Iranian Journal of

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Background: Improved in health condition, reduced fertility rates, and increased life expectancy has increased number and proportion of elderly population. This study was reported the health status of older population in North Khorasan province.
Methods: This is a cross-sectional study that enrolled 99 subjects (40 men and 59 women) ≥ 60 years by a multi-levels proportionate cluster random sampling method.
Required information was gathered by means of a demographic questionnaire. Mini Nutritional Assessment (MNA), Geriatric Depression Scale-15 (GDS-15), Katz's basic activity of daily living, and Lawton's instrumental activity of daily living were administered. Measurements of anthropometric and blood pressure were performed based on standard methods
Results: The prevalence of diabetes and hypertension in elderly, were 17.7% and 57.6%, respectively. Depressed mood was observed in 36.4% of the participants 36.4% of the participants and 18.2 percent of them reported that their health condition was bad. In addition, 73.5% of the elderly had complained about any bodily pain. As well as, 22.6% of the participants used opium at least once during the last year.
Conclusion: It seems that the health status of the elderly in North Khorasan province is not suitable in many indicators, such as hypertension, malnutrition, drug abuse and complaints of pain and their health status was worse than the national average of Iran. A special attention requires to the health status of elderly in this province .

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Background: Although several tools for evaluating and screening of cognitive status have been introduced, most of them are not applicable in Iranian elderly population because of cultural differences and high illiteracy rate. This study is report of "Brief Cognitive Assessment Tool"(BCAT) was developed as a cognitive status-evaluating test and reported psychometric characteristics.
Methods: the BCAT tool includes memory assessment using three words recall test with a rating similar to Mini-Cog and the functional status including "ability to dress", "ability to use the phone," " ability to manage own medications", among both two sexes and financial management capabilities in men and ability to prepare food in women. Functional rating is different in educated and non-educated people. Diagnosis of dementia is considered, when memory impairment is accompanied by the dysfunction. Eighty-six residents of a nursing home (41 men and 45 women) among who had inclusion and no had exclusion criteria also consent to participate were randomly enrolled. Concurrent validity was shown as correlation coefficient between the BCAT categorization and score of mini meAntal state examination (MMSE). Criterion validity, sensitivity and specificity of BCAT were evaluated based on global deterioration scale (GDS). Reliability of two raters results within two weeks was indicated by Kappa coefficient.
Results: The sensitivity and specificity and accuracy rate of the BCAT based the GDS was 88.6%, 82.6%, and 84.9%, respectively. The correlation between the MMSE score and results of the BCAT classifying was significant. The Kappa coefficient between the results of two raters was 81.1%.
Conclusion: It seems that the BCAT has good psychometric properties to recognize cognitive impairment among Iranian older adults.

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Background: Osteoarthritis (OA) is the most common joint disorder and the most prevalent cause of joint pain across the spectrum of middle age to elderly. The purpose of this study was to determine the role of subjective norms and perceived behavioral control on self-care among elderly patients with osteoarthritis who are suffering from OA in Yazd city, Iran.
Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted and 87 elderly who attained to health centers subjects through simple sampling methods. The data collection instrument was a questionnaire designed for the study which the first includes demographic variables, of subjective norms and perceived behavioral control Part II, and self-care behaviors categories of items Part III. The questionnaires completed by interview and data were analyzed by SPSS18 software using T-Test, ANOVA, correlation coefficient tests.
Results: The mean score of the subjective norms, perceived behavioral control and self-care were 81.85±11.40 (The top 110 scores), 90.19±6.19 (The top 120 scores) and 44.93±5.84 (The top 60 scores), respectively. The results showed that between subjective norms and perceived behavioral control and self-care with demographic variables except education and perceived behavioral control (P =0.001), the history of disease of self-care (P =0.001) and perceived behavioral control and economic status (P =0.002) were not a significant relationship, Also The results Pearson’s correlation test revealed that there was a significant correlation between self-care behaviors and perceived behavioral control (P =0.008, r=0.297).
Conclusion: As for strong association between behavioral control and self-care that we found in our study and high influence and extension of mass media, it recommends to emphasis on using these methods as educational assistance devices in interventional programs in these medias.

