Iranian Journal of

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Background: There are many research have been done so far about the effect of exercise training on diabetic type 2 related risk factors. But in this regard there is no study performed in Iran. So, the aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of endurance exercise training on some diabetic type 2 dependent variables in the form of systematic review and meta-analysis of studies that were performed in Iran.
Methods: In this research PubMed, Embase, Cochran, Scopus, ISI, Google Scholar, Science direct, Sid and Magiran databases were searched for Persian sources. Data analysis were done using STATA software version 12.0.
Results: Generally, 242 articles were founded in primary search, which 24 articles were included in this research. Finally research were evaluated 592 Iranian's peoples which 294 peoples as a control group (96 male and 198 women) and 298 peoples as a training group (97 male and 201 women).The results indicate that there were significant association between endurance exercise and blood glucose levels (P=0.0001,-1.016,-0.656;95%CI), insulin (P=0.0001,-1.042,-0.682;95%CI), insulin resistance (P=0.0001;-0.563,-0.217;95%CI).
Conclusion: Generally, this systematic review and meta-analysis study was demonstrated endurance exercise could be related with decrease diabetes type 2 related risk factors. So, it is recommended that sport and medicine experts use endurance exercise as a non- pharmacological intervention for treatment of diabetes type 2 patients.
 

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Abstract: Pancreatic β-cells function and insulin sensitivity resistance were impaired in type 2 diabetes. Exercise training may improves these impairs, however, this is not well known. The aim of present study was to examine the Effect of 8 weeks aerobic training on pancreatic β-cells function and insulin resistance in female patients with type 2 diabetes.
Methods: Twenty middle-aged women (age, 40 -50 years) with type 2 diabetes participated as the subject. The subjects were randomly assign to control group (n=10) or the training group (n=10). The subjects in the training group performed 30 to 45 min aerobic training on the treadmill with 60- 75% of their maximum heart rate, 3 days a week for 8 weeks. The subjects in the control group were instructed to maintain their normal physical activity throughout the study.
Results: The results indicated that fasting blood sugar, fasting insulin and insulin resistance index decrease in the training group compare to the control group (P<0.05); however, pancreatic β-cells function has no significant change after the intervention (P=0.2).
Conclusion: In summary, it seems that aerobic training utilized in this study improves glucose entry into cells but it had not effective on pancreatic β-cells function.

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Background: Lipid metabolism disorder in muscle plays an important role in creating insulin resistance in skeletal muscle. Perilipin 3 (PLIN3) is one of PLIN proteins in regulation of muscle lipolysis. The purpose of this study was compared two different endurance training intensities on perilipin 3 protein expression in skeletal muscle, serum insulin levels and glucose in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats.
Method: 24 male Wistar rats were randomly divided into three groups. Low and high and high-intensity and control group. Endurance training was applied three times a week for eight weeks. The low-intensity exercise group was trained to the treadmill by running at a speed of 60 percent of vo2max and high-intensity training 85%Vo2max. The expression of the plin2 protein was analyzed by Western blot technique. To determine the significance of differences between the groups, the results were analyzed using one-way ANOVA and Tukey post-hoc test (α= 0.05).
Results: Direct comparison between the groups by ANOVA showed significant differences in perilipin 3 (p=0.0006). Tukey's post hoc test showed that there was a statistical difference between the mean values of the diabetic control group and high-intensity endurance group (P = 0.01). Perilipin 3 not significantly increased in low-intensity exercise compared to the control group (P=0. 67). Also, the comparison between groups showed, there was significant difference between the three groups. The serum levels of glucose and insulin (respectively p=0.001 and p=.001).
Conclusion: The results of the present study showed that the Effects of with high-intensity endurance training increase the expression perilipin 3 in diabetes rats.

