Iranian Journal of

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Background: Overweight is one of the most worldwide health problems particularly in industrial and developed communities. Obese subjects are at high risk for developing various disorders such as diabetes and especially cardiovascular diseases. It has been well established that life style modification plays an important role in reducing these complications, particularly weight reduction and caloric restriction (CR) as a non- pharmacological approach. In the present study the possible effects of caloric restriction on Nitric Oxide production and blood pressures in rat were investigated.
Methods: Four groups of rats were selected as control(C), caloric restriction (CR), diabetic (D), and caloric restriction diabetic (CRD). Control animals fed freely with standard pellet but caloric restricted animals fed an every other day diet for 4 weeks. The systolic blood pressure (SBP) was measured in all groups using the tail-cuff method under the light general anesthesia induced by ether. Nitric oxide (NO x) concentrations were determined in serum using a colorimetric non- enzymatic NO assay kit .
Results: In CR experimental groups (CR&CRD) SBP was significantly decreased as compared to control: (P<0.001) and diabetic (P<0.01) rats , while the serum NO x was significantly increased (P<0.01) in both groups as compared to control and diabetic rats.
Conclusion: On the basis of obtained results, it could be concluded that caloric restriction may reduce blood pressure and increase nitric oxide in diabetic and non-diabetic rats. Increase nitric oxide is the likely mechanism for decreasing blood pressure .

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Background: Inflammation plays an essential role in the insulin resistance process, and chemokines, such as chemerin, seem to play a pivotal role in the pathogenesis of insulin resistance. The aim of this study was to compare the effects of aerobic exercise and caloric restriction on chemerin levels and insulin resistance index in women with type 2 diabetes.
Methods: In a quasi-experimental study, 30 type 2 diabetes women were recruited (Mean age: 49.3±5.4 yr; weight: 78.8±7.3kg). Subjects randomly were divided into three groups: caloric restriction (experimental group 1 or CR), aerobic exercise with caloric restriction (experimental group 2 or EX+CR) and control group. In CR group, subjects follow a diet with 25% caloric restriction for 12 weeks. Subjects in CR+EX group used a training program including aerobic exercise and running on treadmill and diet with 50% caloric restriction of CR group (12.5% caloric restriction+12.5% increase in energy expenditure). Before and after 12 weeks, blood sampling for measurement of chemerin, IL-6, glucose and insulin was carried out. Data were analyzed by paired sample t-test and one way ANOVA at significant level of p<0.05.
Results: Results showed that body mass index (BMI), waist to hip ratio (WHR), insulin resistance index (HOMA-IR) and interleukin6 decreased significantly in experimental groups. chemerin levels were increased significantly in CR (P=0.001) and EX+CR groups (P=0.001). Significant correlation were seen between changes of chemerin with changes of BMI, WHR, HOMA-IR and interleukin6 (P<0.05).
Conclusion: According to the relationship between chemerin and insulin resistance and also, its effectiveness of aerobic exercise and caloric restriction, decreased levels of chemerin may play a special role in reduction of insulin resistance.

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Background: Inflammation plays an important role in the incidence and development of metabolic disorders and exercises along with dietary restrictions for weight loss. It has beneficial effects on reducing inflammatory markers, especially in type 2 diabetes. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of combined exercise (resistance-aerobic) with and without diet restriction on weight loss on some inflammatory markers (CRP, TNF-α and ICAM-1) in elderly men with type 2 diabetes.
Methods: 42 elderly men with type 2 diabetes (age: 67.6 ± 2.2, weight: 85.2 ± 7.4, BMI: 28.2 ± 0.2) after homogenization based on serum levels Glucose and mass index were randomly assigned to one of 3 groups: Combined exercise (15), combined exercise with weight loss diet (14), and weight loss diet alone (n = 13). The combined exercise program included aerobic training with 50-70 percent of reserved heartrate and resistance training included chest press, cable pull-down, machine leg extention and machine lying leg curl on 3 sessions per week for 12 weeks.

Results: After 12 weeks of intervention, there was a significant decrease in serum inflammatory markers levels (CRP, ICAM-1 and TNF-α) in the post-test compared to the pre-test in all three groups (P<0.001). However, bonferroni post-hoc analysis showed that combined exercise with diet compared to combined exercise and dietary restriction alone had more effects on reducing CRP, ICAM-1 and TNF-α (P<0.001). In addition, reduction of ICAM-1 (P<0.001) and TNF-α (P<0.001) after combined exercise compared to dietary restriction and CRP reduction after dietary restriction than combined exercise was significantly higher (P<0.001).

Conclusion: It suggested that in elderly type 2 diabetic patients, caloric restriction-induced weight loss with combine exercise is more appropriate for modulating of endothelial biomarkers and Inflammation dysfunctional levels than resisted exercise training or aerobic training alone.