Iranian Journal of

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Background: Studies of the metabolic effects of Ramadan fasting on patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus are inconclusive.
Methods: Fifty-seven volunteers with type 2 diabetes underwent anthropometric and biochemical evaluation before and on the 14th and 28th days of Ramadan. Biochemical markers were measured by standard laboratory methods. Anthropometric measurements followed WHO criteria. Statistical analysis was by ANOVA for repeated measurements and Friedman’s two-way ANOVA, using SPSSv6 software.
Results: Daily cholesterol intake increased in all subjects (p<0.03). Body mass index increased (p<0.03) in women, but body mass index (BMI) and waist-to-hip ratio both decreased (p<0.01) in men. Blood pressure, fasting blood glucose and serum fructosamine did not change during the study. Plasma insulin (p<0.05), C-peptide (p<0.01) and insulin resistance (p<0.01) decreased only in men. Total and LDL cholesterol increased significantly in all subjects during the study.
Conclusion: Ramadan fasting does not alter carbohydrate metabolism or tissue insulin sensitivity in type 2 diabetes patients, given appropriate dietary education and rescheduling of oral hypoglycaemic medication. Lipid profile is unfavourably altered due to changes in both diet and biochemical response to starvation. Anthropometric indices improve in men but not women, possibly because of reduced physical activity in the latter.

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Background: Type 1 diabetes or insulin dependent diabetes mellitus is an autoimmune disease probably caused by various factors such genetics, environmental stresses, viral infections and diet. The disease is associated with damage to pancreatic insulin-producing β cells. Many researches have been performed to study the therapeutic effects of herbal medications on diabetes mellitus. The protective effects of some plants such as Cuminum cyminum, Trigonella foenum-graecum, Saliva sclarea, Allium ampeloprasum etc in diabetes induced rats were reported. Dill with the scientific name of Anethum graveolens, is a plant from umbellifera. This family which contains flavonoid compounds.
Methods: In this research, effects of hydroalchoholic extract of this plant on blood glucose level, lipids and lipoproteins in Alloxan-induced diabetic rats was investigated. Fifteen adult male rats, weighing 200-250 gr, were used in three five member groups. Rats in the control group, received physiological serum. as intraperitoneal (IP). In diabetic control group (DCG), diabetes was induced using Alloxan monohydrate at a dose of 120 mg/kgbw. In addition to diabetes induction just like DCG, the treated diabetic control group (TDCG) rats were dosed with 300 mg/kgbw hydroalcoholic Anethum graveolens extract. All rats received all materials via intraperitoneal injection (IP). 48 hours after the last IP, blood sample was taken from each animal via cardiac puncture to measure blood factors.
Results: The results indicated significant reduction in glucose, total cholesterol, triglyceride, LDL and VLDL levels in TDCG rats compared to DCG rats. Due to the use of dill extract, HDL level was significantly increased.
Conclusion: Effect of Anethum graveolens is related to antioxidant compounds. This compounds affect glucose absorbtion and beta cells regeneration. The results of this research indicate that using hydroalcoholic extract of Anethum graveolens could effectively decrease blood sugar levels.

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Background: Experimental studies have shown that walnut (Juglans regia) intake decreases the risk of coronary heart disease (CHD). Walnut decreases the levels of atherogenic lipids such as TG, LDL-C and VLDL-C. Mainly the effect is induced via 3- Poly Unsaturated Fatty Acids (3-PUFA). Walnuts are a rich source of these fatty acids, especially -Linolenic acid (C18:3 9, 12, 15).
Methods: We assigned 20 hypercholesterolemic male Rats (200-250g) to four groups, and fed with four diet concentration of oil extract Persian walnuts(J. regia)(Lavasanate) (w/w ) as complementary diet: control group (0% oil extract) and cases 5%(1g oil extract/1g weight/1 day) ,7.5%(1.5g oil extract/1g weight/1 day),10%(1g oil extract/1g weight/1 day) for eight weeks.
Results: Results revealed there is a positive effect on the decreasing of TG(14%) ,TC(7.8%) , LDL-C(11%),VLDL-C(12%) serum concentrations, with increasing consumption of oil extract Persian walnuts (5% ,7.5% and 10%).
Conclusion: In view of the positive effect of oil extract Persian walnuts (J. regia) consumption on decrease serum concentration of TG, TC, LDL-C and VLDL-C known as atherogenic lipids and lipoproteins, it may be suggested as a CHD protective dietary supplement.