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Background: The aging of the population is a great challenge of the public health in this century. The health promotion of the elderly people requires a comprehensive and accurate understanding of their health status.
Methods: This cross-sectional study has assessed the health status of 191 old people ≥ 60 in Sistan and Balouchestan province that selected by a multi-level cluster random sampling. General health data was collected using SF-36 questionnaire, nutrition status was assessed using Mini Nutritional Assessment (MNA), depression status was detected by the geriatric depression scale-15 (GDS-15), functional status was assessed using the activity daily living (ADL) and instrumental activity daily living (IADL) questionnaires, as well as, the information about demographic, history of diseases, vaccination, participation in social activities, and the utilization of elderly care services were evaluated by an approved questionnaire. History of hypertension was asked from the participants. Moreover the blood pressures of them were twice measured.
Results: The mean age of the participants was 69.81 (8.32) years. The health status was reported excellent and bad by 4.2% and 9.4% of the participants, respectively. The prevalence of fall in recent year, memory disorder, hearing and visual impairment, and malnutrition were 35.3%, 15.6%, 30.3%, 56.6%, and 8.9%, respectively. The prevalence of dependency in "activity of daily living" and "instrumental activity of daily living" were 25.8% and 58.2%, respectively.
Conclusion: It seems that the prevalence of malnutrition, impaired ADL and IADL, and memory impairment in the older population of Sistan and Baluchestan are above the national and global averages.
 

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Background: Elderly people need more receiving health services. Planning to provide services at regional and national levels requires information about the health status of the elderly. This study was performed to assess the health status of East Azarbaijan province.
Methods: In this cross-sectional study, 436 subjects were enrolled (180 men and 258 women) aged ≥ 60 years using multi-level proportioned cluster Random sampling from 19 cities of the province.
Data was collected by a demographic questionnaire , measuring  anthropometric characteristics, and blood pressure and  using "Mini  Nutritional Assessment" ,”Geriatric Depression Scale-15 ", “Katz’s Activity of daily living”,  and "Lawton’s Instrumental activities of daily living”.
Results: The mean age of the participants was 69.31 years.  The self-reported prevalence of diabetes was 34.2%. The prevalence of hypertension in the elderly was 52.5%. The most common complaint of the participants was pain (60.9%). Totally, 46.9% had a difficulty in walking, 44.3% visually impaired, and 26.4% suffered from hearing impairment. Moreover, 44.8% of sleep disorders was found. Also 26% of the participants had depressed mood.
Conclusion: Elderly residents of East Azerbaijan province, has probably a better health status than the average Iranian elderly. However, there is a high prevalence of hypertension and diabetes among older adults of this province that need to more pay attention.

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Background: Diabetes increases risk of incident or exacerbation geriatric syndromes in elderly and effect of different aspects of their life. This study was conducted to evaluate related factors in the quality of life of elderly diabetics.
Methods: This is a descriptive and analytic study that 88 elderly subjects with diabetes diabetic patients selected from 1400 cases in the age range 60-83 years have file in Kashan Diabetes Center in 2006. Samples were enrolled during about 2 months. Quality of life and a demographic questionaire were administered. The quality of life tool contained 41 questions that have been investigated in three dimensions: general (13-52 points), specificity (27-108 points) and overall (40-160 points). The relationship between QOL and other variables were analyzed by SPSS 16 using univariate and multivariate logistic regression models.
Results: Overall, 65.9% of patients were female and 34.1% male. Results has showed that there are significant relationship beetwin tingling, numbness and vision loss with the general quality of life and treatment type, kidney failure, tingling, numbness, and limb numbness with the special quality of life.
Conclusion: Considering the low quality of life in the majority of elderly diabetics and its role in the development of diabetic complications, results express severe need to care of the elderly and reaffirm the role of care in improvement the health level of older adults.
 

