---

Background: The American Heart Association used the findings of the Framingham Heart Study to design an equation that quantifies the risk of coronary heart disease (CHD).
Methods: The variables in this equation are age, total cholesterol, HDL-cholesterol, systolic blood pressure, cigarette smoking, diabetes mellitus and evidence of left ventricular hypertrophy on electrocardiography. We calculated the CHD risk of 139 patients, with type 2 diabetes mellitus, who attended our diabetes clinic. We also assessed risk factors not taken into account by the Framingham equation, such as obesity (body mass index (BMI) or waist-hip ratio (WHR)), plasma triglyceride, LDL-cholesterol (LDL-C), and diastolic blood pressure (DBP). We used the linear regression and one-way ANOVA functions on the SPSS.v6 software to analyze our data.
Results: Ninety-one women and 48 men enrolled in the study. Men had a higher five- and ten-year CHD risk than women. 36.4% of our subjects had plasma HDL-C <35mg/dl. The TC:HDL-C ratio was 6.18±1.76 in men and 5.97±2.21 in women. We found no significant correlation between two- and five-year CHD risk and WHR, BMI or triglyceride levels. There was a significant correlation between two- and five-year CHD risk and DBP (p=0.0006 and p=0.0001) and LDL-C (p=0.005 and p=0.001).
Conclusion: Patients with diabetes mellitus have a higher, but smaller than expected, risk of CHD. The value of the Framingham equation in diabetic patients is equivocal, given the absence of correlation between obesity markers and CHD risk. Larger, prospective, studies are needed to clarify the matter.

---

Background: Experimental studies have shown that walnut (Juglans regia) intake decreases the risk of coronary heart disease (CHD). Walnut decreases the levels of atherogenic lipids such as TG, LDL-C and VLDL-C. Mainly the effect is induced via 3- Poly Unsaturated Fatty Acids (3-PUFA). Walnuts are a rich source of these fatty acids, especially -Linolenic acid (C18:3 9, 12, 15).
Methods: We assigned 20 hypercholesterolemic male Rats (200-250g) to four groups, and fed with four diet concentration of oil extract Persian walnuts(J. regia)(Lavasanate) (w/w ) as complementary diet: control group (0% oil extract) and cases 5%(1g oil extract/1g weight/1 day) ,7.5%(1.5g oil extract/1g weight/1 day),10%(1g oil extract/1g weight/1 day) for eight weeks.
Results: Results revealed there is a positive effect on the decreasing of TG(14%) ,TC(7.8%) , LDL-C(11%),VLDL-C(12%) serum concentrations, with increasing consumption of oil extract Persian walnuts (5% ,7.5% and 10%).
Conclusion: In view of the positive effect of oil extract Persian walnuts (J. regia) consumption on decrease serum concentration of TG, TC, LDL-C and VLDL-C known as atherogenic lipids and lipoproteins, it may be suggested as a CHD protective dietary supplement.

---

Background: The aim of this study was to examine the prevalence of the metabolic syndrome (MetS) and its association with coronary heart disease (CHD) in Iranian older individuals.

Methods: In this cross-sectional study, the prevalence of the MetS was determined according to the Third Adult Treatment Panel (ATPIII), the World Health Organization (WHO) and the International Diabetes Federation (IDF) definitions in 720 men and women aged≥65 years. Logistic regression analysis was used to estimate the Odds Ratio (OR) of developing CHD in model 1 an age adjusted model, in model 2 adjusted for age, smoking status, premature history of CHD and LDL cholesterol and in model 3 adjusted for mentioned variables in model 2 plus the components of the MetS according to each definition.

Results: The prevalence of MetS was 50.8%, 41.9% and 41.8% by ATPIII, IDF and the WHO definitions, respectively. IDF had high agreement with the ATPIII definition. In model 2, the ATPIII and the WHO definitions of MetS were associated with CHD by the odds ratio of 1.6 (1.1-2.2) and 1.7 (1.9-2.4), respectively. In model 3, obesity (WHO definition) and high blood pressure (ATPIII and WHO definitions) were associated with CHD.

Conclusion: As defined by the ATPIII and WHO definitions, the MetS was associated with CHD even after adjustment for the conventional CHD risks, but after further adjustment for their components none of these definitions showed association with CHD.

---

Background: The mTORC1 pathway is one of the important pathways for protein synthesis in the heart, which can lead to physiological or pathological hypertrophy. Diabetes can lead to defects in this pathway. The aim of this study was to examine the effect of 4 weeks’ aerobic training on the content of mTORC1 signaling pathway proteins in heart tissue of type 1 diabetes rats.