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Background: Prevalence of obesity and overweight in women increases the possibility of metabolic syndrome and diabetes. Based on the variety of the effects of different type of exercise and the differences in the upper and lower body muscle volume involved in the exercise, the effects of high intensity interval exercise with arm and leg ergometer on metabolism and insulin resistance might be different. The aim of this study was to compare the effect of upper and lower body interval exercise on carbohydrate metabolism and insulin resistance in obese women.
Methods: Twelve obese and overweight women (body mass index, 31.1±5.5 kg/m²) performed two interval exercise trials of 30-min on arm and leg ergometer with one week intervening. Interval exercise included 5 sets of 6 min in which 2- min activity at 85% VO_2max and 4 min active rest at 45% VO_2max was performed. Two blood samples were taken before and immediately after exercise for measuring glucose and insulin. VO₂ and VCO_2m were collected during exercise and used to calculate the amount of carbohydrate oxidation.
Result: Although interval exercise reduced the insulin concentration, responses of insulin to upper and lower body exercises were not significantly different (P>0.05). Glucose level reduced following interval exercise, and this reduction was significantly (P<0.05) higher following lower body interval exercise than upper body exercise. Similarly the reductions in HOMA-IR were significantly (P<0.05) higher following lower body interval exercise than upper body exercise. Interval exercise resulted in increases in oxidation of carbohydrate, though; responses to upper and lower exercises were not significantly different.
Conclusion: It could be concluded that interval exercise in obese women leads to changes in carbohydrate metabolism and insulin resistance, and that the changes in insulin resistance are related to type of exercise (upper and lower body), though carbohydrate oxidation is not.
 

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Background: The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of 10 weeks of Intensity Interval Training and Supplementation green tea on serum level of irisin and insulin resistance in obese women with type 2 diabetes
Methods: In this semi-experimental study,48 women with type II diabetes (aged 49/55±3/04 years with Weight 76/72±5/78 kg, Height 153/33±5/06 Cm, BMI 31/75±1/41 Kg/m2, selected and grouped randomly into four groups the intensity interval training (n=12), combined (green tea extract along with intensity interval training) (n=12) green tea extract (n=12), and the control group(n=12). Training group performed training programs including 3sessions per week at maximum intensity of 75-85% heart rate and the supplement group consumed 3 tablets of green tea (500 mg) daily for 10 weeks high intensity interval training and the supplement group both underwent intervention. Blood samples were collected before and after the intervention in fasting state. The obtained data was analyzed using of variance (ANOVA) and Tukey post hoc test and paired t-test analysis. The significant level was P<0/05.
Results: The results showed that irisin levels and maximum oxygen consumption in all three groups increased significantly after 10 weeks compared to the control group (P≤0.05) Also, the results indicate a significant increase in irezin in the combined group compared with the green tea group. Serum insulin level, glucose, insulin resistance and weight, body mass index decreased significantly in all three groups compared to control group and green tea group and combination group (P≤0.05).No significant difference was found between the groups in the irisin levels)P>0.05).
Conclusion: Regarding the results of this study, it seems that performing periodic exercises along with supplementation of green tea due to increased irisin and glucose reduction can be helpful in improving insulin resistance in patients with type 2 diabetes. Perhaps the desired results can be achieved by increasing the duration of exercise and supplementation with iyrosin and the maximum oxygen intake.
 
 

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Background: The relationship between adipokines, insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes has been well documented. However, the effect of exercise training modalities on some of the new adipokines and their association with insulin resistance is not clear. The purpose of this study was to compare the effect of endurance and progressive resistance training on serum adiponectin, vaspin and insulin resistance in overweight and obese men.
Methods: 33 overweight men (mean BMI= 27.3 kg/m2) were randomly divided into 3 groups of n=11, including; 1- continues training, 2- progressive resistance training and 3-control. The training protocols was lasted to eight weeks, three days a week in continues and progressive resistance training groups. Before the beginning of the training and 72 hours after the last training session, blood samples were collected for measuring serum adiponectin, vaspin, glucose and insulin.
Results: There was a significant decrease in insulin levels and a significant increase in serum adiponectin and vaspin in both groups of continuous and progressive resistance training (P<0.05). After the training, there was a significant difference between the groups in the concentration of adiponectin (P= 0.001) and vaspin (P= 0.021). However, there was no significant difference between continuous and progressive resistance training groups in any of the variables.
Conclusion: It seems that progressive resistance training like the endurance training, improves anti-inflammatory indices and insulin resistance of overweight and obese men.