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Background: Alborz Province is one of the provinces that accepted immigrants. Immigration has a profound effect on physical and mental health in elderly. This study was performed to assess the health status of Alborz province older population.
Methods: In this cross-sectional study, 235 subjects were enrolled (113 men and 122 women) aged ≥ 60 years using multi-level proportionated cluster random sampling that selected from 19 cities of this province. Data was collected by a demographic questionnaire, measuring anthropometric characteristics, and blood pressure and using "Mini Nutritional Assessment", ”Geriatric Depression Scale-15 ", “Katz’s Activity of daily living”, and "Lawton’s Instrumental activities of daily living”. Data was analyzed with spss21.
Results: The mean age of the participants was 68(6.00) years.  The prevalence of anxiety and depression among the participants was as 51.5% and 34%, respectively. At risk or malnutrition was observed in 27% of the participants and 54.5% had suffered dental problems and 49.8% also had problem in walking.
Conclusion: Overall, the health status of elderly people in the Alborz, perhaps slightly better than the national average, but the high prevalence of metabolic disorders also the high prevalence of depression and anxiety require serious intervention by policy makers to promote the health in elderly.

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Background: Diabetes is one of the most common diseases of the body's endocrine system, Based on present forecasts of its prevalence will increase in human societies. Diabetes mellitus consists of 5 groups, its two major groups: type I diabetes or insulin-dependent and type II diabetes or non-insulin dependent diabetes. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of alcoholic extract of green wheat leaves on glucose, cholesterol, triglycerides, LDL, HDL and total antioxidant capacity of blood serum in alloxan-induced diabetic mice.
Methods: In this study, 40 male mice with an average weight of 25-20 grams in eight groups of five rats: The negative control, positive control (sham), Methformin (60mg/kg), green Wheat leaf extract (100, 200, 400, 800 and 1000mg/kg) were tested. Blood glucose was measured at baseline, then in the positive control group and the experimental groups by Alloxan (120mg/kg) Diabetes was induced by intraperitoneally. During the study, the positive control group and experimental groups received aforementioned compounds for 10 days via intraperitoneally and after 48 hours of each group blood samples were taken through the intraventricular anesthesia and glucose, cholesterol, triglycerides, LDL, HDL and total antioxidant capacity in serum were measured. Quantitative results achieved in this research by one-way ANOVA and Tukey post hoc test between the groups studied Considering the significance level of p <% 5 were analyzed.
Results: The results showed that blood glucose changes in green Wheat leaf extract and metformin groups compared with the positive control group and negative control group was significant at the 5% level and In all under study groups blood glucose levels, Compared with the positive control group decreased and is close to the negative control group also in doses of 100, 200, 800 and 1000 mg/kg Reduced blood glucose is better than methformin group. Methformin and green Wheat leaf extract caused a significant increase at all doses studied in the TAC's Blood. Methformin and green Wheat leaf extract on the amounts of LDL, HDL and cholesterol in diabetic groups had no significant effect and did not have significant difference with other groups. There was no significant effect of different doses of green Wheat leaf extract on the blood triglycerides. However, metformin has a significant impact on triglyceride levels.
Conclusion: The results of the effects of green Wheat leaf extract on glucose and serum antioxidant capacity
It can be noted that these extracts in the treatment of diabetes and reduce its complications can be considered as an option.
 

