Iranian Journal of

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Background: Diabetes disorders can lead to muscular burnout. The aim of this study was to determine the simultaneous effect of resistance training and endothelial stem cell injection on the factor of degeneration in the muscles of diabetic rats.
Methods: 36 male wistar rats (age 6 weeks with weight of 20±200g) were randomly divided into five groups of basic healthy, diabetic control (D), diabetic and resistance training (DR), untrained diabetic by injection of endothelial stem cells (DI), diabetic training by simultaneous injection of endothelial stem questions (DRI). Western blotting and insulin resistance index were measured by ELISA method to evaluate the changes in MURF1 expression. The data were analyzed by two-factor analysis of variance by SPSS software version 19 at a significant level of α≥%5.
Results: In this study, 6 weeks of resistance training significantly reduced MURF1 and insulin resistance index. The interactive effect of resistance training and stem cell injection also resulted in a significant decrease in murf1 levels, but insulin resistance index was not significantly superior to only training or injection.
Conclusion: Based on the findings of this study, it can be stated that resistance training or injection of endothelial ancestral cells can improve muscular degeneration, but simultaneous use of these two strategies was not superior in reducing atrophy complications in diabetic rats.
 

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Background: One of the most common problems in diabetic patients is muscle atrophy. Therefore, the present study aimed to investigate the synergistic effect of endurance training with probiotic supplementation on Atrogin-1 and MuRF-1 genes gene expression in the soleus muscle of diabetic rats.
Methods: In this study, 32 male Wistar rats were randomly divided into one normal control (NC) and four diabetic groups: diabetic control (DC), diabetic supplement (SDC), diabetic training (TD), and diabetic supplement training (STD). The training protocol was performed with 60 to 65% of maximum speed reached five days a week for four weeks. At the same time, rats took two grams of probiotic dissolved in 30 ml of water daily. Expression of Atrogin-1 and MuRF-1 genes was measured by the qReal-TimePCR method. Data were analyzed by two-way analysis of variance at the significant level of P≤0.05.
Results: Atrogin-1 gene expression was significantly reduced in TD (P=0.001) and STD (P=0.000) groups compared to DC group. There was a significant difference between TD and STD groups in the expression of the Atrogin-1 gene (P=0.028). MuRF-1 gene expression was significantly reduced in TD (P=0.04) and STD (P=0.01) groups compared to DC. But there was no significant difference between TD and STD groups in MuRF-1 gene expression (P=0.36).
Conclusion: It seems that performing the aerobic exercise with probiotic supplementation is more effective in reducing the expression of the Atrogin-1 gene than any of these interventions alone. However, aerobic exercise with probiotic supplementation does not have a synergistic effect on reducing MuRF-1 gene expression in the soleus muscle of diabetic rats compared to aerobic exercise alone.

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Background: Diabetic disorders can lead to muscle atrophy. The aim of this study was to investigate the combination of resistance training and endothelial progenitor cell injection on the expression of horseshoe muscle atrophy factor in diabetic rats.
Methods: 30 rats (6 weeks old weighing 200 20 200 g) were randomly divided into five groups: healthy baseline, control diabetic, trained diabetic, non-trained diabetic by endothelial progenitor cell injection, diabetic trained by simultaneous injection Endothelial progenitor cells were divided. Heat 25 was measured by Western blotting to evaluate changes in protein expression. Data were analyzed by two-factor analysis of variance test by SPSS software version 19 at a significance level of α≥ 5%.
Results: In this study, 6 weeks of resistance training had no significant effect on the expression of heat shock protein 25. But injection of endothelial progenitor cells resulted in a significant increase in the expression of heat shock protein 25. The interactive effect of resistance training and progenitor cell injection on heat shock protein 25 was not significant, in other words, there was no significant superiority over training and injection at the same time as training or injection alone.
Conclusion: Based on the findings of this study, it can be stated that injection of endothelial progenitor cells can improve muscle wasting but resistance training alone was not effective. Also, the combination of these two strategies was not superior in reducing the complications of atrophy in diabetic rats.

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Background: MAFbx and MuRF1 proteins are important factors in the ubiquitin pathway and are responsible for muscle atrophy. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of long-term high-intensity interval training (HIIT) on the intracellular content of MAFbx and MuRF1 proteins in the left ventricular of the heart of rats with type 2 diabetes.
Methods: In this experimental study, 18 rats 2-month-old male Sprague-Dawley rats with a mean weight of 270±20 g were selected. 12 rats became diabetic by intraperitoneal injection of Streptozotocin and nicotinamide solutions. These rats were randomly divided into 2 groups: diabetic training and diabetic control; A healthy control group was also considered. The training group practiced HIIT 4 days a week for 8 weeks. Data were analyzed using SPSS software version 23 and one-way ANOVA and Tukey post hoc tests.
Results: MAFbx protein content showed a significant decrease after 8 weeks of HIIT (P=0.0001); Tukey post hoc test showed that this change was significant between pairs groups of diabetic training and diabetic control and also between pairs groups of diabetic control and healthy control (P=0.0001). MuRF1 protein content showed a significant decrease (P=0.0001); This was a significant difference between the pairs groups of diabetic training and diabetic control, diabetic training and healthy control groups, as well as diabetic control and healthy control groups (P=0.0001).
Conclusion: HIIT seems to can inhibit the process of atrophy and autophagy of cardiomyocytes by reducing the content of MAFbx and MuRF1 proteins in the hearts of diabetic subjects.

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Background: Myogenin (MyoG) and Myostatin (Mstn) play role in muscle growth and wasting, respectively. The present study aimed to investigate the combined effect of High-intensity Interval Training (HIIT) and Metformin drug (Metf) on gene expression of MyoG and Mstn in skeletal muscle of type 2 diabetic mice.
Methods: 25 mice (C57BL/6) were assigned to two groups, including 1) Control © (n=5), and 2) HFD (n=20). The mice of the HFD group were fed a high-fat diet for 16 weeks. After 16 weeks, the mice with over 200 mg/dl were selected as diabetic mice. Then, the diabetic mice were divided into four groups including 1) Control Diabetic (CD) (n=5), 2) Diabet with Metf (DM) (n=5), 3) Diabet with HIIT (DH) (n=5) 4) Diabet with Metf and HIIT (DMH) (n=5). The mice of experimental groups underwent the interventions for eight weeks. The Real-Time–PCR methods were used to measure the mRNA expression of MyoG and Mstn in the Rectus-Femoris muscle.
Results: HIIT (but no Metf) upregulated the gene expression of MyoG (p=0.05). Metformin did not affect Mstn expression (p=0.45), However, HIIT downregulated the expression of Mstn (p=0.001). Metformin did not affect decreasingly or incrementally the downregulating effect of HIIT on Mstn expression (p=0.95).
Conclusion: Metf may not positively or negatively affect the expression changes of MyoG and Mstn induced by HIIT in skeletal muscle of mice with type 2 diabetes.