Iranian Journal of

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Background: Type 1A Diabetes Mellitus (T1DM) is a chronic and progressive auto- immune disorder resulting from immune mediated destruction of Langerhans islet beta cells. The etiology of T1DM like the other autoimmune diseases is unknown and many factors are involved, Both humoral and cell-mediated immunity have a critical role in T1DM pathogenesis. The cytokines, the immunomodulatory peptides, are responsible for the immune cell recruitment and producing auto-antibodies by the immune effector cells. To evaluate the role of cytokines in sensitivity or resistance to T1DM, we have employed IFN gamma to determine their gene polymorphisms and their association with T1DM.
Methods: 30 patient suffering from T1DM and 40 normal control were studied simultaneously .PCR technique was used to characterize the polymorphisms of cytokine. Salting out method was performed for DNA isolation .The polymorphosime of IFN gamma gene was determined on position UTR+5664`5.The PCR products were evaluated by Gel Electerophoresis Technique.
Results: There was a significant difference between patient and control group in TT allele IFN gamma gene: p<0.05, RR: 0.39(0.22

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Background: Obesity is an escalating public health problem. It is a major risk factor for atherosclerosis, hypertension, and type 2 diabetes. Since circulating levels of the adipocytokins are associated with obesity and dyslipidemia, we investigated the relationship of plasma adipocytokine concentrations with VLDL apolipoprotein B (apoB)-100 kinetics in men.
Methods: Plasma adiponectin, leptin, resistin, interleukin-6 (IL-6), and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) concentrations were measured using enzyme immunoassays and insulin resistance by homeostasis model assessment (HOMA) score in 41 men with BMI of 22–35 kg/m2. VLDL apoB kinetics were determined using an intravenous infusion of 1-[13C]leucine, gas chromatography–mass spectrometry, and compartmental modeling. Visceral and subcutaneous adipose tissue mass (ATM) were determined using magnetic resonance imaging, and total ATM was measured by bioelectrical impedance.
Results: In univariate regression, plasma adiponectin and leptin concentrations were inversely and directly associated, respectively, with plasma triglyceride and HOMA score. Conversely, adiponectin and leptin were directly and inversely correlated, respectively, with VLDL apoB catabolism and HDL cholesterol concentration (P < 0.05). Resistin, IL-6, and TNF-α were not significantly associated with any of these variables. In multivariate regression, adiponectin was the most significant predictor of VLDL apoB catabolism (P= 0.001) and, together with visceral ATM, was an independent predictor of plasma VLDL apoB concentration (P = 0.015) HOMA score was the most significant predictor of VLDL apoB hepatic secretion (P= 0.049). Leptin was not an independent predictor of VLDL apoB kinetics.
Conclusion: Plasma VLDL apoB kinetics may be differentially controlled by adiponectin and insulin resistance, with adiponectin regulating catabolism and insulin resistance regulating hepatic secretion in men. But leptin, resistin, IL-6, and TNF-α do not have a significant effect in regulating apoB kinetics.

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Background: Recently the role of apelin in inflammation has been known. However, the effect of exercise training-induced cytokine apelin in diabetes status hasn’t been investigated. The purpose of this study was to determine the atni-inflammation effect of 8-week aerobic training on apelin plasma concentration in diabetic male rats.
Methods: Twenty eight diabetic male Wistar rats were randomly divided into 3 groups: Non-diabetic (n=9), control diabetic (n=9) and trained diabetic (n=10). Type 2 diabetes was induced by intraperitoneal injection of nicotinamide (95 mg/kg body weight) and streptozotocin (60 mg/kg body weight). The training group ran 8-week on treadmill progressively for 45 min at a speed of 24 m/min and a 5% grade. After the training, plasma concentrations of glucose, insulin, TNF-α and apelin were measured and HOMA-IR was calculated. One-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Pearson’s correlation was used for analyzing data. P<0.05 was considered to be statistically significant.
Results: Results showed a significant decrease in plasma concentrations of glucose, insulin and  TNF-α  and HOMA-IR in trained diabetic vs control diabetic group, a significant increase in plasma concentration of apelin in trained diabetic group vs non-diabetic and control diabetic group and a significant negative correlation between plasma concentrations of apelin and TNF-α in trained diabetic group.
Conclusion: It appears that 8-week aerobic training by improvement of insulin sensitivity and decrease of inflammation can increase plasma concentration of apelin in diabetic male rats.
 

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Background: Under hyperglycemic conditions, inflammatory processes with damage to the peripheral nerves are involved in the occurrence of neuropathy. This study aimed to compare the anti-inflammatory effects of metformin (synthetic drug) with gallic acid (natural compound) in hyperglycemic conditions.
Methods: Hyperglycemia was induced in male rats by the intraperitoneal injection of Streptozotocin (STZ) at a dose of 60 mg/Kg. For this research, rats were divided into four groups. Two groups were healthy control and hyperglycemic control rats that did not receive any drugs. The other two groups were hyperglycemic rats, which respectively received Metformin at a dose of 300 mg/kg/day and gallic acid at a dose of 40 mg/kg/day. At the end of the 8-week period, the rats in all groups were anesthetized and a sample of their sciatic nerve was taken to measure the expression level of genes related to pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-6, IL-1β and TNF-α. Data analysis was done by SPSS software and comparison between average data was done by one-way ANOVA and Tukey's post hoc test.
Results: Induction of hyperglycemic conditions in rats increased the expression of genes related to pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-6 (p=0/000), IL-1β (p=0/008) and TNF-α (p=0/005). However, administration of metformin and gallic acid to hyperglycemic rats for 8 weeks reduced the expression of IL-6, IL-1β and TNF-α genes (p˂0.05).
Conclusion: Gallic acid, like metformin, with its anti-inflammatory properties, can be effective in improving complications caused by hyperglycemic conditions, especially neuroinflammation, and it is hoped that it will be clinically useful for diabetic patients in the future.

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Background: Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM) is a chronic metabolic disease characterized by insulin resistance and inadequate insulin secretion by pancreatic beta cells. Insulin resistance is the most important characteristic of T2DM, in which the peripheral tissues, including the liver, skeletal muscles, and adipose tissue, shows a lower response to the presence of insulin and insulin function is impaired. Adipose tissue, in addition to storing fat, synthesizes and secretes several bioactive peptides called adipokine and cytokine, which play an important role in regulating metabolism, inflammation, obesity and diabetes.
Methods: In the present study, searches were conducted in the Persian and Latin databases PubMed, Science Direct, Google Scholar, SID, and Magiran using keywords such as Diabetes, Insulin Resistance, Adipokine, Adiponectin, Leptin, Resistin, TNF-α, IL-6, RBP-4, Chemerin, Vaspin, Visfatin, Omentin, and Aplin to retrieve articles published from 2011 to 2024.
Results: The results indicated that adiponectin levels are reduced in patients with T2DM and insulin resistance. Elevated levels of leptin and retinol-binding protein-4 play a crucial role in the development of insulin resistance and T2DM. According to the evidence, adiponectin, resistin, TNF-α, interleukin-6, vaspin, and visfatin are associated with insulin resistance and T2DM. Contradictory results were found regarding the associations of omentin, apelin, and chemerin with insulin resistance and T2DM.
Conclusion: Adipocytokines may serve as biomarkers for predicting and early diagnosis of insulin resistance and T2DM.