Methods: In this experimental study, 16 Sprague-Dawley male rats (mean weight of 300 ± 20 gr) were selected and after induction of diabetes by STZ was randomly assigned into two groups: diabetic training and diabetic control. The experimental group performed HIIT training for 4 weeks’ accordance with the training program (each session 42 minutes, 10-20 m/m) for 4 weeks, while the control group did not have any training program. Dependent t-test and independent T-test were used to analyze the data
 

Results: Significant increase was observed in the content of AKT1 (p<0.015), mTOR (p<0.001), P70S6K1 (p<0.006), 4EBP1 (p<0.05) proteins in the aerobic training group compared to control group.
Conclusion: Aerobic training for 4 weeks enabled to activate the pathway AKT1/mTOR/P70S6K1 and AKT1/mTOR/4E-BP1 in mTORC1 pathway; therefore, due to cardiac complications in type 1 diabetic patients, aerobic training can lead to protein synthesis and physiological cardiac hypertrophy through mTORC1 pathway.
 

---

Background: Diabetic cardiomyopathy is the first cause of death in diabetic patients and angiogenesis is the most important mechanism for the recovery of heart blood flow in physiologic and pathologic conditions. The purpose of this study was to compare the effect of eight weeks of moderate continuous and sever interval training on heart angiogenesis in Wistar male diabetic rats.
Methods: 32 Wistar rats were randomly assigned into 4 groups: healthy non-exercised, diabetic no exercise, diabetic + moderate continuation and diabetic + severe interval exercises. Two types of exercises were calibrated and the exercise intensity was determined based on the maximum oxygen consumption and 5 days a week. The pro-angiogenic (VEGF, MMP₂, TGFβ₁) and anti-angiogenic (TIMP2) agents of the left ventricle of the heart were taken from the rat after 48 hours of the last training session. Western blot method was used to evaluate the synthesis of proteins involved in angiogenic route. Data were measured by one-way variance analysis with repeated measurements (P =0/000).
Results: The results showed that the levels of proangiogenic VEGF, MMP₂, TGFβ1 significantly increased, but the anti-angiogenic factor of TIMP₂ decreased (P <0.05). In addition, the maximum level of oxygen consumed in both continuous and periodic training groups showed a significant increase.
Conclusion: Moderate and continuous exercise increases angiogenic factors in the heart of diabetic Wistar rats, which is a good way to reduce the mortality rate of diabetes.

---

Background: Cardiomyopathy is one of adverse effects of diabetes that associated with cardiac muscle metabolism and function disruption. Exercise training decreases adverse effects of diabetes on heart by changing genes involved in cardiac metabolism and increasing myokines secretion. So, the aim of this study was to investigate of 8 weeks aerobic training on cardiac PGC-1α gene expression and plasma irisin in STZ-induced diabetics’ rats.
Methods: 16 STZ-induced diabetics Wistar rats (10 weeks old) divided into control and aerobic training groups. Time and intensity of exercise session began with 15 minutes and 10 m/min, and gradually increased to 40 minutes and 25 m/min at seventh week and kept to the end of eighth’s week (8 weeks). Cardiac PGC-1α gene expression analyzed by PCR, and plasma concentration of insulin, glucose were analyzed by ELISA method 48 hours after the last session of exercise training. Data were analyzed by independent t test at alpha level of 0/05.
Results: the results showed that aerobic exercise training increased PGC-1α concentration (P<0/001) and plasma irisin (P<0/001). Further analysis showed that aerobic exercise training decreased glucose concentration (P<0/001) and increased insulin concentration (P<0/001), but had no effect of insulin resistance (P=0/79). In addition, the results revealed that there is a positive correlation between PGC-1α and plasma irisin (P<0/001) and insulin (P=0/019), but it has a negative correlation with plasma glucose (P=0/001). There is also a positive significant correlation between isirin and insulin (P=0/001), and a negative correlation between irisin and glucose (P=0/002).
Conclusion: The findings suggest that aerobic exercise training induces increased cardiac PGC-1α gene expression and plasma irisin. These changes have a significant correlation with lowered glucose and increased plasma insulin insulin in STZ-induced diabetics’ rats.
 