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Background: Physical activity with diet and medication–considered fundamental in the treatment of diabetes. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of combined 12-week aerobic exercise and barley β glucan (BBG) on blood glucose and lipid profile in patients with type 2 diabetes. Methods: Twenty- four female volunteers (49±5 years) were selected, and after completion of questionnaires, were randomly divided into three groups a) aerobic training with diet group (n=8), b) diet group (n=8) and c) control group (n=8). The diet group used one barley bread per day with 4 gram beta glucan during 12 week. The combined group participated in progressive walking training program with intensity of 60-70% of maximal heart rate 2 to 3 times a week, 20 to 60 minutes in each session in addition to diet program. The variables measured included blood sugar, triglyceride, cholesterol, LDL, HDL. For data analysis ANOVA used to compare mean differences between groups. Results: Results indicated significant difference in blood sugar between control and experimental groups while non significant changes was observed in lipid profile. Conclusion: Aerobic exercise and BBG can decrease blood glucose in patients with diabetes Therefore, it should be considered seriously as part of the treatment of these patients.

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Background: The possibility that childhood obesity is a chronic disease in adulthood becomes enormous. The incidence and spread of obesity has increased substantially over the past two decades. The importance of personal health and quality of life has prompted researchers to study in this field. The aim of this study was to investigate the changes of serum levels of leptin, insulin, lipid profile, and body mass index after a period of sprint interval training in obese children. Methods: In this study, 30 obese children aged 9 to 11 years were randomly targeted placed in two groups (Training and control group). Sprint interval training was conducted for 8 weeks. Before and after training, measurements of leptin, insulin, lipid profile, and body mass index were measured. Data were analyzed using independent t-test (p<0.05). Results: Data analysis showed that after training, leptin, insulin and cholesterol levels were significantly reduced (p=0.001). Also, a significant decrease in BMI was seen (p=0.01). Conclusion: Sprint interval training on leptin, insulin and cholesterol in obese children has a significant impact and this exercise improve body mass index in these individuals.

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Background: Hyperlipidemia is a major cause of cardiovascular diseases (CVD) and the most common problems in the community. The present study examined the effect of grape seed supplementation along with aerobic activity on lipid profile in elderly women Methods: In this experimental study, 40 obese women (BMI&ge30 kg/m2) over 60 years were selected and randomly divided into two groups (supplement + Exercise and control group). The exercise program included aerobic exercise with 50% of maximum heart rate for three times a week for 8 weeks plus Grape seed extract supplement 200 mg daily for 8 weeks. Blood sampling after fasting period for 12 hours in pretest and 48 hours after the last training session was taken. To compare data between groups t-test was used. Results: The results showed significant differences in the levels of cholesterol, triglycerides and LDL-C and pre-test and post-test group supplemented along with sports activities. Conclusion: Long-term aerobic exercise combined with grape extract consumption may reduce the lipid profile parameters.

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Background: plants have been used in treatment of diabetes mellitus (DM) all over the world for centuries. Studies have indicated that, numerous classes of chemical compounds found in plants are potential effective in the treatment of diabetes. Lemon balm (Melissa officinal is) is a member of Lamiaceae family. In this study, were studied the effect of Melissa officinal is hydroalcoholic extracts in the prevention of diabetes and its effect on serum lipids and lipoproteins in rats.

