MMP-2 and insulin resistance (P˂ 0.0001). In contrast, high-intensity interval with high fat diet compared to the high fat diet group causes a significant decrease in the amount of TGF-β1, MMP-9, MMP-2, and insulin resistance (P˂ 0.0001).
Conclusion: In conclusion, our data indicate that High-intensity interval training may weaken the progression of adipose tissue fibrosis and have a preventive effect on the increase in glucose metabolism disorders caused by a high-fat diet.

---

Background: Glucose transporter4 (GLUT4) is the main glucose transporter in skeletal muscle. Impaired GLUT4 expression plays a role in the disorders of glycemic homeostasis. The aim of the present study was to investigate the combined effects of aerobic training and vitamin D3 supplementation on Glut4 protein levels and insulin resistance in the soleus muscle of diabetic rats with STZ and high-fat diet.
Methods: In 40 male Wistar rats type 2 diabetes was induced by 6 weeks high-fat diet followed by streptozotocin injection. Then rats were randomly divided into five groups: Healthy control (HC), Diabetic control (DC). Diabetes+Aerobic training (DAT), Diabetes+Vitamin D3 (DVD) and Diabetes+Aerobic training+ Vitamin D3 (DVDAT). The rats underwent eight weeks of aerobic training and vitamin D3 supplementation. 24h after last session of training and, the rats were anesthetized and soleus muscle was isolated for measurement of Glut4 protein concentrations and serum levels of insulin, glucose, vitamin D3 index were measured.
Results: One-way ANOVA showed that GLUT4 protein levels in DC group was significantly lower than HC group (P<0.001), but in DVDAT group was significantly higher than DC group (P<0.04) and DVD group (P<0.005). Also in DAT group was significantly higher than DVD (P<0.018). The HOMA-IR index also in DVDAT, DAT and DVD groups was significantly lower than DC group (P<0.001).
Conclusion: It seems that Eight weeks of aerobic training with vitamin D3 supplementation improves glucose metabolism in diabetic rats via increasing Glut4 protein levels and improving insulin resistance index.

---

Background: Exercise interventions can play an important role in improving metabolic status by regulating hepotokines. The present study aimed to investigate the effect of eight weeks of Jump Rope Interval Training on serum levels of Fetuin-A and insulin resistance in overweight and obese young men.
Methods: In this semi-experimental study, 26 overweight and obese young men (body mass index: 28.24±1.66) were voluntarily and purposefully selected as a statistical sample and randomly divided into two experimental (n= 13) and control (n= 13) groups. The participants of the experimental group performed Jump Rope Interval Training for 8 weeks (four sessions per week/40 minutes each session). At the beginning and end of the study, venous blood samples were collected to measure Fetuin-A and insulin resistance. Data analysis was done using SPSS software version 24 and with dependent and independent t-tests at a significance level of less than 0.05.
Results: After 8 weeks of Jump Rope Interval Training, a significant decrease was observed in serum levels of Fetuin-A, insulin resistance and, body fat percentage (P≤ 0.05). Also, a significant difference was observed between the experimental and control groups in serum levels of Fetuin-A, insulin resistance and, body fat percentage (P≤ 0.05).
Conclusion: According to the results of the present study, it seems that regular jump rope interval training for eight weeks can effectively improve the metabolic complications in overweight and obese young men by reducing the serum levels of hepotokine Fetuin-A.
 

---

Background: Obesity is known to have metabolic complications including insulin resistance (IR) and metabolic disorder. The aim of this study was to compare the effect of two traditional 12-week circular resistance training methods on the levels of branched and aromatic amino acids and insulin resistance of overweight and obese men.
Methods: The current research method is of the clinical trial type, with Thirty-three overweight and obese men with mean and standard deviation of age, weight and body mass index were 17.7±0.13 years, 92±2.45 kg and 30.70±32 1.32 kg / m2, respectively. They were selected and randomly divided into three groups: circular resistance training (n= 11), traditional resistance training (n= 11) and control (n= 11). The training program consisted of two traditional resistance training protocols and 12-week wave circuits that were exactly the same volume; Which was run three times a week. Blood sampling was performed 48 hours before and after the training protocol and after 8 hours of fasting. HPLC was used to measure serum levels of amino acids.
Results: The results of analysis of variance in the groups showed that circuit training more than 2 times compared to traditional training reduces total BCAAs (35.9 vs. 15.5%) and AAAs in serum (19.5 vs. 9%) and equally the level of insulin resistance. (23 and 26.7 percent, respectively) reduced the door in overweight and obese young men.
Conclusion: The results of this study showed that the level of changes in circular resistance training was higher than traditional. Circular resistance training may be able to prevent obesity-related metabolic disorders.