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Background: Zinc-Alpha 2-Glycoprotein (ZAG) has recently been implicated in the regulation of adipose tissue metabolism due to its negative association with obesity and insulin resistance. The purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of eight weeks HIIT on level of ZAG in plasma and adipose tissue in type 2 diabetic male rats.
Methods: Twenty one male rats were divided into the three groups of sham control (healthy), control (diabetic), and interval training (diabetic with training). The training group received 8 weeks of training sessions each with 5-12 repetitions of high intensity training for 15-30 seconds at the speed of 27-34 meters per second on a treadmill followed by one minute of active rest. Twenty four hours after the training session blood and body fat samples were taken to measure ZAG levels. The data was analyzed using one-way ANOVA and Tukey’s post hock test at the significance level of 0.05 (P<0.05).
Results: There were significant differences between the sham control and the control with respect to ZAG contents in adipose tissue, which was lower in the diabetic control group (P<0.001). Moreover, significant differences in ZAG contents of adipose tissue were also observed between the sham control and the group receiving the training, with the sham control having higher ZAG contents in adipose tissue (P<0.005). The eight-week HIIT significantly increased the amount of secreted ZAG in adipose tissue compared to the control diabetic group (P=0.003). No significant differences were recorded between the groups in ZAG plasma levels.
Conclusion: The HIIT increased ZAG content in the adipose tissue of the male diabetic rats. This can reduce insulin resistance in type 2 diabetes.

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Background: Adiponectin and resin; Adipocytokine relateted with insulin resistance. The purpose of this study was to the Effect of eight-week high intensity interval training and resveratrol intake on Serum Adiponectin and resistin in type 2 diabetic rats.
Methods: During this experiment 32 diabetic rats with High-Dieting Diet Sprague Dowley race with an average weight of 250 ±10 grams and an average age of 10 weeks, were randomly divided into four groups, including the “control group”, the “supplement group”, the “training group” and the “training and supplement group”. For up to 8 weeks, the “practice” groups participated in 5 training sessions weekly; session was 18 minutes under the influence of High-Intensity Interval training with an intensity of 90 to %100 VO2max. moreover, the supplement groups were given 10 milligram daily doses of resveratrol intake solution per kilogram of body weight Gavage was given for 8 weeks and three times a week. The outcome data was analyzed using one-way analysis of variance and significance level of (P≤0.05).
Results: The results showed that eight weeks of exercise and resveratrol consumption increased on serum adiponectin, but did not have a statistically significant effect (P = 0.62). However, serum resistin decreased and significantly affected the training group (P = 0.001). Also, the mean values of fasting glucose, insulin and insulin resistance index decreased significantly in experimental groups (P = 0.001).
Conclusion: It seems high intensity interval training with resveratrol intake can lead to glucose control in type II diabetes by changing its insulin resistance factors.
 
 