Methods: Inthisstudy25male rats, weighing200-250grams were semi-randomly divided into5groups of 5 each. Group1(control),group2(diabetic),and groups3, 4and5, respectively extract with doses20, 100and500 mg/Kg/BW, for a period of two weeks every day through were gavaged and then diabetes was induced by way of intra peritoneal injection of alloxan at a dose120mg/kg WB .Blood from rats was performed in order to measure the serum concentrations of glucose, cholesterol, triglycerides, HDL and LDL.

Results: The results indicated a significant decrease (P<./.5) in levels of blood sugar, cholesterol, triglycerides and LDL in rats treated with the extract of Melissa officinal is. In addition, significant increase (P<./.5) in HDL level were observed in treating rats in comparison to the diabetic group.

Conclusion: The results of this study indicated that the Melissa officinal llis extract may be used effectively in preventing, controlling and attenuating the complications of DM. This effect can be due to the presence of flavono ides and their antioxidant features in these plant.

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Background: The scavenger receptor class B type I (SR-BI), as the high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) receptor, is a key component in the reverse cholesterol transportation. The objective of this study was to assess the association between exon1 (G→A) polymorphism of SR-BI gene and lipid profiles among the Tehran Lipid and Glucose Study (TLGS) population.

Methods: This cross-sectional study included 774 adults (322 males and 452 females) aged 20–70 years, who were randomly selected from among TLGS population. Anthropometrical and biochemical variables for participants were measured. Selected SR-BI gene polymorphism was determined with restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) using the Alu restriction enzyme.

Results: according to the results of current study, in the Tehran population, the allele frequency of SR-BI (G→A) polymorphism was 0.159 for an allele (minor allele) and 0.841 for G allele. Allele frequencies were in conformity with Hardy–Weinberg equilibrium. The result of this study showed that Subjects with the less common allele (allele A), after adjusting for age, have lower HDL-CandHDL3concentrations (p=0.046, p=0.041 respectively).

Conclusion: lipid disorders are caused by the interaction of environmental and genetic factors; therefore, exon1 (G→A) polymorphism of SR-BI gene could not be the only cause for the abnormality in the HDL-C levels. In future, this polymorphism may be use as a molecular marker for diagnosis.

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Background: Due to the progress of diabetes and the use of alternative herbal medicines, In this study, the effects of oral administration of the mucilage extracted from pods of Abelmoschus esculentus (Ae) fruits on serum levels of glucose, lipids and morphology of Langerhans islets in diabetic rats was investigated.
Methods: In this experimental study, 24 female wistar rats were randomly allocated into four groups (n=6): normal control (NC), diabetic control (DC) and 2 diabetic groups that received (oral) 300 and 500 mg/kg/body weight of Abelmoschus esculentus. After preparing and confirming the type of, mucilage extraction from the fruit’s green okra was done by evaporation device in vacuum. Diabetes mellitus was induced by single dose intraperitoneal injection of streptozotocin 60mg/kg/body weight in diabetic groups. After 4 weeks, the serum levels of glucose and lipid profile of all groups were analyzed. Also morphology of Langerhans islets in the 4 groups was evaluated using H&E staining method. The data analyzed by SPSS software using ANOVA and Tukey tests.
Results: The results indicate a significant increase (P<0/05) in glucose, cholesterol, triglyceride, LDL and significant decrease (P<0.05) in HDL in diabetic rats compared to normal control. The use of the mucilage extracted from A. esculentus caused a significant decrease in serum levels of glucose, cholesterol, triglyceride, LDL and significant increase in serum level of HDL comparison with diabetic group.
Conclusion: according to the results of this study, the mucilage extracted from A. esculentus could be effective on control hyperlipidemia and hyperglycemia caused by diabetes mellitus.