---

Background: Diabetic cardiomyopathy is a complication type 2 diabetes mellitus that can lead to cardiac muscle autophagy through the proteins FOXO3a and Beclin-1. Therefore, the aim of this study is to investigate the effect of 8 weeks High intensity interval training (HIIT) on the content of FOXO3a and Beclin-1 proteins in heart muscle tissue of Sprague-Dawley rats with type 2 diabetic rats.
Methods: In this experimental study, 12 two-month-old Sprague-Dawley rats with a mean weight of 270±20 g were selected. After diabetic induction with STZ and Nicotinamide, rats were randomly assigned to two groups, diabetic training (6 heads) and diabetic control (6 heads). The training group trained for 4 days a week in accordance with the training program (each session 42 minutes, 10-30 m/m) for 8 weeks, while the control group did not have any training program. Also, rats did not receive any insulin treatment during the study period. The independent t-test was used to analyze the data. Significance level is considered p≤0.05.
Results: Eight weeks of HIIT training resulted in a significant decrease in FOXO3a (P=0.008) and Beclin-1 (P=0.002) proteins content in diabetic training group compared to diabetic control group.
Conclusion: It can be said that eight weeks of HIIT training decreased the FOXO3a/Beclin-1 autophagy pathway by decreasing FOXO3a and Beclin-1 protein content. Therefore, the use of HIIT exercises may be useful for diabetic subjects who are prone to diabetic cardiomyopathy.

---

Background: Diabetes is a chronic and progressive metabolic disorder that leads to more severe cardiac complications. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effects of Berberine chloride at a dose of 50 mg / kg on the heart tissue of streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats with aerobic training.
Methods: 56 male Wistar rats were randomly divided into seven groups (n = 8): control (C), sham (S), Aerobic training control (TC), diabetes mellitus (DM), diabetes-berberine (BDM), diabetes mellitus. Aerobic training (TDM), and aerobic training-berberine (TBDM) were divided. Diabetes was induced by injection of streptozotocin in male rats. The training groups performed aerobic exercise program (10-18 m / min, 10-40 min five days a week) for six weeks on the treadmill for histological evaluation using hematoxylin and eosin (H&E), Masson trichrome and staining Immunohistochemicals were used to measure diameter change, cardiomyocyte rupture, change in nuclei, and collagen deposition in cardiac muscle fibers using one-way ANOVA and Tukey post hoc tests with SPSS 21 software.
Results: The results showed that DM group did not induce cardiomyocyte fibers rupture and collagen deposition and reduction of filament diameter in group C, S and TC and its damage in heart tissue was less in TBDM group than in BDM and TDM groups.
Conclusion: The results showed that berberine supplementation reduced these effects and synergized with aerobic training and reduced the cardiac cardiomyocyte muscle fibers diameter and decreased collagen deposition and better order of nuclei.

---

Background: Diabetes and its oxidative stress increase the effects of this disease on heart tissue. On the other hand, exercise improves the antioxidant status of heart tissue. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of 8 weeks of increased endurance training on superoxide dismutase activity and malondialdehyde levels in the heart tissue of mice with type 2 diabetes.
Methods: In this experimental study, 24 male Wistar rats (256 ±11.8 g, 10 weeks old) were divided into 4 groups of 6. Exercise program for 8 weeks of increasing endurance training. 48 h after completion of the protocol, the activity of superoxide dismutase enzyme and malondialdehyde levels in rat heart tissue were measured. One-way analysis of variance was used for group comparisons and Pearson test was used to examine the relationship between indicators.
Results: There were significant difference between the four groups in superoxide dismutase (P= 0.001) and malondialdehyde (P= 0.001) indices. As a result of post-hoc test, there were significant increase in superoxide dismutase index in healthy exercise (P= 0.016) and control groups (P= 0.029) compared to diabetic control group and significant decrease in malondialdehyde index in control (P= 0.003), diabetic exercise (P= 0.050) and healthy exercise groups (P= 0.001) compared to diabetic control group. Significant correlation was observed between superoxide dismutase and malondialdehyde indices (r= 0.018, P= 0.274).
Conclusion: According to the results of this study, it seems that incremental endurance training reduces lipid peroxidation and improves antioxidant status and consequently reduces oxidative stress in cardiac tissue of diabetic rats.

---

Background: One of the most important biological pathways involved in maintaining energy homeostasis is the AMPK PGC-1α pathway. Activation of this pathway through exercise can be important in regulating mitochondrial biogenesis processes and maintaining energy balance in diabetics. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the effect of endurance exercise on the content of AMPK and PGC-1α proteins in the left ventricular heart tissue of male rats with type 2 diabetes.