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Background: Fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) plays an important role in regulation of energy metabolism and insulin resistance; however, the synergistic effects of high intensity interval training (HIIT) on FGF21 and insulin resistance are not elucidated which was focused in this study.
Methods: This experimental research was conducted by pretest- posttest design with control group. In this study, 24 obese men were assigned into two groups including
HIIT (n=12, age: 39.83 ± 5.63 years, weight: 100.83 ± 5.81 kg and body mass index: 32.73 ± 2.8 kg/m2) and Control (n=12, age: 39.41 ± 5.23 years, weight: 100.08 ± 4.71 kg, and body mass index: 32.34 ± 1.43 kg/m2). The HIIT group experienced eight weeks of intensive exercises (three sessions per week, four bouts in each session at the intensity of 85-90% of maximum heart rate (MHR) with 3-minute active rest intervals (at 60-50% of MHR) between exercise bouts. Blood samples were collected at baseline and also 48 hours following to the last training session. The data were compared using paired and independent samples t tests.
Results: HIIT resulted in a contemporary reduction of plasma glucose and serum insulin and FGF21 and also improved HOMA index (P˂0/05).
Conclusion: High intensity interval training plays an effective role in improvement of insulin resistance and reduction of serum FGF21 in obese subjects, which may be due to an improved FGF21 resistance.

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Background: Adropin is a peptide hormone playing a role in energy homeostasis and prevention of obesity. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of aerobic exercise with low intensity on serum adropin levels and insulin resistance index (HOMA-IR) in obese sedentary adolescent boys.
Methods: This study was carried out in a quasi-experimental design. 26 obese adolescent boys were recruited (Mean ± SD: 13.4±0.81 yr; weight: 85.44±8.51kg) and were randomly assigned into two groups: aerobic exercise and control group. The training group performed running with intensity of 50-65% of maximal heart rate, three times a week for 10 weeks. Before and after intervention, blood sampling for measurement of serum adropin, fasting insulin and glucose was carried out. Data were analyzed by paired t-test and independent t-test at significant levels of P≤0.05.
Results: Weight (P=0.001) and body fat percent (P=0.017) showed significant reduction in aerobic group in posttest compared to pretest and control group. Serum adropin levels were increased significantly in aerobic exercise group compared to pretest and control group (P=0.0001). Significant correlation was seen between changes of adropin with changes of weight, body fat percent and HOMA-IR (P≤0.05).
Conclusion: According to the relationship between adropin with body composition and insulin resistance and also, its influence from aerobic exercise, adropin may play a special role in weight and obesity management.

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Background: The purpose of this study was to compare the effect of eight weeks of resistance training with and without the use of aqueous extracts of barberry and saffron on serum levels of RBP4, glucose, insulin and insulin resistance in obese mice.
Methods: In this study, 80 mice with a mean weight of 41± 2 g were exposed to high fat diet for 10 weeks. Then, they were randomly assigned to 8 resistance training groups (10 n), resistance and saffron (10 n), saffron (10= n ), Resistance and barberry (n =10), barberry (n =10), saffron and barberry (10n =), resistance training with extract of saffron and barberry (10n =) and control group (n = 10). The resistance training program included raising the mice from the ladder with weight (three sets and 5 repetitions each) three times a week for 8 weeks. The consumption of saffron and barberry extracts was done at 0.08 for total weight of mice for 8 weeks. After 14 hours of fasting, the initial blood sample was taken at 5 ml of the left ventricle of the rats and RBP4, glucose, insulin and insulin resistance levels were measured. One-way analysis of variance was used to compare the data between groups. All calculations were considered at P≤0.05
Results: The results showed that there was a significant difference in the levels of RBP4 (P = 0.002), glucose (P = 0.03), insulin (P = 0.02), and insulin resistance (P= 0.004) There are different research groups.
Follow-up test results showed that RBP4 levels decreased in the resistance training group compared to the barberry and control groups. In saffron group, resistance to barberry and control group decreased. The saffron group also decreased compared to the saffron and barberry training groups.
Conclusion: The findings of this study emphasize the effect of resistance training, the use of saffron extract and barberry extract on reducing the metabolic effects of obesity by reducing RBP4 and reducing glucose, insulin and insulin resistance.