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Background: Skeletal muscle as an endocrine tissue is involved in the regulation of metabolic activity, production and secretion of hormones including myokines. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of eight weeks of aerobic training combined with ethanol consumption on plasma lipid profile and glucose levels, triglyceride content and mayonectin, irisin and leptin gene expression in the gastrocnemius muscle in male rats.
Methods: A number of 32 rats with a weighing average of 200 ± 10 g were divided into four groups control, aerobic training, ethanol with dose of 4 g/kgbw, and ethanol +aerobic training. At the end of the period, values of lipid profile and plasma glucose, the amount of triglyceride of the gastrocnemius muscle and the relative levels of mayonectin, irisin and leptin gene expression were evaluated. Data were analyzed using two-way ANOVA.
Results: The plasma triglyceride levels in the aerobic training and ethanol+aerobic training groups were significantly decreased compared to the control group (P≤0.05). The gastrocnemius muscle triglyceride values were significantly increased in the ethanol +aerobic training (P≤0.0001) and aerobic training groups (P≤0.01) compared to the control group. The results showed that aerobic training significantly increased myonectin gene expression in aerobic training group (P≤0.05), but the expression of irisin and leptin genes did not change significantly in different groups.
Conclusion: Aerobic training during the eight-week was able to improve lipid content, especially plasma triglyceride and skeletal muscle triglyceride, and possibly regulate body metabolism by altering the levels of myokines, especially myonectin.

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Background: The release of adipokines from adipose tissue depots plays a key role in regulating metabolic homeostasis and several other physiological processes, including diabetes, obesity, and vascular diseases. This study investigated the effect of eight weeks of high intensity interval training (HIIT) on asprosin, lipid profile and insulin resistance in type 2 diabetic male rats.
Methods: 24 male Sprague Dawley rats were randomly divided into four equal groups: control (C), control traning (C+T), diabet (D) and diabet traning (D+T). Diabetes was induced by the combined method of high fat diet and low dose strepotozocin injection. The traning group performed the HIIT program on the treadmill for eight weeks. Data were analyzed using one-way ANOVA and bonferroni post hoc test at a significance level of P<0.05.
Results: The results showed increased plasma asprosin in D group compared to C (P=0.0001) and decreased in C+T group compared to C (P=0.03) and D+T group compared to D (P=0.04). There was no significant difference in HOMA-IR between the C and C+T group (P=0.9) but decreased in D+T compared to D (P=0.0001). HDL increased in D+T group compared to the D (P=0.0001) and decreased TG and LDL (P=0.001). There was no significant difference between TG and LDL in the C group compared to the C+T, but HDL increased in C+T (P=0.01).
Conclusion: Plasma asprosin increases in rats with type 2 diabetes and HIIT can reduce the complications of diabetes by improved lipid profile and reduce asprosin and insulin resistance.

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Background: Physical activity and green tea is one of the recommended ways to control obesity and its complications such as cardiovascular diseases, diabetes and liver inflammation. The aim of this study was the combined effect of exercise training and green tea on lipid profile in adults with overweight and obesity.
Methods: A systematic search of English and Persian articles published in PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus, SID, Civilica, and Magiran databases was conducted until June 2024.
Results: A total of 14 studies with 390 adults with overweight and obesity, of which 198 subjects were in the combined exercise and green tea group with an average age of 34 years old and BMI with an average of 30 kg.m², of which 192 subjects in the control group with an average age of 34 years old and BMI with an average of 31 kg.m² entered the present meta-analysis. The results showed that the combination of exercise training and green tea caused a significant decrease in TC [WMD=-22.923 mg/dl, P=0.001], TG [WMD=-9.946 mg/dl, P=0.001], LDL [WMD=-11.675 mg/dl, P=0.001] and insignificant increase HDL [WMD=8.888 mg/dl, P=0.017] in adults with overweight and obesity, compared to the control group.
Conclusion: The results of this meta-analysis showed that the combination of exercise training and green tea in overweight and obese adults decreases TC, TG, LDL and increases HDL. Therefore, exercise and green tea can be suggested to them as a non-medicinal and practical solution to improve lipid profile and reduce cardiovascular diseases, diabetes and liver inflammation.