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Background: The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of 10 weeks of Intensity Interval Training and Supplementation green tea on serum level of irisin and insulin resistance in obese women with type 2 diabetes
Methods: In this semi-experimental study,48 women with type II diabetes (aged 49/55±3/04 years with Weight 76/72±5/78 kg, Height 153/33±5/06 Cm, BMI 31/75±1/41 Kg/m2, selected and grouped randomly into four groups the intensity interval training (n=12), combined (green tea extract along with intensity interval training) (n=12) green tea extract (n=12), and the control group(n=12). Training group performed training programs including 3sessions per week at maximum intensity of 75-85% heart rate and the supplement group consumed 3 tablets of green tea (500 mg) daily for 10 weeks high intensity interval training and the supplement group both underwent intervention. Blood samples were collected before and after the intervention in fasting state. The obtained data was analyzed using of variance (ANOVA) and Tukey post hoc test and paired t-test analysis. The significant level was P<0/05.
Results: The results showed that irisin levels and maximum oxygen consumption in all three groups increased significantly after 10 weeks compared to the control group (P≤0.05) Also, the results indicate a significant increase in irezin in the combined group compared with the green tea group. Serum insulin level, glucose, insulin resistance and weight, body mass index decreased significantly in all three groups compared to control group and green tea group and combination group (P≤0.05).No significant difference was found between the groups in the irisin levels)P>0.05).
Conclusion: Regarding the results of this study, it seems that performing periodic exercises along with supplementation of green tea due to increased irisin and glucose reduction can be helpful in improving insulin resistance in patients with type 2 diabetes. Perhaps the desired results can be achieved by increasing the duration of exercise and supplementation with iyrosin and the maximum oxygen intake.
 
 

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Background: Increased expression of HDAC5 reduces the expression of GLUT4 in slow-twitch fibers, and this mechanism has not been studied in diabetes. Therefore, the purpose of study was to investigate the effect of six weeks endurance training on protein levels of GLUT4 and HDAC5 in soleus muscle in diabetic rats.
Methods: For this purpose, 32 male Wistar rats (weight: 245±9.4 g) were randomly divided into 4 groups: diabetic, diabetic and training, training, and control. At 8 weeks of age, diabetes was induced by streptozotocin. The endurance training was carried out five times per week for 6 weeks. 24 hours after the completion of the protocol, the mice were sacrificed and their soleus muscle was extracted. Then, the protein levels of GLUT4 and HDAC5 were measured using ELISA method. One-way ANOVA was used to analyze the data at a significant level of P<0.05.
Results: Results showed significant differences between control and training (P=0.008), training and diabetic training (P=0.004), and training and diabetic (P=0.0005) groups in GLUT4 levels. But, in HDAC5, results showed that there is not significant differences only between control and training groups (P=0.99), and there are significant differences among other groups (P<0.05). Also, there is a significant inverse relationship between the protein levels of GLUT4 and HDAC5 (P=0.012, r =-0.439).
Conclusion: It seems that six weeks moderate intensity endurance training increases protein levels of GLUT4. But endurance training only can decreases protein levels of HDAC5 in diabetes.

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Background: The aim of this study was to estimate the prevalence of clinical hyperthyroidism at the national and sub-national levels using the claims data.
Methods: National anti-thyroid medications (methimazole and propylthiouracil) sales data in 2014 were extracted from pharmaceutical sales data that were reported by Iran's Food and Drug Administration (FDA). By using prescriptions data of Social Security Insurance Organization (SSIO) and Medical Services Insurance Organization (MSIO) in 2014, age-sex-province proportions of drug consumptions and Defined Daily Dose (DDD) of anti-thyroid medications were calculated. Moreover, by systematic review and meta-analysis of published literatures in hyperthyroidism in Iran, the prescription rate of anti-thyroid medications was calculated. Finally by using the whole data, the prevalence of clinical hyperthyroidism was estimated in each age and sex groups in national and provincial levels.
Results: : The prevalence (95% confidence interval) of clinical hyperthyroidism in Iran in 2014 is 0.32% (0.21-0.51%); 0.44% (0.29-0.68%) in females and 0.2% (0.12-0.33%) in males. Among provinces the least prevalence rate of clinical hyperthyroidism is 0.24% (0.16-0.38%) which belongs to Sistan and Baluchistan, and the highest prevalence rate is 0.38% (0.24-0.6%) which belongs to Gilan.
Conclusion: The prevalence rate that reported by this study is compatible with other surveys which performed in the world and Iran. As a result using claims data is a good source to predict prevalence of chronic diseases that have specific drugs.