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Background: The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of high fat diet-induced obesity and interval and continuous exercise training on visceral fat SIRT1 and insulin resistance in male rats. 
Method: Forty male rats were divided into two groups: high-fat diet (HFD; n=32) and standard diet (C; n=8). After 10 weeks inducing obesity, eight rats from the HFD and C groups were sacrificed, and rest of obese rats were randomly divided into three groups: obesity control (OC), moderate intensity continuous training (MICT) and high intensity interval training (HIIT). The HIIT and MICT protocols were performed for 12 weeks and 5 sessions per week. Visceral fat samples were collected to measure protein levels of SIRT1 by western.
Results: Induction of obesity was associated with a significant decrease in visceral fat SIRT1 and an increase in insulin resistance (P˂0.05). In contrast, both HIIT and MICT significantly increased visceral fat SIRT1 protein levels (P˂0.05), whereas HIIT effects were significantly higher (P˂0.05). Also, both HIIT and MICT protocols improved insulin resistance (P˂0.05).
Conclusion: Exercise training is likely to play an important role in regulation of visceral fat SIRT1 and because of that may be effective in improving insulin resistance. The increase in SIRT1 also appears to be dependent on the intensity of exercise training.

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Background: The prevalence of type 2 diabetes is rapidly increasing in the world. As a result of this disease, long-term insulin resistance develops, as a result of which pancreatic beta cells are destroyed and disappear, as a result insulin is not released. Recently, a protein called lipasin, which is responsible for signaling the liver to beta cells, has been discovered, and previous reports have shown that lipasin/betatrophin increases pancreatic β cell proliferation. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the effect of eight weeks of high intensity interval training (HIIT) and endurance training on lipasin gene expression in rats with type 2 diabetes.
Methods: The study was performed on 25 Wistar rats with a mean weight of 160±10 g and age of 8 weeks. After induction of diabetes, the rats were randomly divided into three groups of 6: control and endurance and HIIT. And exercise was performed for eight weeks (5 sessions per week). QRT-PCR technique was used to evaluate changes in hepatic lipasin gene expression.
Results: The present study showed that after eight weeks of endurance training and HIIT, the expression of lipasin gene in the liver of rats in the training group increased significantly compared to the control group (P = 0.037); Also, a significant negative correlation was observed between lipasin gene expression and insulin resistance index in the exercise group compared to the control group (r = -0.605, P = 0.037).
Conclusion: It seems that performing eight weeks of endurance training and HIIT, by increasing the expression of lipasin gene can increase beta cells in diabetic patients and may be an effective non-pharmacological intervention to reduce the symptoms of this disease.
 

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Background: It has been shown that C1q TNF-related protein 5 (CTRP5) is a novel adipokine and important molecule related to metabolism regulation. This study aims to assess the effectiveness of different training protocols on improving serum levels of CTRP5, fasting blood glucose, insulin, Insulin resistance in patients with T2DM.
Methods: Sixty men with T2DM (mean age [X̅±SD]=51.45±4.26 years) were randomly assigned to combined  exercise group (CEx: n = 15), aerobic  exercise group (AEx: n = 15), resistance  exercise group (REx: n = 15), or the control group (CON: n= 15). Exercise programs consisted of aerobic exercises at either AEx (50% - 75% of HRR) or REx (70% - 85% of 1-RM), of equal volume, 3 times per week, 45 to 60 minutes per session for 12 weeks. Serum levels of CTRP5, fasting blood glucose (FBG), insulin, Insulin resistance (IR) and body mass index (BMI) were measured at baseline and at the end of the study. The data were analyzed using repeated-measures analysis of variance.
Results: After 12 weeks intervention, FBG, insulin, HOMA-IR and BMI levels decreased significantly, whereas the serum CTRP5 levels increased in the CEx, AEx and Rex groups compared to control (P < .05).
Conclusion: It appears that the increased levels of CTRP5 following exercise interventions contribute to the decreased risk of T2DM.