Methods: In this experimental study, 12 two-month-old Sprague-Dawley rats with a mean weight of 270±20 g were selected. After diabetic induction with STZ and Nicotinamide, rats were randomly assigned to two groups, training diabetic and control diabetic (6 heads in group each). The training group performed 4 days a week for 8 weeks, including 30 minutes of endurance training with an intensity of about 50 to 70% of the maximum speed; While the control group did not have any training program. Also, rats did not receive any insulin treatment during the study period. The independent t-test was used in SPSS software version 21 to analyze the data.

Results: A significant increase was observed in the content of AMPK (P=0.002) and PGC-1α (P=0.0001) proteins in the endurance exercise group compared to control.
Conclusion: Based on the results of the present study, endurance exercise was able to significantly increase the content of AMPK and PGC-1α proteins. Therefore, it is possible that an increasing these proteins can lead to energy production and increase mitochondrial biogenesis.

---

Background: FOXO family proteins are important factors in autophagy pathway. Protein kinase-B is an important regulator for this family that can be regulated through exercise training. Therefore, the aim of this study is to investigate the effect of protein kinase-B (PKB) on FOXO autophagy family proteins (FOXO1 and FOXO3a) following high intensity interval training (HIIT) in the left ventricle of the heart of diabetic rats by streptozotocin (STZ) and nicotinamide.
Methods: In this experimental study, 12 two-month-old Sprague-Dawley rats with a mean weight of 270±20 g were selected. After type 2 diabetes induction with STZ and Nicotinamide, rats were randomly assigned to two groups, diabetic training (6 heads) and diabetic control (6 heads). The training group trained for 4 days a week in accordance with the training program for 8 weeks. SPSS software version 23 and independent t-test were used to analyze the data. Significance level is considered p≤0.05.
Results: HIIT training resulted in a significant increase in PKB protein content between training and control groups (P=0.0001). In contrast, a significant decrease in protein content of FOXO1 (P=0.003) and FOXO3a (P=0.006) was observed between the training and control groups.
Conclusion: It seems based on the results HIIT with increasing and regulating PKB leads to a decrease and inactivation of FOXO1 and FOXO3a proteins in the hearts of diabetic subjects. Inhibition of these proteins can prevent excessive cardiac autophagy in diabetic subjects.

---

Background: Artificial intelligence analysis based on the gene list obtained from the DisGeNET database identified the important genes involved in the heart damage process. Data enrichment highlighted the apoptosis signaling pathway as a vital pathway in cardiovascular risk. Hence, we estimated the binding affinity of chemical and plant bioactive molecules for cytochrome-c protein. Here, we performed to evaluate the effect of eight weeks of resistance training (RT) with Tribulus Terrestris (TT) consumption on the mechanism of apoptosis in the heart tissue of rats exposed to stanozolol.
Methods: Thirty-five male rats were divided into seven groups: (1) Control, (2) Stanozolol (ST), (3) ST + 100 mg / kg TT, (4) ST + 50 mg / kg TT, (5) ST + RT (SRT), (6) S + RT + 100 mg / kg T (SRTT100), and (7) ST + RT + 50 mg / kg T (SRTT50). Differential gene expression was measured by q-RT-PCR. In bioinformatics analysis, the apoptosis signaling pathway was defined as a critical process in heart damage. In addition, adverse effects of Tribulus Terrestris and stanozolol on heart tissue were detected through the apoptotic pathway by molecular docking.
Result: Resistance training along with 100 mg/kg reduced CRP and cytochrome-c Moreover, 100 mg/kg TT as a more favorable effect than 50 mg/kg TT
Conclusion: we showed the beneficial effects of Tribulus Terrestris, the plant’s bioactive compound that can reduce cardiovascular risks by impairing the formation of apoptosome assemblages and inflammation.

---

Background: The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of eight weeks of endurance training and Empagliflozin consumption on inflammatory markers and their relationship with heart structure and function of diabetic male Rats.
Methods: 40 male Wistar rats were randomly divided into five groups: healthy control, diabetic control, diabetic + empagliflozin, diabetic + endurance training and diabetic + endurance training + empagliflozin. The groups were anesthetized and their cardiac function and TNF-α and TGF-β indices were evaluated by one-way ANOVA and Pearson correlation tests after performing the training protocol and receiving medication.
Results: There were significant differences in left ventricular end systolic thickness (P = 0.011), left ventricular end systolic volume (P = 0.008), TNF-α (P = 0.014) and TGF-β (P = 0.001) was observed between the research groups. Also, there was a significant negative relationship between TGF-β with body weight, heart fiber shortening percentage and injection fraction and a significant positive relationship with glucose levels, left ventricular end systolic thickness and left ventricular end systolic volume. In addition, a significant negative correlation was observed between TGF-β and the injection fraction (P≤0.05).
Conclusion: Aerobic exercise seems to improve the inflammatory status, structure and function of diabetic heart tissue beyond the dual effect of Empagliflozin.