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Background: Identifying the risk factors for the health of the elderly and designing interventions to improve the health of the elderly is one of the priorities of the health care system in the world today. This first requires the promotion of scientific knowledge in the field of health problems of the elderly.
Methods: In this review conducted in 1399, all studies with the keyword of aging or age-related diseases such as atherosclerosis, osteoporosis, diabetes, dementia, frailty, cognitive impairment, daily life function, nutritional status with organizational affiliation of the Endocrinology and Metabolism Research center or the Elderly Health Research Center of Tehran University of Medical Sciences were reviewed without time limit in databases, PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus and Google Scalar search engines.
Results: A total of 115 studies were found with these keywords. By examining the sampling, method, data analysis and also the removal of similar data, 63 articles were reviewed.
Conclusion: In this regard, the Elderly Health Research center has conducted several studies to localize tools for assessing the health of the elderly, identifying common diseases of the elderly, the prevalence of diseases and syndromes of the elderly and designing several interventional studies in the form of three large studies Kahrizak elderly study, Bushehr elderly health study and Birjand elderly longitudinal study has been discussed in this review.

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Background: In this study, we investigated the diagnostic power of ultrasound in the diagnosis of malignancy in thyroid nodules in Iranian patients. For this purpose, we examined the relationship between ultrasound findings and pathology findings.
Methods: The present study is a retrospective study. The patients with a diagnosis of thyroid nodules who underwent ultrasound and FNA, were included in this study. To assess the relationship between the results of FNA and the ultrasound characteristics of nodules, we classified the results of FNA into malignant and benign groups and then compared ultrasound characteristics between the two groups. In cases which the FNA results were indeterminate (AUS/FLUS or FN/SFN), the postoperative pathology result was considered (if thyroid surgery was done and the result was available).
Results: In total, 201 nodules were included in this study. The results showed that hypoechogenicity, irregular/ill-defined margin, microcalcification, malignant flow pattern in Doppler sonography and concurrent cervical lymphadenopathy with suspicious features were significantly associated with malignant thyroid nodules. However, other ultrasound findings, such as the size and location of the nodule, presence of a cystic components within the nodule, the presence of a Halo sign, and the presence of a taller-than-wide shape, could not distinguish between benign and malignant nodules. Finally, the results of the present study showed that the accuracy of ultrasound in the diagnosis of malignancy in thyroid nodules is high.
Conclusion: This study suggests that the use of ultrasound can be very effective in diagnosing malignancy in thyroid nodules.

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Background: CTRP3 is known to be an adipose tissue-derived anti-inflammatory hormone that leads to improved insulin resistance. However, the effects of exercise training on this adipokine are poorly understood. Therefore, the aim of the present meta-analysis was to investigate the effect of exercise training on circulating CTRP3 levels in adults with metabolic disorders.
Methods: A comprehensive search was conducted in PubMed and Web of Science databases through October 2022 using the keywords "exercise training" and "CTRP3". The inclusion criteria for the current research included human studies with metabolic disorders, exercise training intervention, and circulating CTRP3 values. Standardized mean difference (SMD) and 95% confidence interval were calculated using random method.
Results: A total of 9 studies including 12 intervention arms and 365 participants with metabolic disorders were included in the meta-analysis. The results of data analysis showed that exercise training led to a significant increase in CTRP3 [0.57, (CI: 1.10 to 0.03) P=0.03]. Also, the results of the I2 test showed that there is a high and significant heterogeneity (I2 =84.59, P=0.001) and the results of the Egger test showed a significant publication bias (P=0.001).
Conclusion: Exercise training with a moderate effect size leads to a significant increase in circulating CTRP3 levels in individual with metabolic and cardiovascular diseases, which may be a mediator of the beneficial effects of exercise training.