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Background: Diabetes type 2 is a metabolic disorder that it caused by insulin resistance. The aim of this research was to study the effect of eight weeks of aerobic exercise with ginger supplement on FGF21, Irisin and insulin resistance in women with type 2 diabetes.
Methods: In a quasi-experimental study with pretest posttest design, 24 women with type 2 diabetes were selected available and purposely as sample. The subjects divided randomly into two groups of control (placebo and exercise) and experimental (supplement and exercise). The experimental group take part in an exercise with moderate intensity 65-70 percent of target heart rate and three session per week. Ginger supplementation was performed at the same time for training with daily consumption of 1 g of ginger extract (250 g capsules) and four servings daily. The control group (placebo) also used similar capsules containing roasted flour. To evaluate serum levels of variables, blood sampling was taken from all subjects 24 hr before and after exercise and supplement intervention at 10hr fasting state.
Results: Data were analyzed by using covariance test (p<0.05). The results showed that eight weeks of aerobic training and ginger supplementation lead to increase in Irisin levels (p=0.0001), FGF21 (p=0.0001) and decrease in insulin resistance index (p=0.0001).
Conclusion: Results indicated that using aerobic exercise and ginger supplement versus aerobic exercise could have positive effects on regulatory factors of energy in people with type 2 diabetes.

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Background: Fat mass and obesity-associated gene (FTO) is directly associated with increased risk of obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of 12 weeks of high intensity interval training (HIIT) on FTO expression of subcutaneous fat tissue in T2DM rats.
Methods: In this experimental study, twelve males Wistar rats (220±10 g) with T2DM induced by streptozotocin-nicotinamide injection were randomly divided into exercise (n=6) and control (n=6) groups. The training group performed the HIIT protocol on a treadmill for 12 weeks and 5 days per week. FTO expression in subcutaneous fatty tissue, blood glucose level, insulin and insulin resistance were measured 48 hours after the last training session. Data were analyzed by independent T test at P< 0.05.
Results: Blood glucose level, insulin resistance and FTO expression in fat tissue decreased significantly in training groups compared to control group after the exercise intervention (P˂0.05). Serum insulin increased significantly in training groups compared to control group (P˂0.05).
Conclusion: It seems that HIIT can decrease glucose, insulin resistance and FTO expression of fat tissue of T2DM rats. Improved glycemic control in diabetic rats might be attributed to reduced FTO expression in response to HIIT.

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Background: Irisin is a myokine that is released from FNDC5 membrane protein and has positive effects on carbohydrate metabolism. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of 8 weeks of aerobic exercise on irisin levels and insulin resistance in middle-aged women with type 2 diabetes.
Methods In this quasi-experimental study, 24 women with type 2 diabetes were purposefully selected and randomly divided into two groups of aerobic exercise (n = 12) and control (n = 12). The training group performed aerobic exercises for 8 minutes (3 sessions per week) for 50 minutes with an intensity of 45-85% of the maximum heart rate on the treadmill. The control group did not engage in any physical activity during exercise. Blood samples were collected 24 hours before and 48 hours after the last training session and the serum was used to measure the levels of irzin, insulin resistance index (HOMA-IR), fasting glucose and insulin. Correlated t-test and independent t-test were used to examine intra-group changes and differences between groups. Data analysis was performed using SPSS software (version 22) at a significant level (P≥0.05).
Results: Intragroup changes showed that 8 weeks of aerobic exercise increased serum levels of irizin (P = 0.000), significantly decreased insulin resistance index (HOMA-IR) (P = 0.000), fasting glucose and insulin ratio (P = 0.001) ratio He became diabetic in the control group. Also, in comparison between groups, aerobic exercise caused a significant increase in levels of irizin (P = 0.001) and a decrease in insulin resistance index (HOMA-IR), fasting glucose (P = 0.001) and insulin (P = 0.001) compared to the control group. He became diabetic.
Conclusion: Aerobic exercise, through its beneficial effect on increasing irisin levels and decreasing insulin resistance index, is an effective factor in improving glucose metabolism in type 2 diabetic patients.