---

Background: Several proteins regulate the autophagy pathway, and one of the most important regulators is the BECLIN family proteins. Therefore, this research aims to investigate the effect of high-intensity interval training on the amount of BECLIN1/2 family autophagy proteins in the left ventricle of the heart of rats with type 1 diabetes. 
Methods: In this experimental study, 18 three-month-old male Sprague Dawley rats with an average weight of 300±20 grams were selected. 12 rats were diagnosed with type 1 diabetes through intraperitoneal injection of streptozotocin solution. These rats were randomly divided into two groups, diabetic exercise, and diabetic control; A healthy control group was also considered; The HIIT was performed for 6 weeks and 4 sessions each week including 5 bursts of 4 minutes with an intensity equal to 85-95% of the maximum speed and 3-minute active rest periods with an intensity equal to 50-60% of the maximum speed. Data analysis was done through one-way ANOVA and Tukey's post hoc tests in SPSS version 26 software. A significance level of 0.05 was considered.
Results: The intracellular content of BECLIN1 and BECLIN2 protein showed a significant decrease between the research groups in the left ventricle of the heart after six weeks of HIIT (p=0.0001).
Conclusion: It seems that BECLIN family proteins are decreased by HIIT and this can decrease the autophagy mechanism in cardiac cells.

---

Background: Type 2 diabetes is characterized by insulin resistance and hyperglycemia and can lead to heart disease. Therefore, the aim of the present study is to investigate the effect of MIIT on the S6K1 pathway in the myocardium, which is related to the control of cell growth and proliferation.
Methods: In this study, 12 two-month-old male Sprague Dawley rats with an average weight of 280±30 grams participated. To induce diabetes, nicotinamide and streptozotocin solutions were injected with a dose of 110 mg/kg and 60 mg/kg, respectively. The blood sugar of rats was determined between 126-260 mg/dL as an indicator of type 2 diabetes. After the induction of diabetes, the rats were randomly divided into diabetic training group (6 heads) and diabetic control group (6 heads). The diabetic training group trained for 4 weeks and 4 sessions every week. 24 hours after the last training session, the left ventricle of heart was isolated and the amount of protein was measured by western blotting method. Variables were analyzed through independent t-tests. The significance level of study was considered P≤0.05.
Results: Data analysis showed that the intracellular content of total (P=0.62), phosphorylated (P=0.85), and total to phosphorylated (P=0.77) S6K1 protein did not show significant changes after 4 weeks of MIIT.
Conclusion: It seems that after 4 weeks of MIIT, S6K1 protein does not change significantly, so it seems that the duration and intensity of training and nutritional conditions to increase S6K1 phosphorylation should be considered in future research

---

Background: Diabetes can disrupt the balance of cell death through different cell pathways, and exercise or consumption supplements can be effective in maintaining the balance of cell death types; Therefore, the purpose of this research is the effect of magnesium supplementation and exercise training on the content of CREB2 and C/EBP homologous protein (CHOP) in the left ventricle of the heart of type 2 diabetic rats.
Methods: In this experimental study, 24 2-month-old male Sprague-Dawley rats with an average weight of 280±20 grams were selected. Type 2 diabetes was induced by injecting nicotinamide and streptozotocin solutions. The rats were randomly divided into four groups, 1) control, 2) supplement, 3) training and 4) training+supplement; Resistance training consisted of 8 weeks and 3 weekly sessions of climbing a ladder. Magnesium supplement was given to rats once a day. To analyze the data, one-way ANOVA and Tukey's post hoc tests were used in SPSS version 29.
Results: Eight weeks of magnesium supplementation and resistance training led to a significant change in the content of CREB2 and CHOP proteins between groups in the left ventricle of the heart (P= 0.001). A significant decrease was observed in the groups of resistance training + magnesium supplement and magnesium supplement compared to the control group (P≥ 0.05); But the resistance training group had increased compared to the control group (P≥ 0.05).
Conclusion: The increase and decrease of CREB2 and CHOP proteins in the left ventricle of the heart can lead to improvement and physiological adaptation, like a bilateral mechanism.