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Background: Fetuin-A, as a hepatokine, plays an important role in the regulation of whole-body metabolism, which is increased with chronic diseases. Therefore, the aim of this meta-analysis is to investigate the effect of exercise training on Fetuin-A levels in individuals with metabolic and kidney diseases.
Methods: A systematic search was conducted in PubMed, Web of Science, and Google Scholar databases until November 2022 using the keywords "exercise training" and "Fetuin-A". To determine the effect size, standardized mean difference (SMD) and 95% confidence interval were calculated using CMA2 software. Heterogeneity was evaluated using the I2 test, and publication bias was evaluated by visual interpretation of the funnel plot and Egger's test. The quality of the included studies was evaluated using the PEDRO checklist.
Results: A total of 16 studies including 21 trials arms and 554 subjects with type 2 diabetes, obesity and kidney disease were included in the meta-analysis. Exercise training resulted in a significant decrease in Fetuin-A levels [-0.93 (CI: -1.35 to -0.51) P= 0.001]. There was a high heterogeneity (I2= 89.24, P= 0.001) and also a significant publication bias (P= 0.001). The results of subgroup analysis based on the type of exercise training showed that aerobic training resulted in a significant decrease in Fetuin-A (P= 0.001) while the reduction of this marker with combined training was not significant (P= 0.33).
Conclusion: Exercise training, especially aerobic training, results in a decrease in Fetuin-A levels in metabolic patients, which may be contributed to the beneficial effects of exercise.

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Background: Muscle atrophy is one of the serious complications of type 1 diabetes. Important cellular mechanisms including pathways related to mTOR protein are very important in regulating muscle mass; Therefore, this research was conducted to investigate the effect of high-intensity interval training (HIIT) on the intracellular content of the central protein of mechanical target of rapamycin 1/2 complexes in EDL skeletal muscle of rats with type 1 diabetes.
Methods: In this experimental study, 12 three-month-old male Sprague-Dawley rats with an average weight of 300±20 grams were selected. Type 1 diabetes was induced through intraperitoneal injection of streptozotocin solution (50 mg/kg of body weight). These rats were randomly divided into two groups, diabetic exercise, and diabetic control; The training group performed HIIT for six weeks at an intensity of 85-95% of maximum speed. Data analysis was done through an independent t-test in SPSS software version 28. A significance level of 0.05 was considered.
Results: The intracellular content of total and phosphorylated forms of mTOR protein showed a significant increase after six weeks of HIIT (P=0.0001). Also, the ratio of total to phosphorylated intracellular content of mTOR protein showed a significant increase in the training group compared to the control group (P=0.0001).
Conclusion: HIIT increased the intracellular content of total and phosphorylated forms of mTOR protein, which could possibly lead to protein synthesis and increased muscle hypertrophy.

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Background: Cardiac function in diabetic people is affected through different cellular mechanisms; One of these important cellular pathways is the c-Jun N-terminal kinases (JNKs), whose dysfunction can lead to heart failure; Therefore, the aim of this research is to investigate the effect of moderate intensity interval training on total and phosphorylated content of c-Jun N-terminal kinases protein in heart tissue of type 1 diabetic rats.
Methods: In this experimental study, 12 two-month-old male Sprague Dawley rats with an average weight of 300±20 grams were selected. Type 1 diabetes (blood sugar above 300) was induced to rats through intraperitoneal injection of streptozotocin (with a dose of 50 mg per kilogram of body weight) solution. The rats were randomly divided into two groups, diabetic training and diabetic control; The training group performed MIIT for four weeks at an intensity of 55-75% of maximum speed. Data analysis was done through independent t-test in GraphPad Prism software version 9.5. The significance level of the current research is P≤ 0.05.
Results: The intracellular content of JNK protein after four weeks of MIIT showed a significant decrease in both total (P= 0.01) and phosphorylated (P= 0.0001) forms. On the other hand, the ratio of total to phosphorylated intracellular content of JNK protein did not show a significant change after four weeks of MIIT (P= 0.23).
Conclusion: MIIT led to a decrease in the content of total and phosphorylated forms of JNK protein, which could possibly lead to less cell death in cardiac cells of diabetic subjects.