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Background: Adrenomodoline (ADM) is a multifunctional peptide involved in a wide range of physiological processes and cardiovascular function. The purpose of the present study was to compare the effect of physical activity on ADM and nitric oxide (NO) levels and insulin resistance in athletes and non-athletes.
Material and
Methods: 12 athletes and 11 non-athletes participated in this quasi-experimental study. Study participants were selected by convenience sampling.  Both groups performed the Bruce protocol. Blood samples were collected before and after the training session to study the variables. Data were analyzed using one-way analysis of covariance, paired t-test, independent t-test and Pearson correlation.
Results: The results showed that after one session of submaximal exercise activity, HOMA-IR index decreased in non-athlete group (P = 0.034) and NO values increased in both athlete and non-athlete groups (P = 0.001, P = 0.002) and this increase was greater in the athlete group. Also, serum ADM levels were increased in the non-athlete group (P = 0.001) after the training session.
Conclusion: The single session of physical activity with increasing ADM and NO levels, can lead to better vasodilation and improved endothelial function as well as improved insulin resistance in inactive individuals. Since in athletes, only NO levels increased after the end of the activity, it seems that PA has a greater effect on improving the endothelial function of inactive people.

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Background: The release of adipokines from adipose tissue depots plays a key role in regulating metabolic homeostasis and several other physiological processes, including diabetes, obesity, and vascular diseases. This study investigated the effect of eight weeks of high intensity interval training (HIIT) on asprosin, lipid profile and insulin resistance in type 2 diabetic male rats.
Methods: 24 male Sprague Dawley rats were randomly divided into four equal groups: control (C), control traning (C+T), diabet (D) and diabet traning (D+T). Diabetes was induced by the combined method of high fat diet and low dose strepotozocin injection. The traning group performed the HIIT program on the treadmill for eight weeks. Data were analyzed using one-way ANOVA and bonferroni post hoc test at a significance level of P<0.05.
Results: The results showed increased plasma asprosin in D group compared to C (P=0.0001) and decreased in C+T group compared to C (P=0.03) and D+T group compared to D (P=0.04). There was no significant difference in HOMA-IR between the C and C+T group (P=0.9) but decreased in D+T compared to D (P=0.0001). HDL increased in D+T group compared to the D (P=0.0001) and decreased TG and LDL (P=0.001). There was no significant difference between TG and LDL in the C group compared to the C+T, but HDL increased in C+T (P=0.01).
Conclusion: Plasma asprosin increases in rats with type 2 diabetes and HIIT can reduce the complications of diabetes by improved lipid profile and reduce asprosin and insulin resistance.

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Background: Type 2 diabetes is a metabolic disease and the most common endocrine disorder. Visfatin is a cytokine with insulin-mimetic effects which is associated with diabetes. The rs61330082 polymorphism is located in the promoter region of visfatin gene and regulates visfatin gene expression. The aim of this study is to investigate the association of rs61330082 polymorphism of the visfatin gene with biochemical and anthropometric variables, visfatin level, diabetes and insulin resistance.
Methods: This case‑control study was performed on 80 patients with type 2 diabetes and 80 controls (persons without diabetes). Biochemical and anthropometric parameters were determined using standard methods. Insulin and visfatin levels were measured by ELISA method. Genotype was determined by polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism method. The data was analyzed with SPSS software.
Results: LDL-C level in healthy people and fasting blood sugar level in patients showed a significant difference in carriers of rs61330082 polymorphism genotypes. No associations was found between visfatin level and single nucleotide polymorphism rs61330082 in the current study. Regression analysis showed that genotypes of rs61330082 polymorphism are not significantly associated with type 2 diabetes and insulin resistance.
Conclusion: The rs61330082 polymorphism is associated with LDL-C in healthy subjects and FBS in patients with T2D. Visfatin rs61330082 polymorphism is not associated with visfatin level and type 2 diabetes and insulin resistance.