---

Background: Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM) is a chronic metabolic disease characterized by insulin resistance and inadequate insulin secretion by pancreatic beta cells. Insulin resistance is the most important characteristic of T2DM, in which the peripheral tissues, including the liver, skeletal muscles, and adipose tissue, shows a lower response to the presence of insulin and insulin function is impaired. Adipose tissue, in addition to storing fat, synthesizes and secretes several bioactive peptides called adipokine and cytokine, which play an important role in regulating metabolism, inflammation, obesity and diabetes.
Methods: In the present study, searches were conducted in the Persian and Latin databases PubMed, Science Direct, Google Scholar, SID, and Magiran using keywords such as Diabetes, Insulin Resistance, Adipokine, Adiponectin, Leptin, Resistin, TNF-α, IL-6, RBP-4, Chemerin, Vaspin, Visfatin, Omentin, and Aplin to retrieve articles published from 2011 to 2024.
Results: The results indicated that adiponectin levels are reduced in patients with T2DM and insulin resistance. Elevated levels of leptin and retinol-binding protein-4 play a crucial role in the development of insulin resistance and T2DM. According to the evidence, adiponectin, resistin, TNF-α, interleukin-6, vaspin, and visfatin are associated with insulin resistance and T2DM. Contradictory results were found regarding the associations of omentin, apelin, and chemerin with insulin resistance and T2DM.
Conclusion: Adipocytokines may serve as biomarkers for predicting and early diagnosis of insulin resistance and T2DM. 

---

Background: Insulin resistance plays a fundamental role in disorders such as obesity, diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, and metabolic syndrome. Regular physical activity and the use of medicinal plants are important strategies for its reduction and management. Ginger has attracted research attention due to its phytochemical compounds that influence insulin signaling pathways. Despite numerous studies, a bibliometric analysis examining the effects of exercise and ginger supplementation on insulin resistance has not yet been conducted. Therefore, the present study aimed to analyze the trends in Iranian research in this field.
Methods: In a bibliometric review, the keywords “training,” “ginger supplementation,” and “insulin resistance” were searched in the Magiran database. According to the entry criteria, 13 eligible articles were selected and data extracted from them, including writing pattern, collaboration, prolific authors and institutions, selected journals and study trends, and common keywords were extracted from the database of recipients and analyzed using VOSviewer software.
Results: The results indicated that 36 authors had an average of 3.23 ± 0.89 cooperation in writing articles. Fifty-four percent of the articles were published by public university faculty and 46% by independent universities. The most frequent keywords included "ginger", "insulin resistance", "obesity", "diabetes mellitus", "irisin" and "lipid peroxidation".
Conclusion: The results of this bibliometric study showed that exercise with ginger supplement reduced insulin resistance. In particular, 84% of the articles showed the positive effect of combined exercises (resistance and aerobic exercises) along with ginger supplements on the reduction of insulin resistance. Compared to other types of exercise, these exercises have had the greatest effect on improving the glycemic profile and body composition. In addition, high intensity interval training (HIIT) has also shown positive effects on reducing insulin resistance, but is not as effective as combined training. Also, due to the relationship between insulin resistance and various diseases, it is felt to conduct more studies on diverse statistical populations and people suffering from various diseases.

---

Background: Metabolic syndrome in obese children and adolescents raises the risk of cardiovascular disease and type 2 diabetes. Research suggests that exercise training may improve cardiometabolic health in this population. This meta-analysis aims to evaluate the impact of exercise on these risk factors in children and adolescents with metabolic syndrome., and behavioral outcomes in children and promoting awareness, self-care skills, and quality of life in families.
Methods: A systematic search of English and Persian articles was conducted from PubMed, Web of Science, and Scopus databases without time limits until May 2024. In data analysis, a random-effects model was used to calculate the weighted mean difference (WMD), standardized mean difference (SMD) and 95% confidence interval (CI). Also, heterogeneity of studies was assessed with the I² test.
Results: The results of 6 studies involving 1,761 participants demonstrated that exercise training led to significant reductions in body weight [WMD = −6.32 kg, P=0.001], waist circumference [WMD = −9.11 cm, P=0.001], LDL [WMD = −0.52 mmol/L, P=0.001], TC [WMD = −0.65 mmol/L, P=0.001], serum TG [WMD = -0.56 mmol/L, P=0.001)], fasting glucose [WMD = −0.19 mmol/L, P=0.03], fasting insulin [SMD = −1.01, P=0.001], and HOMA-IR [WMD = −1.60, P=0.001] compared to the control group in obese children and adolescents with metabolic syndrome.
Conclusion: Exercise interventions significantly reduce body weight, waist circumference, and blood pressure, while improving lipid profiles, including serum LDL, TC, and TG levels, in obese children and adolescents with metabolic syndrome. However, these interventions exhibited no significant impact on serum HDL concentrations. Consequently, to reduce cardiovascular risk factors and improve metabolic conditions, it is essential to implement long-term exercise interventions.