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Background: Mitophagy is a type of cell death that regulates the quality of mitochondria and can lead to disorders in diseases such as diabetes. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of high-intensity interval training (HIIT) on the content of proteins related to the mitophagy pathway (LC3 and BNIP3L) in muscle tissue soleus of rats with type 2 diabetes.
Methods: In this experimental study, 18 three-month-old male Sprague Dawley rats with an average weight of 270±30 g were selected. Rats were infected with type 2 diabetes by intraperitoneal injection of a streptozotocin and nicotinamide solution. Rats were randomly divided into two groups: diabetic and diabetic. A healthy control group was also included. The training group performed HIIT for eight weeks at an intensity of 85-95% of the maximum speed. Data analysis was performed using a one-way ANOVA test in GraphPad Prism version 9.5 software. A significance level of P≤ 0.05 was considered statistically significant.
Results: The levels of LC3 and BNIP3L proteins significantly increase after eight weeks of HIIT compared to both the diabetic and healthy control groups (P= 0.0001).
Conclusion: It can be concluded that HIIT by increasing the factors related to mitophagy can cause the cleaning of dysfunctional mitochondria in the muscle of diabetic subjects; However, excessive mitophagy can also cause functional defects in regulating the quality of mitochondria.

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Background: The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of two types of interval and continuous training on apolipoprotein M, TNF-α and IL-6 of visceral fat in rats fed a high-fat diet.
Methods: Twenty-four male Wistar rats were randomly divided into four groups including standard diet (ND), high-fat diet (HFD), high-fat diet with moderate intensity continuous exercise (HFD+MICT), high-fat diet with high intensity interval training (HFD+HIIT). The HIIT and MICT groups performed their group specific training for 8 weeks, 5 sessions per week. The HIIT protocol consisted of 6 bouts of 4-minute exercise at 85-90% of the maximum speed, which had a 2-minute active rest, and the MICT protocol performed at 65-70% of the maximum speed. Protein levels of apolipoprotein M, TNF-α and IL-6 in visceral fat were measured using western blot method.
Results: Eight weeks of HFD increased the protein levels of apolipoprotein M, TNF-α, and IL-6 in visceral fat compared to the ND group (P< 0.05). In contrast, both HIIT and MICT protocols led to a significant reduction of visceral fat IL-6 compared to the HFD group (P= 0.001). Also, MICT caused a significant decrease protein levels apolipoprotein M compared to the HFD group (P= 0.04). However, both exercise protocols had no significant effect on TNF-α (P< 0.05). Also, there was no significant difference between training groups (P< 0.05).
Conclusion: Exercise training improves adipose tissue inflammatory markers in high-fat diet-fed rats, and moderate-intensity continuous training may be a more appropriate approach.



 

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Background: Pharmacogenomics (PGx), as a growing field of personalized medicine, aims to optimize the efficacy and safety of medications by studying the association between germline genetic variations and drug responses. The present cross-sectional study aims to evaluate the allele frequency of the NUDT15 genetic variant in the Iranian population to provide insights into personalized treatment decisions in the Iranian population.
Methods: A representative sample set of 1142 unrelated healthy Iranian individuals aged 18 and older genotyped using the Infinium Global Screening Array-24 BeadChip.
Results: We identified a pharmacogenetic variant with minor allele frequency (MAF) ≥1% among the present studied population which may explain the substantial variability in drug response phenotypes among different populations
Conclusion: The results of our study revealed significant genetic variation among Iranian populations that could significantly influence clinical decision-making. This study shows the frequency pattern of the effective variant of NUDT15 in determining the phenotype in Iranian population.